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Chief Minister of Karnataka

Updated: Wikipedia source

Chief Minister of Karnataka

The Chief Minister of Karnataka is the head of government of the Indian state of Karnataka. As per the Constitution of India, the governor of Karnataka is the state's de jure head, but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister, a template applicable to all other Indian states. Following elections to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly, the governor usually invites the political party (or a coalition of political parties) with a majority of assembly seats to form the government in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers is collectively responsible to the assembly. Given that he/she has the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years, renewable, and is subject to no term limits. Usually, the chief minister also serves as leader of the house in the legislative assembly. Historically, this office replaced that of the dewan of Mysore of the erstwhile Kingdom of Mysore with India's constitution into a republic. Since 1947, there have been a total of twenty-three chief ministers of Mysore (as the state was known before 1 November 1973) and Karnataka. A majority of them belonged to the Indian National Congress (INC) party, including the inaugural officeholder K. Chengalaraya Reddy. The current and the longest-serving chief minister is Siddaramaiah, who has held the office for over eight years. INC's Veerendra Patil had the largest gap between two terms (over eighteen years). B. D. Jatti, served as the country's fifth vice president, while H. D. Deve Gowda, went on to become the eleventh prime minister of India. B. S. Yediyurappa who was the first chief minister from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), served as the chief minister of the state for four terms in 2007, 2008, 2018 and 2019, the only one to do so. S. R. Bommai served as the chief minister representing the Janata Parivar, whose son Basavaraj Bommai became chief minister representing the BJP in 2021 becoming the second father-son duo to serve office after Deve Gowda and HD Kumaraswamy. There have been six instances of president's rule in Karnataka, most recently from 2007 to 2008.

Infobox

Style
The Honourable
Type
Leader of the Executive
Status
Head of government
Member of
State Cabinet State Legislature
Reports to
Governor of Karnataka Karnataka Legislature
Residence
Anugraha, Bangalore
Seat
Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru
Nominator
MLAs of the majority party of alliance
Appointer
Governor of Karnataka by convention based on appointees ability to command confidence in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly
Term length
At the confidence of the assembly Chief minister's term is for 5 years and is subject to no term limits.
Precursor
Dewan of Mysore
Inaugural holder
K. Chengalaraya Reddy (as the chief minister of Mysore; before state's reorganization) S. Nijalingappa (as the chief minister of Mysore; after state's reorganization) D. Devaraj Urs (as the chief minister of Karnataka)
Formation
1 November 1956 (1956-11-01)
Deputy
Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka
Salary
₹200,000 (US$2,100)/monthly ₹2,400,000 (US$25,000)/annually
Website
cm

Tables

· Predecessors › Prime ministers of Mysore State
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
#
1
Name
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
Constituency
N/A
Term (tenure length)
25 October 1947
Term (tenure length)
26 January 1950
Term (tenure length)
2 years, 93 days
Assembly (election)
Not established yet
Party
Indian National Congress
#
Portrait
Name
Constituency
Term (tenure length)
Assembly (election)
Party
1
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
N/A
25 October 1947
26 January 1950
2 years, 93 days
Not established yet
Indian National Congress
· Predecessors › Chief ministers of Mysore State
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
#
1
Name
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
Constituency
N/A
Term (tenure length)
26 January 1950
Term (tenure length)
30 March 1952
Term (tenure length)
2 years, 64 days
Assembly (election)
Not established yet
Party
Indian National Congress
Kengal Hanumanthaiah
Kengal Hanumanthaiah
#
2
Name
Kengal Hanumanthaiah
Constituency
Ramanagara
Term (tenure length)
30 March 1952
Term (tenure length)
19 August 1956
Term (tenure length)
4 years, 142 days
Assembly (election)
1st (1952 election)
Kadidal Manjappa
Kadidal Manjappa
#
3
Name
Kadidal Manjappa
Constituency
Tirthahalli
Term (tenure length)
19 August 1956
Term (tenure length)
31 October 1956
Term (tenure length)
73 days
#
Portrait
Name
Constituency
Term (tenure length)
Assembly (election)
Party
1
K. Chengalaraya Reddy
N/A
26 January 1950
30 March 1952
2 years, 64 days
Not established yet
Indian National Congress
2
Kengal Hanumanthaiah
Ramanagara
30 March 1952
19 August 1956
4 years, 142 days
1st (1952 election)
3
Kadidal Manjappa
Tirthahalli
19 August 1956
31 October 1956
73 days
· Chief ministers of Karnataka
S. Nijalingappa
S. Nijalingappa
#
1
Name
S. Nijalingappa
Constituency
Molakalmuru
Term
31 October 1956
Term
16 May 1958
Term
1 year, 197 days
Assembly (election)
continued 1st (1952)
Party
Indian National Congress
B. D. Jatti
B. D. Jatti
#
2
Name
B. D. Jatti
Constituency
Jamkhandi
Term
16 May 1958
Term
14 March 1962
Term
3 years, 302 days
S. R. Kanthi
S. R. Kanthi
#
3
Name
S. R. Kanthi
Constituency
Hungund
Term
14 March 1962
Term
21 June 1962
Term
99 days
Assembly (election)
3rd (1962)
S. Nijalingappa
S. Nijalingappa
#
(1)
Name
S. Nijalingappa
Constituency
Shiggaon
Term
21 June 1962
Term
29 May 1968
Term
5 years, 343 days
Veerendra Patil
Veerendra Patil
#
4
Name
Veerendra Patil
Constituency
Chincholi
Term
29 May 1968
Term
18 March 1971
Term
2 years, 293 days
Assembly (election)
Indian National Congress (O)
Vacant (President's rule)
Vacant (President's rule)
#
–
Name
Vacant (President's rule)
Constituency
N/A
Term
18 March 1971
Term
20 March 1972
Term
1 year, 2 days
Assembly (election)
Dissolved
Party
N/A
D. Devaraj Urs
D. Devaraj Urs
#
5
Name
D. Devaraj Urs
Constituency
Hunsur
Term
20 March 1972
Term
31 October 1973
Term
1 year, 225 days
Assembly (election)
5th (1972)
Party
Indian National Congress (R)
D. Devaraj Urs
D. Devaraj Urs
#
1
Name
D. Devaraj Urs
Constituency
Hunsur
Term
1 November 1973
Term
31 December 1977
Term
4 years, 60 days
Assembly (election)
continued 5th (1972)
Party
Indian National Congress (R)
Vacant (President's rule)
Vacant (President's rule)
#
–
Name
Vacant (President's rule)
Constituency
N/A
Term
31 December 1977
Term
28 February 1978
Term
59 days
Assembly (election)
Dissolved
Party
N/A
D. Devaraj Urs
D. Devaraj Urs
#
(1)
Name
D. Devaraj Urs
Constituency
Hunsur
Term
28 February 1978
Term
12 January 1980
Term
1 year, 318 days
Assembly (election)
6th (1978)
Party
Indian National Congress
R. Gundu Rao
R. Gundu Rao
#
2
Name
R. Gundu Rao
Constituency
Somwarpet
Term
12 January 1980
Term
10 January 1983
Term
2 years, 363 days
Ramakrishna Hegde
Ramakrishna Hegde
#
3
Name
Ramakrishna Hegde
Constituency
Kanakapura
Term
10 January 1983
Term
7 March 1985
Term
5 years, 216 days
Assembly (election)
7th (1983)
Party
Janata Party
13 August 1988
13 August 1988
#
Basavanagudi
Name
13 August 1988
Constituency
8th (1985)
S. R. Bommai
S. R. Bommai
#
4
Name
S. R. Bommai
Constituency
Hubli Rural
Term
13 August 1988
Term
21 April 1989
Term
251 days
Vacant (President's rule)
Vacant (President's rule)
#
–
Name
Vacant (President's rule)
Constituency
N/A
Term
21 April 1989
Term
30 November 1989
Term
223 days
Assembly (election)
Dissolved
Party
N/A
Veerendra Patil
Veerendra Patil
#
5
Name
Veerendra Patil
Constituency
Chincholi
Term
30 November 1989
Term
10 October 1990
Term
314 days
Assembly (election)
9th (1989)
Party
Indian National Congress
Vacant (President's rule)
Vacant (President's rule)
#
–
Name
Vacant (President's rule)
Constituency
N/A
Term
10 October 1990
Term
17 October 1990
Term
7 days
Assembly (election)
N/A
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
#
6
Name
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
Constituency
Sorab
Term
17 October 1990
Term
19 November 1992
Term
2 years, 33 days
Assembly (election)
Indian National Congress
Veerappa Moily
Veerappa Moily
#
7
Name
Veerappa Moily
Constituency
Karkal
Term
19 November 1992
Term
11 December 1994
Term
2 years, 22 days
H. D. Deve Gowda
H. D. Deve Gowda
#
8
Name
H. D. Deve Gowda
Constituency
Ramanagaram
Term
11 December 1994
Term
31 May 1996
Term
1 year, 172 days
Assembly (election)
10th (1994)
Party
Janata Dal
J. H. Patel
J. H. Patel
#
9
Name
J. H. Patel
Constituency
Channagiri
Term
31 May 1996
Term
11 October 1999
Term
3 years, 133 days
S. M. Krishna
S. M. Krishna
#
10
Name
S. M. Krishna
Constituency
Maddur
Term
11 October 1999
Term
28 May 2004
Term
4 years, 230 days
Assembly (election)
11th (1999)
Party
Indian National Congress
Dharam Singh
Dharam Singh
#
11
Name
Dharam Singh
Constituency
Jevargi
Term
28 May 2004
Term
3 February 2006
Term
1 year, 251 days
Assembly (election)
12th (2004)
H. D. Kumaraswamy
H. D. Kumaraswamy
#
12
Name
H. D. Kumaraswamy
Constituency
Ramanagaram
Term
3 February 2006
Term
8 October 2007
Term
1 year, 247 days
Assembly (election)
Janata Dal (Secular)
Vacant (President's rule)
Vacant (President's rule)
#
–
Name
Vacant (President's rule)
Constituency
N/A
Term
8 October 2007
Term
12 November 2007
Term
35 days
Assembly (election)
N/A
B. S. Yediyurappa
B. S. Yediyurappa
#
13
Name
B. S. Yediyurappa
Constituency
Shikaripura
Term
12 November 2007
Term
19 November 2007
Term
7 days
Assembly (election)
Bharatiya Janata Party
Vacant (President's rule)
Vacant (President's rule)
#
–
Name
Vacant (President's rule)
Constituency
N/A
Term
19 November 2007
Term
29 May 2008
Term
193 days
Assembly (election)
Dissolved
Party
N/A
B. S. Yediyurappa
B. S. Yediyurappa
#
(13)
Name
B. S. Yediyurappa
Constituency
Shikaripura
Term
30 May 2008
Term
5 August 2011
Term
3 years, 67 days
Assembly (election)
13th (2008)
Party
Bharatiya Janata Party
Sadananda Gowda
Sadananda Gowda
#
14
Name
Sadananda Gowda
Constituency
Legislative Assembly (MLC)
Term
5 August 2011
Term
12 July 2012
Term
342 days
Jagadish Shettar
Jagadish Shettar
#
15
Name
Jagadish Shettar
Constituency
Hubli-Dharwad Central
Term
12 July 2012
Term
13 May 2013
Term
305 days
Siddaramaiah
Siddaramaiah
#
16
Name
Siddaramaiah
Constituency
Varuna
Term
13 May 2013
Term
17 May 2018
Term
5 years, 4 days
Assembly (election)
14th (2013)
Party
Indian National Congress
B. S. Yediyurappa
B. S. Yediyurappa
#
(13)
Name
B. S. Yediyurappa
Constituency
Shikaripura
Term
17 May 2018
Term
23 May 2018
Term
6 days
Assembly (election)
15th (2018)
Party
Bharatiya Janata Party
H. D. Kumaraswamy
H. D. Kumaraswamy
#
(12)
Name
H. D. Kumaraswamy
Constituency
Channapatna
Term
23 May 2018
Term
26 July 2019
Term
1 year, 64 days
Assembly (election)
Janata Dal (Secular)
B. S. Yediyurappa
B. S. Yediyurappa
#
(13)
Name
B. S. Yediyurappa
Constituency
Shikaripura
Term
26 July 2019
Term
28 July 2021
Term
2 years, 2 days
Assembly (election)
Bharatiya Janata Party
Basavaraj Bommai
Basavaraj Bommai
#
17
Name
Basavaraj Bommai
Constituency
Shiggaon
Term
28 July 2021
Term
20 May 2023
Term
1 year, 296 days
Siddaramaiah
Siddaramaiah
#
(16)
Name
Siddaramaiah
Constituency
Varuna
Term
20 May 2023
Term
Incumbent
Term
3 years, 10 days
Assembly (election)
16th (2023)
Party
Indian National Congress
#
Portrait
Name
Constituency
Term
Assembly (election)
Party
Chief Minister of Mysore
1
S. Nijalingappa
Molakalmuru
31 October 1956
16 May 1958
1 year, 197 days
continued 1st (1952)
Indian National Congress
2nd (1957)
2
B. D. Jatti
Jamkhandi
16 May 1958
14 March 1962
3 years, 302 days
3
S. R. Kanthi
Hungund
14 March 1962
21 June 1962
99 days
3rd (1962)
(1)
S. Nijalingappa
Shiggaon
21 June 1962
29 May 1968
5 years, 343 days
Bagalkot
4th (1967)
4
Veerendra Patil
Chincholi
29 May 1968
18 March 1971
2 years, 293 days
Indian National Congress (O)
–
Vacant (President's rule)
N/A
18 March 1971
20 March 1972
1 year, 2 days
Dissolved
N/A
5
D. Devaraj Urs
Hunsur
20 March 1972
31 October 1973
1 year, 225 days
5th (1972)
Indian National Congress (R)
Chief Minister of Karnataka
1
D. Devaraj Urs
Hunsur
1 November 1973
31 December 1977
4 years, 60 days
continued 5th (1972)
Indian National Congress (R)
–
Vacant (President's rule)
N/A
31 December 1977
28 February 1978
59 days
Dissolved
N/A
(1)
D. Devaraj Urs
Hunsur
28 February 1978
12 January 1980
1 year, 318 days
6th (1978)
Indian National Congress
2
R. Gundu Rao
Somwarpet
12 January 1980
10 January 1983
2 years, 363 days
3
Ramakrishna Hegde
Kanakapura
10 January 1983
7 March 1985
5 years, 216 days
7th (1983)
Janata Party
Basavanagudi
8 March 1985
13 August 1988
8th (1985)
4
S. R. Bommai
Hubli Rural
13 August 1988
21 April 1989
251 days
–
Vacant (President's rule)
N/A
21 April 1989
30 November 1989
223 days
Dissolved
N/A
5
Veerendra Patil
Chincholi
30 November 1989
10 October 1990
314 days
9th (1989)
Indian National Congress
–
Vacant (President's rule)
N/A
10 October 1990
17 October 1990
7 days
N/A
6
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
Sorab
17 October 1990
19 November 1992
2 years, 33 days
Indian National Congress
7
Veerappa Moily
Karkal
19 November 1992
11 December 1994
2 years, 22 days
8
H. D. Deve Gowda
Ramanagaram
11 December 1994
31 May 1996
1 year, 172 days
10th (1994)
Janata Dal
9
J. H. Patel
Channagiri
31 May 1996
11 October 1999
3 years, 133 days
10
S. M. Krishna
Maddur
11 October 1999
28 May 2004
4 years, 230 days
11th (1999)
Indian National Congress
11
Dharam Singh
Jevargi
28 May 2004
3 February 2006
1 year, 251 days
12th (2004)
12
H. D. Kumaraswamy
Ramanagaram
3 February 2006
8 October 2007
1 year, 247 days
Janata Dal (Secular)
–
Vacant (President's rule)
N/A
8 October 2007
12 November 2007
35 days
N/A
13
B. S. Yediyurappa
Shikaripura
12 November 2007
19 November 2007
7 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
–
Vacant (President's rule)
N/A
19 November 2007
29 May 2008
193 days
Dissolved
N/A
(13)
B. S. Yediyurappa
Shikaripura
30 May 2008
5 August 2011
3 years, 67 days
13th (2008)
Bharatiya Janata Party
14
Sadananda Gowda
Legislative Assembly (MLC)
5 August 2011
12 July 2012
342 days
15
Jagadish Shettar
Hubli-Dharwad Central
12 July 2012
13 May 2013
305 days
16
Siddaramaiah
Varuna
13 May 2013
17 May 2018
5 years, 4 days
14th (2013)
Indian National Congress
(13)
B. S. Yediyurappa
Shikaripura
17 May 2018
23 May 2018
6 days
15th (2018)
Bharatiya Janata Party
(12)
H. D. Kumaraswamy
Channapatna
23 May 2018
26 July 2019
1 year, 64 days
Janata Dal (Secular)
(13)
B. S. Yediyurappa
Shikaripura
26 July 2019
28 July 2021
2 years, 2 days
Bharatiya Janata Party
17
Basavaraj Bommai
Shiggaon
28 July 2021
20 May 2023
1 year, 296 days
(16)
Siddaramaiah
Varuna
20 May 2023
Incumbent
3 years, 10 days
16th (2023)
Indian National Congress
· Statistics
Total tenure
Total tenure
#
Longest tenure
Name
Total tenure
Siddaramaiah
Siddaramaiah
#
1
Name
Siddaramaiah
Party
INC
Length of term
5 years, 4 days
Length of term
8 years, 14 days
D. Devaraj Urs
D. Devaraj Urs
#
2
Name
D. Devaraj Urs
Party
INC / INC(R)
Length of term
5 years, 286 days
Length of term
7 years, 239 days
S. Nijalingappa
S. Nijalingappa
#
3
Name
S. Nijalingappa
Party
INC
Length of term
5 years, 343 days
Length of term
7 years, 175 days
Ramakrishna Hegde
Ramakrishna Hegde
#
4
Name
Ramakrishna Hegde
Party
JP
Length of term
5 years, 216 days
Length of term
5 years, 216 days
B. S. Yediyurappa
B. S. Yediyurappa
#
5
Name
B. S. Yediyurappa
Party
BJP
Length of term
3 years, 67 days
Length of term
5 years, 82 days
S. M. Krishna
S. M. Krishna
#
6
Name
S. M. Krishna
Party
INC
Length of term
4 years, 230 days
Length of term
4 years, 230 days
B. D. Jatti
B. D. Jatti
#
7
Name
B. D. Jatti
Party
INC
Length of term
3 years, 302 days
Length of term
3 years, 302 days
Veerendra Patil
Veerendra Patil
#
8
Name
Veerendra Patil
Party
INC / INC(O)
Length of term
2 years, 293 days
Length of term
3 years, 242 days
J. H. Patel
J. H. Patel
#
9
Name
J. H. Patel
Party
JD
Length of term
3 years, 133 days
Length of term
3 years, 133 days
R. Gundu Rao
R. Gundu Rao
#
10
Name
R. Gundu Rao
Party
INC
Length of term
2 years, 363 days
Length of term
2 years, 363 days
H. D. Kumaraswamy
H. D. Kumaraswamy
#
11
Name
H. D. Kumaraswamy
Party
JD(S)
Length of term
1 year, 247 days
Length of term
2 years, 311 days
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
#
12
Name
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
Party
INC
Length of term
2 years, 33 days
Length of term
2 years, 33 days
Veerappa Moily
Veerappa Moily
#
13
Name
Veerappa Moily
Party
INC
Length of term
2 years, 22 days
Length of term
2 years, 22 days
Basavaraj Bommai
Basavaraj Bommai
#
14
Name
Basavaraj Bommai
Party
BJP
Length of term
1 year, 296 days
Length of term
1 year, 296 days
Dharam Singh
Dharam Singh
#
15
Name
Dharam Singh
Party
INC
Length of term
1 year, 251 days
Length of term
1 year, 251 days
H. D. Deve Gowda
H. D. Deve Gowda
#
16
Name
H. D. Deve Gowda
Party
JD
Length of term
1 year, 172 days
Length of term
1 year, 172 days
Sadananda Gowda
Sadananda Gowda
#
17
Name
Sadananda Gowda
Party
BJP
Length of term
342 days
Length of term
342 days
Jagadish Shettar
Jagadish Shettar
#
18
Name
Jagadish Shettar
Party
BJP
Length of term
305 days
Length of term
305 days
S. R. Bommai
S. R. Bommai
#
19
Name
S. R. Bommai
Party
JP
Length of term
251 days
Length of term
251 days
S. R. Kanthi
S. R. Kanthi
#
20
Name
S. R. Kanthi
Party
INC
Length of term
99 days
Length of term
99 days
D. K. Shivakumar
D. K. Shivakumar
#
21
Name
D. K. Shivakumar
Party
INC
President's Rule
President's Rule
#
—
Name
President's Rule
Party
—
Length of term
1 year, 1 day
Length of term
2 years, 121 days
#
Name
Party
Length of term
Longest tenure
Total tenure
1
Siddaramaiah
INC
5 years, 4 days
8 years, 14 days
2
D. Devaraj Urs
INC / INC(R)
5 years, 286 days
7 years, 239 days
3
S. Nijalingappa
INC
5 years, 343 days
7 years, 175 days
4
Ramakrishna Hegde
JP
5 years, 216 days
5 years, 216 days
5
B. S. Yediyurappa
BJP
3 years, 67 days
5 years, 82 days
6
S. M. Krishna
INC
4 years, 230 days
4 years, 230 days
7
B. D. Jatti
INC
3 years, 302 days
3 years, 302 days
8
Veerendra Patil
INC / INC(O)
2 years, 293 days
3 years, 242 days
9
J. H. Patel
JD
3 years, 133 days
3 years, 133 days
10
R. Gundu Rao
INC
2 years, 363 days
2 years, 363 days
11
H. D. Kumaraswamy
JD(S)
1 year, 247 days
2 years, 311 days
12
Sarekoppa Bangarappa
INC
2 years, 33 days
2 years, 33 days
13
Veerappa Moily
INC
2 years, 22 days
2 years, 22 days
14
Basavaraj Bommai
BJP
1 year, 296 days
1 year, 296 days
15
Dharam Singh
INC
1 year, 251 days
1 year, 251 days
16
H. D. Deve Gowda
JD
1 year, 172 days
1 year, 172 days
17
Sadananda Gowda
BJP
342 days
342 days
18
Jagadish Shettar
BJP
305 days
305 days
19
S. R. Bommai
JP
251 days
251 days
20
S. R. Kanthi
INC
99 days
99 days
21
D. K. Shivakumar
INC
—
President's Rule
—
1 year, 1 day
2 years, 121 days

References

  1. This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.
  2. On 1 November 1956, the Indian states were reorganised along linguistic lines. The Mysore State was expanded with the addition of the Kannada-speaking districts of Bombay, Hyderabad, and Madras states, and the entirety o
  3. President's rule may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's_rule
  4. On 1 November 1973, Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka. Devaraj Urs, who was the chief minister of Mysore state since 20 March 1972, continued as chief minister of Karnataka post the renaming.
  5. According to Frontline, following the poor performance of the Janata Party in the 1984 Indian general election (it won only four out of the 28 seats), Hegde resigned because his party had lost its popular mandate. He hea
  6. According to Frontline, Hegde resigned in February 1986 when the Karnataka High Court censured his government for the way it handled arrack bottling contracts. He withdrew his resignation after a couple of days, "followi
  7. Introduction to the Constitution of India
    1960
  8. Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
    2025
    https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house
  9. Political and administrative integration of princely states By S. N. Sadasivan
    2005
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kWptYbzpXE8C&pg=PA26
  10. Chief Ministers of Karnataka since 1947. Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Archived on 6 December 2016.
    http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previouscms.htm
  11. Assemblies from 1952. Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Archived on 6 December 2016.
    http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/assemblies.htm
  12. Karnataka Government and Politics
    2007
    https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&pg=PA383
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