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Charles XI of Sweden

Updated: Wikipedia source

Charles XI of Sweden

Charles XI or Carl (Swedish: Karl XI; 4 December [O.S. 24 November] 1655 – 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1697) was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death in 1697. He was the only son of King Charles X Gustav and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period. Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe. Though Charles was crowned as Charles XI, he was not the 11th king of Sweden of that name. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles. The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf.

Infobox

Reign
13 February 1660 – 5 April 1697
Coronation
28 September 1675
Predecessor
Charles X Gustav
Successor
Charles XII
Regent
Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp (1660–1672)
Born
24 November 1655Tre Kronor, Sweden
Died
5 April 1697(1697-04-05) (aged 41)Tre Kronor, Sweden
Burial
24 November 1697Riddarholmen Church, Stockholm
Spouse
mw- Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark (m. 1680; died 1693)
Issue
mw- Hedvig Sophia, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp Charles XII of Sweden Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden
House
Palatinate-Zweibrücken
Father
Charles X Gustav
Mother
Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp
Religion
Lutheran

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
Regnal titles
Preceded byCharles X Gustav
Preceded byCharles X Gustav
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
Preceded byCharles X Gustav
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
King of SwedenDuke of Bremen and Verden 1660–1697
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
Succeeded byCharles XII
Preceded byFrederick Louis
Preceded byFrederick Louis
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
Preceded byFrederick Louis
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken 1681–1697
Charles XI of Sweden House of Palatinate-ZweibrückenCadet branch of the House of WittelsbachBorn: 24 November 1655 Died: 5 April 1697
Regnal titles
Preceded byCharles X Gustav
King of SwedenDuke of Bremen and Verden 1660–1697
Succeeded byCharles XII
Preceded byFrederick Louis
Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken 1681–1697

References

  1. Nordisk familjebok
    https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0509.html
  2. This article uses the Julian calendar, which was used in Sweden until 1700 (see Swedish calendar for more information).
  3. Bain 1911b
  4. Article Karl Archived 30 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine in Nordisk familjebok
    https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0500.html
  5. Åberg (1958)
  6. Granlund 2004, pp. 58–59.
  7. Granlund 2004, p. 59.
  8. Hedvig Eleonora
  9. Rystad (2003), p. 26
  10. Herman Lindqvist: Historien om Sverige: Storhet och Fall (History of Sweden: Greatness and fall) (in Swedish)
  11. Nationalencyclopedin, article Karl XII
  12. Rystad (2003), p. 23
  13. Åberg (1958) gives examples: he would start with the last letter when reading words, and would spell faton instead of af
  14. Upton, Anthony F. (1998). Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism, 1660–1697. Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-521-573
  15. Upton, p. 91.
  16. Rystad (2003) p. 37
  17. Åberg (1958), pp. 63–65
  18. Åberg (1959) pp. 50–53
  19. Åberg, p. 66
  20. Åberg (1958), pp. 71–72
  21. Åberg (1958), pp. 72–74
  22. Åberg (1958), pp. 75–76
  23. Åberg (1958), pp. 77–79
  24. Rystad (2003), p. 95, estimates that 8,000–9,000 men fell out of 20,000
  25. Åberg (1958) p. 81
  26. Rystad (2003) p. 97
  27. Nationalencyklopedin, article Karl XI
  28. Åberg (1958), pp. 106–107
  29. Rystad (2003) p. 165
  30. Rystad (2003), p. 167
  31. Rystad (2003) p. 181
  32. Åberg (1958), pp. 93–94
  33. The People's Chronology
    https://archive.org/details/mes00jame/page/256
  34. Lars O. Lagerqvist in Sverige och dess regenter under 1000 år ISBN 91-0-075007-7 p. 185
  35. Libris Archived 20 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine listing at Swedish National Library
    http://libris.kb.se/bib/274324
  36. Karl XI: en biografi
  37. Åberg (1958), p. 111
  38. Åberg (1958), p. 190
  39. Åberg (1958) pp. 125–134
  40. Rystad (2003), pp. 241–265
  41. Karl XI: en biografi
  42. Åberg (1958), pp. 135–146
  43. Rystad (2003) pp. 307–344
  44. Åberg (1958), pp. 157–166
  45. Rystad (2003) pp. 345–357
  46. Grandeur et liberté de la Suède
  47. Nanna Lundh-Eriksson (1947). Hedvig Eleonora. Stockholm: Wahlström & Widstrand. ISBN (Swedish)
  48. Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark in CF Bricka, Danish biographical encyclopaedia (1st edition, 1904)
  49. Rystad (2003), pp.287–289
  50. Nordisk familjebok
    https://runeberg.org/nfbm/0512.html
  51. Ulf Sundberg ln Kungliga släktband ISBN 9185057487 p 137
  52. Rystad (2003), pp. 368–369
  53. Back-cover of Åberg (1958)
  54. Back-cover of Rystad (2003)
  55. (in Swedish) 500-kronorssedeln Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine – From Bank of Sweden official site. Accesse
    http://www.riksbank.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=9100
  56. Past & Present
    https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtaa025/6043726
  57. Bain 1911a.
  58. Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
    https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12760
  59. Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
    https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=12105
  60. Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
    https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=11393
  61. Neue Deutsche Biographie
    https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016321/images/index.html?seite=599
  62. Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
    https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/marie-elizabeth-saxony-1610-1684
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