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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain (as Charles I) from 1516 to 1556, King of Sicily and Naples from 1516 to 1554, and also Lord of the Netherlands and titular Duke of Burgundy (as Charles II) from 1506 to 1555. He was heir to and then head of the rising House of Habsburg. His dominions in Europe included the Holy Roman Empire, extending from Germany to northern Italy with rule over the Austrian hereditary lands and Burgundian Low Countries, and Spain with its possessions of the southern Italian kingdoms of Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia. In the Americas, he oversaw the continuation of Spanish colonization and a short-lived German colonization. The personal union of the European and American territories he ruled was the first collection of realms labelled "the empire on which the sun never sets". Charles was born in Flanders to Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Mary of Burgundy, and Joanna of Castile, younger child of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs of Spain. Heir of his grandparents, Charles inherited his family dominions at a young age. After his father's death in 1506, he inherited the Habsburg Netherlands in the Low Countries. In 1516 he became King of Spain as co-monarch of Castile and Aragon with his mother. Spain's possessions included the Castilian colonies of the West Indies and the Spanish Main, as well as Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia. At the death of his grandfather Maximilian in 1519, he inherited the Austrian hereditary lands and was elected as Holy Roman Emperor. He adopted the Imperial name of Charles V as his main title, and styled himself as a new Charlemagne. Charles revitalized the medieval concept of universal monarchy. With no fixed capital, he made 40 journeys through the different entities he ruled and spent a quarter of his reign travelling within his realms. Although his empire came to him peacefully, he spent most of his life waging war, exhausting his revenues and leaving debts in his attempt to defend the integrity of the Holy Roman Empire from the Protestant Reformation, the expansion of the Ottoman Empire, and in wars with France. Charles borrowed money from German and Italian bankers and, to repay them, relied on the wealth of the Low Countries and the flow of silver from New Spain and Peru, brought under his rule following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires, which caused widespread inflation. Crowned King of Germany in Aachen, Charles sided with Pope Leo X and declared Martin Luther an outlaw at the Diet of Worms in 1521. The same year, Francis I of France, surrounded by the Habsburg possessions, started a war in Italy that led to his capture in the Battle of Pavia (1525). In 1527, Rome was sacked by an army of Charles's mutinous soldiers. Charles then defended Vienna from the Turks and obtained coronations as King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from Pope Clement VII. In 1535, he took possession of Milan and captured Tunis. However, the loss of Buda during the struggle for Hungary and the Algiers expedition in the early 1540s frustrated his anti-Ottoman policies. After years of negotiations, Charles came to an agreement with Pope Paul III for the organization of the Council of Trent (1545). The refusal of the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League to recognize the council's validity led to a war, won by Charles. However, Henry II of France offered new support to the Lutheran cause and strengthened the Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent. Ultimately, Charles conceded the Peace of Augsburg and abandoned his multi-national project with abdications in 1556 that divided his hereditary and imperial domains between the Spanish Habsburgs, headed by his son Philip II of Spain, and Austrian Habsburgs, headed by his brother Ferdinand. In 1557, Charles retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura and died there a year later.

Infobox

Reign
25 September 1506 –25 October 1555
Coronation
mw- 23 October 1520 (Germany)22 February 1530 (Italy)24 February 1530 (Empire)
Predecessor
Philip the Handsome
Successor
Philip II of Spain
Co-monarch
Joanna I (until 1555)
Regents
See list Adrian, Cardinal-Bishop of Tortosa Isabella, Holy Roman Empress Philip, Prince of Asturias Archduke Maximilian of Austria Infanta Maria of Spain
Governors
See list Margaret of Austria Mary of Austria
Born
24 February 1500Prinsenhof of Ghent, Flanders, Habsburg Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire
Died
21 September 1558(1558-09-21) (aged 58)Monastery of Yuste, Crown of Castile, Spain
Burial
El Escorial, Spain
Spouse
mw- Isabella of 1526; died 1539)
Issuemore...
Philip II, King of Spain Maria, Holy Roman Empress Joanna, Princess of Portugal Illegitimate:Margaret, Duchess of Florence and Parma John of Austria
House
Habsburg
Father
Philip the Handsome
Mother
Joanna, Queen of Castile and Aragon
Religion
Catholic Church

Tables

· Dynasty and private life › Siblings
Eleanor
Eleanor
Name
Eleanor
Birth
15 November 1498
Death
25 February 1558(1558-02-25) (aged 59)
Notes
first marriage in 1518, Manuel I of Portugal and had children;second marriage in 1530, Francis I of France and had no children.
Isabella
Isabella
Name
Isabella
Birth
18 July 1501
Death
19 January 1526(1526-01-19) (aged 24)
Notes
married in 1515, Christian II of Denmark and had children.
Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Name
Ferdinand
Birth
10 March 1503
Death
25 July 1564(1564-07-25) (aged 61)
Notes
married in 1521, Anna of Bohemia and Hungary and had children.
Mary
Mary
Name
Mary
Birth
15 September 1505
Death
18 October 1558(1558-10-18) (aged 53)
Notes
married in 1522, Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia and had no children.
Catherine
Catherine
Name
Catherine
Birth
14 January 1507
Death
12 February 1578(1578-02-12) (aged 71)
Notes
married in 1525, John III of Portugal and had children.
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Eleanor
15 November 1498
25 February 1558(1558-02-25) (aged 59)
first marriage in 1518, Manuel I of Portugal and had children;second marriage in 1530, Francis I of France and had no children.
Isabella
18 July 1501
19 January 1526(1526-01-19) (aged 24)
married in 1515, Christian II of Denmark and had children.
Ferdinand
10 March 1503
25 July 1564(1564-07-25) (aged 61)
married in 1521, Anna of Bohemia and Hungary and had children.
Mary
15 September 1505
18 October 1558(1558-10-18) (aged 53)
married in 1522, Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia and had no children.
Catherine
14 January 1507
12 February 1578(1578-02-12) (aged 71)
married in 1525, John III of Portugal and had children.
· Dynasty and private life › Issue
Philip II of Spain
Philip II of Spain
Name
Philip II of Spain
Lifespan
21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598
Notes
Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns and became king of Portugal.
Maria
Maria
Name
Maria
Lifespan
21 June 1528 –26 February 1603
Notes
Married her first cousin Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Ferdinand
Ferdinand
Name
Ferdinand
Lifespan
22 November 1529 – 13 July 1530
Notes
Died in infancy.
Son
Son
Name
Son
Lifespan
29 June 1534
Notes
Stillborn.
Joanna
Joanna
Name
Joanna
Lifespan
24 June 1535 –7 September 1573
Notes
Married her first cousin João Manuel, Prince of Portugal.
John
John
Name
John
Lifespan
19 October 1537 – 20 March 1538
Notes
Died in infancy.
Son
Son
Name
Son
Lifespan
21 April 1539
Notes
Stillborn.
Name
Portrait
Lifespan
Notes
Philip II of Spain
21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598
Only surviving son, successor of his father in the Spanish crowns and became king of Portugal.
Maria
21 June 1528 –26 February 1603
Married her first cousin Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor.
Ferdinand
22 November 1529 – 13 July 1530
Died in infancy.
Son
29 June 1534
Stillborn.
Joanna
24 June 1535 –7 September 1573
Married her first cousin João Manuel, Prince of Portugal.
John
19 October 1537 – 20 March 1538
Died in infancy.
Son
21 April 1539
Stillborn.
· Dynasty and private life › Titles and coat of arms
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Titular Duke of Burgundy
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Duke of Brabant
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Duke of Limburg
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Duke of Lothier
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles III
Charles III
Title
Title
Duke of Luxemburg
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles III
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Margrave of Namur
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count Palatine of Burgundy
From
25 September 1506
To
5 February 1556
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count of Artois
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count of Charolais
From
25 September 1506
To
21 September 1558
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles III
Charles III
Title
Title
Count of Flanders
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles III
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count of Hainault
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count of Holland
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count of Zeeland
From
25 September 1506
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles I
Charles I
Title
Title
King of Castile and León
From
14 March 1516
To
16 January 1556
Regnal name
Charles I
Charles I
Charles I
Title
Title
King of Aragon
From
14 March 1516
To
16 January 1556
Regnal name
Charles I
Charles I (II)
Charles I (II)
Title
Title
King of Sicily
From
14 March 1516
To
16 January 1556
Regnal name
Charles I (II)
Charles I
Charles I
Title
Title
Count of Barcelona
From
14 March 1516
To
16 January 1556
Regnal name
Charles I
Charles IV
Charles IV
Title
Title
King of Naples
From
14 March 1516
To
25 July 1554
Regnal name
Charles IV
Charles I
Charles I
Title
Title
Archduke of Austria
From
12 January 1519
To
12 January 1521
Regnal name
Charles I
Charles V
Charles V
Title
Title
Holy Roman Emperor
From
28 June 1519
To
27 August 1556
Regnal name
Charles V
Charles V
Charles V
Title
Title
King of the Romans
From
23 October 1520
To
24 February 1530
Regnal name
Charles V
Charles II
Charles II
Title
Title
Count of Zutphen
From
12 September 1543
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles II
Charles III
Charles III
Title
Title
Duke of Guelders
From
12 September 1543
To
25 October 1555
Regnal name
Charles III
Title
From
To
Regnal name
Titular Duke of Burgundy
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Duke of Brabant
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Duke of Limburg
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Duke of Lothier
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Duke of Luxemburg
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles III
Margrave of Namur
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Count Palatine of Burgundy
25 September 1506
5 February 1556
Charles II
Count of Artois
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Count of Charolais
25 September 1506
21 September 1558
Charles II
Count of Flanders
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles III
Count of Hainault
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Count of Holland
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
Count of Zeeland
25 September 1506
25 October 1555
Charles II
King of Castile and León
14 March 1516
16 January 1556
Charles I
King of Aragon
14 March 1516
16 January 1556
Charles I
King of Sicily
14 March 1516
16 January 1556
Charles I (II)
Count of Barcelona
14 March 1516
16 January 1556
Charles I
King of Naples
14 March 1516
25 July 1554
Charles IV
Archduke of Austria
12 January 1519
12 January 1521
Charles I
Holy Roman Emperor
28 June 1519
27 August 1556
Charles V
King of the Romans
23 October 1520
24 February 1530
Charles V
Count of Zutphen
12 September 1543
25 October 1555
Charles II
Duke of Guelders
12 September 1543
25 October 1555
Charles III
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Regnal titles
Preceded byPhilip I
Preceded byPhilip I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byPhilip I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxembourg;Margrave of Namur;Count of Artois, Flanders, Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland;Count Palatine of Burgundy 1506–1555
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Succeeded byPhilip II
Preceded byFerdinand II
Preceded byFerdinand II
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byFerdinand II
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Naples 1516–1554with Joanna III (1516–1554)
King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily;Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily;Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily;Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
King of Upper Navarre 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
King of Upper Navarre 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Upper Navarre 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
Preceded byJoanna I & Ferdinand V
Preceded byJoanna I & Ferdinand V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byJoanna I & Ferdinand V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Castile and León 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
Preceded byWilliam I and V
Preceded byWilliam I and V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byWilliam I and V
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Duke of GueldersCount of Zutphen 1543–1555
Preceded byMaximilian I
Preceded byMaximilian I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byMaximilian I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Archduke of AustriaDuke of Styria, Carinthia and CarniolaCount of Tyrol 1519–1521
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Succeeded byFerdinand I
King of Germany 1519–1556
King of Germany 1519–1556
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Germany 1519–1556
Holy Roman Emperor 1530–1556
Holy Roman Emperor 1530–1556
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Holy Roman Emperor 1530–1556
King of Italy 1530–1556
King of Italy 1530–1556
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Italy 1530–1556
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
VacantTitle next held byNapoleon I
Preceded byFerdinand I
Preceded byFerdinand I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byFerdinand I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
King of Lower Navarre with Joanna III (1516–1530)disputed by Henry II (1521–1530)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Succeeded byHenry II
Spanish royalty
Spanish royalty
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Spanish royalty
Preceded byJoanna I
Preceded byJoanna I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Preceded byJoanna I
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Prince of Asturias 1504–1516
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
VacantTitle next held byPhilip (II)
Prince of Girona 1516
Prince of Girona 1516
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Prince of Girona 1516
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor House of Habsburg Born: 24 February 1500 Died: 21 September 1558
Regnal titles
Preceded byPhilip I
Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxembourg;Margrave of Namur;Count of Artois, Flanders, Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland;Count Palatine of Burgundy 1506–1555
Succeeded byPhilip II
Preceded byFerdinand II
King of Naples 1516–1554with Joanna III (1516–1554)
King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily;Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
King of Upper Navarre 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
Preceded byJoanna I & Ferdinand V
King of Castile and León 1516–1556with Joanna (1516–1555)
Preceded byWilliam I and V
Duke of GueldersCount of Zutphen 1543–1555
Preceded byMaximilian I
Archduke of AustriaDuke of Styria, Carinthia and CarniolaCount of Tyrol 1519–1521
Succeeded byFerdinand I
King of Germany 1519–1556
Holy Roman Emperor 1530–1556
King of Italy 1530–1556
VacantTitle next held byNapoleon I
Preceded byFerdinand I
King of Lower Navarre with Joanna III (1516–1530)disputed by Henry II (1521–1530)
Succeeded byHenry II
Spanish royalty
Preceded byJoanna I
Prince of Asturias 1504–1516
VacantTitle next held byPhilip (II)
Prince of Girona 1516

References

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