| Res. | Record | Opponent | Method | Event | Date | Round | Time | Location | Notes |
| Win | 36–11 (1) | Mateusz Gamrot | Submission (face crank) | UFC Fight Night: Oliveira vs. Gamrot | October 11, 2025 | 2 | 2:48 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Extended the UFC record for most finishes (21) and most submissions (17). Performance of the Night. |
| Loss | 35–11 (1) | Ilia Topuria | KO (punches) | UFC 317 | June 28, 2025 | 1 | 2:27 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | For the vacant UFC Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 35–10 (1) | Michael Chandler | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 309 | November 16, 2024 | 5 | 5:00 | New York City, New York, United States | Fight of the Night. |
| Loss | 34–10 (1) | Arman Tsarukyan | Decision (split) | UFC 300 | April 13, 2024 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |
| Win | 34–9 (1) | Beneil Dariush | TKO (punches) | UFC 289 | June 10, 2023 | 1 | 4:10 | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | Performance of the Night. |
| Loss | 33–9 (1) | Islam Makhachev | Submission (arm-triangle choke) | UFC 280 | October 22, 2022 | 2 | 3:16 | Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates | For the vacant UFC Lightweight Championship. |
| Win | 33–8 (1) | Justin Gaethje | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC 274 | May 7, 2022 | 1 | 3:22 | Phoenix, Arizona, United States | Oliveira missed weight (155.5 lb) and was stripped of the UFC Lightweight Championship. Only Gaethje was eligible to win the title. |
| Win | 32–8 (1) | Dustin Poirier | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC 269 | December 11, 2021 | 3 | 1:02 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Defended the UFC Lightweight Championship. Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 31–8 (1) | Michael Chandler | TKO (punches) | UFC 262 | May 15, 2021 | 2 | 0:19 | Houston, Texas, United States | Won the vacant UFC Lightweight Championship. Broke the UFC record for most finishes (17). Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 30–8 (1) | Tony Ferguson | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 256 | December 12, 2020 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |
| Win | 29–8 (1) | Kevin Lee | Submission (guillotine choke) | UFC Fight Night: Lee vs. Oliveira | March 14, 2020 | 3 | 0:28 | Brasília, Brazil | Catchweight (158.5 lb) bout; Lee missed weight. Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 28–8 (1) | Jared Gordon | KO (punches) | UFC Fight Night: Błachowicz vs. Jacaré | November 16, 2019 | 1 | 1:26 | São Paulo, Brazil | Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 27–8 (1) | Nik Lentz | TKO (punches) | UFC Fight Night: dos Anjos vs. Lee | May 18, 2019 | 2 | 2:11 | Rochester, New York, United States | |
| Win | 26–8 (1) | David Teymur | Submission (anaconda choke) | UFC Fight Night: Assunção vs. Moraes 2 | February 2, 2019 | 2 | 0:55 | Fortaleza, Brazil | Teymur was deducted one point in round 1 due to an eye poke. Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 25–8 (1) | Jim Miller | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC on Fox: Lee vs. Iaquinta 2 | December 15, 2018 | 1 | 1:15 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States | Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 24–8 (1) | Christos Giagos | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC Fight Night: Santos vs. Anders | September 22, 2018 | 2 | 3:22 | São Paulo, Brazil | Broke the UFC record for most submission wins (11). Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 23–8 (1) | Clay Guida | Submission (guillotine choke) | UFC 225 | June 9, 2018 | 1 | 2:18 | Chicago, Illinois, United States | Performance of the Night. |
| Loss | 22–8 (1) | Paul Felder | TKO (elbows) | UFC 218 | December 2, 2017 | 2 | 4:06 | Detroit, Michigan, United States | |
| Win | 22–7 (1) | Will Brooks | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC 210 | April 8, 2017 | 1 | 2:30 | Buffalo, New York, United States | Return to Lightweight. Performance of the Night. |
| Loss | 21–7 (1) | Ricardo Lamas | Submission (guillotine choke) | The Ultimate Fighter Latin America 3 Finale: dos Anjos vs. Ferguson | November 5, 2016 | 2 | 2:13 | Mexico City, Mexico | Catchweight (155 lb) bout; Oliveira missed weight. |
| Loss | 21–6 (1) | Anthony Pettis | Submission (guillotine choke) | UFC on Fox: Maia vs. Condit | August 27, 2016 | 3 | 1:49 | Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | |
| Win | 21–5 (1) | Myles Jury | Submission (guillotine choke) | UFC on Fox: dos Anjos vs. Cowboy 2 | December 19, 2015 | 1 | 3:05 | Orlando, Florida, United States | Catchweight (150.5 lb) bout; Oliveira missed weight. |
| Loss | 20–5 (1) | Max Holloway | TKO (esophagus injury) | UFC Fight Night: Holloway vs. Oliveira | August 23, 2015 | 1 | 1:39 | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada | |
| Win | 20–4 (1) | Nik Lentz | Submission (guillotine choke) | UFC Fight Night: Condit vs. Alves | May 30, 2015 | 3 | 1:10 | Goiânia, Brazil | Performance of the Night. Fight of the Night. |
| Win | 19–4 (1) | Jeremy Stephens | Decision (unanimous) | The Ultimate Fighter: A Champion Will Be Crowned Finale | December 12, 2014 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Catchweight (146.5 lb) bout; Oliveira missed weight. |
| Win | 18–4 (1) | Hatsu Hioki | Submission (anaconda choke) | UFC Fight Night: Te Huna vs. Marquardt | June 28, 2014 | 2 | 4:32 | Auckland, New Zealand | Performance of the Night. |
| Win | 17–4 (1) | Andy Ogle | Submission (triangle choke) | UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Mousasi | February 15, 2014 | 3 | 2:40 | Jaraguá do Sul, Brazil | Performance of the Night. |
| Loss | 16–4 (1) | Frankie Edgar | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 162 | July 6, 2013 | 3 | 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | Fight of the Night. |
| Loss | 16–3 (1) | Cub Swanson | KO (punch) | UFC 152 | September 22, 2012 | 1 | 2:40 | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Catchweight (146.2 lb) bout; Oliveira missed weight. |
| Win | 16–2 (1) | Jonathan Brookins | Submission (anaconda choke) | The Ultimate Fighter: Live Finale | June 1, 2012 | 2 | 2:42 | Las Vegas, Nevada, United States | |
| Win | 15–2 (1) | Eric Wisely | Submission (calf slicer) | UFC on Fox: Evans vs. Davis | January 28, 2012 | 1 | 1:43 | Chicago, Illinois, United States | Featherweight debut. Submission of the Night. |
| Loss | 14–2 (1) | Donald Cerrone | TKO (punches) | UFC Live: Hardy vs. Lytle | August 14, 2011 | 1 | 3:01 | Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States | |
| NC | 14–1 (1) | Nik Lentz | NC (illegal knee) | UFC Live: Kongo vs. Barry | June 26, 2011 | 2 | 1:48 | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States | Originally a submission (rear-naked choke) win for Oliveira; overturned due to an illegal knee. Fight of the Night. |
| Loss | 14–1 | Jim Miller | Submission (kneebar) | UFC 124 | December 11, 2010 | 1 | 1:59 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | |
| Win | 14–0 | Efrain Escudero | Submission (rear-naked choke) | UFC Fight Night: Marquardt vs. Palhares | September 15, 2010 | 3 | 2:25 | Austin, Texas, United States | Catchweight (159 lb) bout; Escudero missed weight. Submission of the Night. |
| Win | 13–0 | Darren Elkins | Submission (triangle armbar) | UFC Live: Jones vs. Matyushenko | August 1, 2010 | 1 | 0:41 | San Diego, California, United States | Submission of the Night. |
| Win | 12–0 | Diego Battaglia | KO (slam) | Warriors Challenge 5 | February 14, 2010 | 1 | N/A | Porto Belo, Brazil | |
| Win | 11–0 | Rosenildo Rocha | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 1 | 1:21 | |
| Win | 10–0 | Eduardo Pachu | Decision (split) | Eagle FC 1 | September 26, 2009 | 3 | 5:00 | Guarulhos, Brazil | |
| Win | 9–0 | Alexandre Bezerra | Submission (anaconda choke) | First Class Fight 3 | September 18, 2009 | 2 | 1:11 | São Paulo, Brazil | |
| Win | 8–0 | Dom Stanco | Submission (rear-naked choke) | Ring of Combat 24 | April 17, 2009 | 1 | 3:33 | Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States | |
| Win | 7–0 | Carlos Soares | Submission (triangle armbar) | Jungle Fight 12 | March 21, 2009 | 1 | 2:48 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | |
| Win | 6–0 | Elieni Silva | TKO (knee and punches) | Korea Fight 1 | December 29, 2008 | 2 | N/A | Santos, Brazil | |
| Win | 5–0 | Daniel Fernandes | KO (strikes) | N/A | N/A | |
| Win | 4–0 | Mehdi Baghdad | TKO (punches) | Kawai Arena 1 | December 13, 2008 | 1 | 1:01 | São José dos Campos, Brazil | Lightweight debut. |
| Win | 3–0 | Diego Braga | TKO (punches) | Predador FC 9 | March 15, 2008 | 1 | 2:30 | São Paulo, Brazil | Won the Predador FC Welterweight Grand Prix. |
| Win | 2–0 | Viscardi Andrade | TKO (punches) | 2 | 2:47 | Predador FC Welterweight Grand Prix Semifinal. |
| Win | 1–0 | Jackson Pontes | Submission (rear-naked choke) | 1 | 2:11 | Welterweight debut. Predador FC Welterweight Grand Prix Quarterfinal. |