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Charles I of England

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Charles I of England

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland. After his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 upon the death of his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. An unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to Infanta Maria Anna of Spain culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiation. Two years later, shortly after his accession, he married Henrietta Maria of France. After his accession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the English Parliament, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. He believed in the divine right of kings and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without Parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645 at the hands of the Parliamentarian New Model Army, he fled north from his base at Oxford. Charles surrendered to a Scottish force and, after lengthy negotiations between the English and Scottish parliaments, was handed over to the Long Parliament in London. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, he forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648, the New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. The monarchy was restored in 1660, with Charles's son Charles II as king.

Infobox

Reign
27 March 1625 – 30 January 1649
Coronation
18 June 1633
Predecessor
James VI
Successor
Charles II
Born
19 November 1600Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline, Scotland
Died
30 January 1649(1649-01-30) (aged 48)Whitehall, Westminster, England
Cause of death
Execution by beheading
Burial
9 February 1649St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, England
Spouse
mw- Henrietta Maria of France (m. 1625)
Issuemore...
Charles II Mary, Princess of Orange James VII & II Elizabeth Anne Henry, Duke of Gloucester Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans
House
Stuart
Father
James VI and I
Mother
Anne of Denmark
Religion
Protestant

Tables

· Issue
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
Name
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
Birth
13 May 1629
Death
13 May 1629
Notes
Born and died the same day. Buried as "Charles, Prince of Wales".
Charles II
Charles II
Name
Charles II
Birth
29 May 1630
Death
6 February 1685
Notes
Married Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate liveborn issue, but many acknowledged illegitimate offspring.
Mary, Princess Royal
Mary, Princess Royal
Name
Mary, Princess Royal
Birth
4 November 1631
Death
24 December 1660
Notes
Married William II, Prince of Orange (1626–1650) in 1641. She had one child: William III & II.
James II & VII
James II & VII
Name
James II & VII
Birth
14 October 1633
Death
6 September 1701
Notes
Married (1) Anne Hyde (1637–1671) in 1659. Had issue including Mary II and Anne, Queen of Great Britain;Married (2) Mary of Modena (1658–1718) in 1673. Had issue.
Elizabeth
Elizabeth
Name
Elizabeth
Birth
29 December 1635
Death
8 September 1650
Notes
Died young.
Anne
Anne
Name
Anne
Birth
17 March 1637
Death
5 November 1640
Notes
Died young.
Catherine
Catherine
Name
Catherine
Birth
29 June 1639
Death
29 June 1639
Notes
Born and died the same day.
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Name
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Birth
8 July 1640
Death
13 September 1660
Notes
No issue.
Henrietta
Henrietta
Name
Henrietta
Birth
16 June 1644
Death
30 June 1670
Notes
Married Philip, Duke of Orléans (1640–1701) in 1661. Had issue.
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
13 May 1629
13 May 1629
Born and died the same day. Buried as "Charles, Prince of Wales".
Charles II
29 May 1630
6 February 1685
Married Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) in 1662. No legitimate liveborn issue, but many acknowledged illegitimate offspring.
Mary, Princess Royal
4 November 1631
24 December 1660
Married William II, Prince of Orange (1626–1650) in 1641. She had one child: William III & II.
James II & VII
14 October 1633
6 September 1701
Married (1) Anne Hyde (1637–1671) in 1659. Had issue including Mary II and Anne, Queen of Great Britain;Married (2) Mary of Modena (1658–1718) in 1673. Had issue.
Elizabeth
29 December 1635
8 September 1650
Died young.
Anne
17 March 1637
5 November 1640
Died young.
Catherine
29 June 1639
29 June 1639
Born and died the same day.
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
8 July 1640
13 September 1660
No issue.
Henrietta
16 June 1644
30 June 1670
Married Philip, Duke of Orléans (1640–1701) in 1661. Had issue.
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Regnal titles
Preceded byJames I & VI
Preceded byJames I & VI
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Preceded byJames I & VI
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
King of England and Ireland 1625–1649
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
VacantCommonwealthTitle next held byCharles II
King of Scotland 1625–1649
King of Scotland 1625–1649
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
King of Scotland 1625–1649
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Succeeded byCharles II
British royalty
British royalty
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
British royalty
Preceded byHenry Frederick
Preceded byHenry Frederick
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Preceded byHenry Frederick
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Duke of CornwallDuke of Rothesay 1612–1625
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
VacantTitle next held byCharles (II)
Prince of Wales 1616–1625
Prince of Wales 1616–1625
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Prince of Wales 1616–1625
Charles I of England House of StuartBorn: 19 November 1600 Died: 30 January 1649
Regnal titles
Preceded byJames I & VI
King of England and Ireland 1625–1649
VacantCommonwealthTitle next held byCharles II
King of Scotland 1625–1649
Succeeded byCharles II
British royalty
Preceded byHenry Frederick
Duke of CornwallDuke of Rothesay 1612–1625
VacantTitle next held byCharles (II)
Prince of Wales 1616–1625

References

  1. All dates in this article are given in the Julian calendar, which was used in Great Britain and Ireland throughout Charl
  2. Charles grew to a peak height of 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm).
  3. Rubens, who acted as the Spanish representative during peace negotiations in London, painted Landscape with Saint George
  4. For example, James I ruled without Parliament between 1614 and 1621.
  5. For comparison, a typical farm labourer could earn 8d a day, or about £10 a year.
  6. The statute forbade grants of monopolies to individuals but Charles circumvented the restriction by granting monopolies
  7. Their hostility was summarised in 1641 by Francis Rous, "For Arminianism is the span of a Papist, and if you mark it wel
  8. The picture was originally painted for the sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini, who used it to carve a bust of the King, destr
  9. The Scots were promised £400,000 in instalments.
  10. In 1813, part of Charles's beard, a piece of neck bone, and a tooth were taken as relics. They were placed back in the t
  11. James V and Margaret Douglas were both children of Margaret Tudor, the daughter of Henry VII of England: James V by Jame
  12. Christian III and Elizabeth were both children of Frederick I of Denmark: Christian by Anne of Brandenburg, Elizabeth by
  13. Cust 2005, p. 2; Weir 1996, p. 252.
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  167. The State Hermitage Museum
    https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+paintings/48245
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  170. Carlton 1995, p. 222; Hibbert 1968, p. 154 and Sharpe 1992, p. 944 assume that Pym was involved with the launch of the b
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  203. Gillespie 2006, p. 144; Schama 2001, pp. 118–120.
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  247. Carlton 1995, pp. 303, 305; Cust 2005, p. 420; Gregg 1981, pp. 407–408.
  248. Carlton 1995, p. 309; Hibbert 1968, p. 241.
  249. Gregg 1981, p. 411.
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  251. Coward 2003, pp. 224–236; Edwards 1999, p. 57; Holmes 2006, pp. 101–109.
  252. Gregg 1981, pp. 412–414.
  253. Carlton 1995, p. 311; Cust 2005, p. 431.
  254. Carlton 1995, pp. 312–314.
  255. Cust 2005, pp. 435–436.
  256. Gregg 1981, p. 419; Hibbert 1968, p. 247.
  257. Gregg 1981, pp. 419–420.
  258. Cust 2005, p. 437; Hibbert 1968, p. 248.
  259. Carlton 1995, pp. 329–330; Gregg 1981, p. 424.
  260. Cust 2005, p. 442.
  261. Carlton 1995, p. 331; Gregg 1981, p. 426.
  262. Coward 2003, p. 237; Robertson 2005, p. 118.
  263. Hibbert 1968, p. 251; Starkey 2006, pp. 122–124.
  264. Gregg 1981, p. 429.
  265. Carlton 1995, p. 336; Hibbert 1968, p. 252.
  266. Coward 2003, p. 237; Starkey 2006, p. 123.
  267. Edwards 1999, pp. 84–85; Robertson 2005, pp. 118–119; Starkey 2006, p. 123.
  268. Carlton 1995, p. 326; Gregg 1981, p. 422.
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  270. Edwards 1999, p. 99; Gregg 1981, p. 432; Hibbert 1968, pp. 255, 273.
  271. Robertson 2002, pp. 4–6.
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  273. Cust 2005, p. 452; Gregg 1981, p. 432; Robertson 2005, p. 137.
  274. Gregg 1981, p. 433.
  275. Edwards 1999, pp. 125–126; Gregg 1981, p. 436.
  276. Gregg 1981, pp. 435–436; Robertson 2005, pp. 143–144.
  277. Gregg 1981, between pages 420 and 421.
  278. Gardiner 1906, pp. 371–374.
  279. Robertson 2005, pp. 15, 148–149.
  280. Gardiner 1906, pp. 371–374; Gregg 1981, p. 437; Robertson 2005, pp. 15, 149.
  281. Carlton 1995, p. 304.
  282. Carlton 1995, pp. 345–346; Edwards 1999, pp. 132–146; Gregg 1981, pp. 437–440.
  283. Carlton 1995, p. 345; Robertson 2002, pp. 4–6.
  284. Gardiner 1906, pp. 374–376.
  285. Robertson 2005, p. 15.
  286. Carlton 1995, p. 347; Edwards 1999, p. 146.
  287. Gregg 1981, pp. 440–441.
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  290. Charles I (r. 1625–49)
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  292. Carlton 1995, pp. 352–353; Gregg 1981, p. 443.
  293. Carlton 1995, p. 353; Edwards 1999, p. 178; Gregg 1981, p. 444; Hibbert 1968, p. 279; Holmes 2006, p. 93.
  294. Carlton 1995, p. 353; Edwards 1999, p. 179; Gregg 1981, p. 444; Hibbert 1968, pp. 157, 279.
  295. Gregg 1981, p. 444; see also a virtually identical quote in Edwards 1999, p. 180.
  296. Carlton 1995, p. 354; Edwards 1999, p. 182; Hibbert 1968, p. 279; Starkey 2006, p. 126.
  297. Carlton 1995, p. 354; Edwards 1999, p. 183; Gregg 1981, pp. 443–444.
  298. Hibbert 1968, pp. 279–280; Robertson 2005, p. 200.
  299. Hibbert 1968, p. 280.
  300. Edwards 1999, p. 184; Gregg 1981, p. 445; Hibbert 1968, p. 280.
  301. Edwards 1999, p. 197; Gregg 1981, p. 445; Hibbert 1968, p. 280.
  302. Higgins 2009.
  303. Edwards 1999, p. 173.
  304. Robertson 2005, p. 201.
  305. Henry VIII's Final Resting Place
    https://www.stgeorges-windsor.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/HenryVIIIRestingPlace.pdf
  306. Robertson 2005, p. 333.
  307. Edwards 1999, p. 183.
  308. Edwards 1999, p. 183; Gregg 1981, p. 445.
  309. Gregg 1981, p. 445.
  310. Edwards 1999, p. 188; Gregg 1981, p. 445.
  311. Edwards 1999, p. 189; Gregg 1981, p. 445.
  312. Gregg 1981, p. 445; Robertson 2005, pp. 208–209.
  313. Cust 2005, p. 461.
  314. Mitchell 2012, p. 99.
  315. Edwards 1999, p. 190; Kenyon 1978, p. 166.
  316. Edwards 1999, p. 190; Kenyon 1978, pp. 166–168; Loades 1974, pp. 450–452.
  317. Holmes 2006, p. 121; Kenyon 1978, p. 170; Loades 1974, p. 454.
  318. Edwards 1999, p. 190; Loades 1974, pp. 455–459.
  319. Holmes 2006, p. 174; Kenyon 1978, p. 177; Loades 1974, p. 459.
  320. Holmes 2006, pp. 175–176; Kenyon 1978, pp. 177–180.
  321. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Black_Rod
  322. Gregg 1981, p. 83; Hibbert 1968, p. 133.
  323. Carlton 1995, p. 141; Cust 2005, pp. 156–157; Gregg 1981, p. 194; Hibbert 1968, p. 135.
  324. Gregg 1981, p. 83.
  325. Carlton 1995, p. 145; Hibbert 1968, p. 134.
  326. Millar 1958, p. 6.
  327. Gregg 1981, pp. 167–169; see also Carlton 1995, p. 142; Cust 2005, p. 157 and Hibbert 1968, p. 135.
  328. Gregg 1981, pp. 249–250, 278.
  329. Carlton 1995, p. 142.
  330. Carlton 1995, p. 143.
  331. Kenyon 1978, p. 93.
  332. Cust 2005, pp. 414, 466; Kenyon 1978, p. 93.
  333. Carlton 1995, p. xvi; Coward 2003, p. xxiii; Cust 2005, pp. 472–473.
  334. Carlton 1995, p. xvii; Coward 2003, p. xxii; Cust 2005, p. 466.
  335. Coward 2003, p. xxii.
  336. Quoted in Carlton 1995, p. xvii
  337. Archbishop Laud, quoted by his chaplain Peter Heylin in Cyprianus Angelicus, 1688
  338. Kenyon 1978, p. 93; Robertson 2005, p. 32.
  339. Cust 2005, pp. 466–474.
  340. Kenyon 1978, p. 94; Sharpe 1992, p. 198.
  341. Gardiner 1906, p. 83.
  342. Weir 1996, p. 252.
  343. Wallis 1921, p. 61.
    https://archive.org/stream/englishregalyear00wall#page/60/mode/2up
  344. Weir 1996, p. 286.
  345. Edwards 1999, p. 160; Gregg 1981, pp. 436, 440.
  346. Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913, p. 445; Weir 1996, p. 252.
    https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo03coka#page/444/mode/2up
  347. Ashmole 1715, p. 532.
  348. Ashmole 1715, pp. 531, 534.
  349. Johnston 1906, p. 18.
  350. Weir 1996, pp. 252–254.
  351. Cokayne, Gibbs & Doubleday 1913, p. 446.
    https://archive.org/stream/completepeerageo03coka#page/446/mode/1up
  352. Louda & Maclagan 1999, pp. 27, 50.
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