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Charles II of England

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Charles II of England

Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was King of Scotland from 1649 until 1651 and King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from the 1660 Restoration of the monarchy until his death in 1685. Charles II was the eldest surviving child of Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland and Henrietta Maria of France. After Charles I's execution at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War, the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II king on 5 February 1649. However, England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth with a republican government eventually led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis after Cromwell's death in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. Charles's English Parliament enacted the Clarendon Code, to shore up the position of the re-established Church of England. Charles acquiesced to these new laws even though he favoured a policy of religious tolerance. The major foreign policy issue of his early reign was the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1670, he entered into the Treaty of Dover, an alliance with his cousin, King Louis XIV of France. Louis agreed to aid him in the Third Anglo-Dutch War and pay him a pension, and Charles secretly promised to convert to Catholicism at an unspecified future date. Charles attempted to introduce religious freedom for Catholics and Protestant dissenters with his 1672 Royal Declaration of Indulgence, but the English Parliament forced him to withdraw it. In 1679, Titus Oates's fabrication of a supposed Popish Plot sparked the Exclusion Crisis when it was revealed that Charles's brother and heir presumptive, James, Duke of York, had become a Catholic. The crisis saw the birth of the pro-exclusion Whig and anti-exclusion Tory parties. Charles sided with the Tories and, after the discovery of the Rye House Plot to murder Charles and James in 1683, some Whig leaders were executed or forced into exile. Charles dissolved the English Parliament in 1681 and ruled alone until his death in 1685. A patron of the arts and sciences, Charles became known for his affability and friendliness, and for allowing his subjects easy access to his person. But he also showed an almost impenetrable reserve, especially concerning his political agendas. His court gained a reputation for moral laxity. Charles's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, but the king acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children by various mistresses. He was succeeded by his brother James.

Infobox

Reign
30 January 1649 – 3 September 1651[b]
Coronation
1 January 1651
Predecessor
Charles I
Successor
Military government
Born
29 May 1630(N.S.: 8 June 1630)St James's Palace, Westminster, England
Died
6 February 1685 (aged 54)(N.S.: 16 February 1685)Whitehall Palace, Westminster, England
Burial
14 February 1685Westminster Abbey, England
Spouse
mw- Catherine of Braganza (m. 1662)
Illegitimate childrenDetail
mw- James Scott, 1st Duke of MonmouthCharlotte Paston, Countess of YarmouthCharles FitzCharles, 1st Earl of PlymouthCatherine FitzCharlesCharles FitzRoy, 2nd Duke of ClevelandHenry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of GraftonCharlotte Lee, Countess of LichfieldGeorge FitzRoy, 1st Duke of NorthumberlandCharles Beauclerk, 1st Duke of St AlbansCharles Lennox, 1st Duke of RichmondMary Tudor, Countess of Derwentwater
House
Stuart
Father
Charles I of England
Mother
Henrietta Maria of France

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Regnal titles
Preceded byCharles I
Preceded byCharles I
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Preceded byCharles I
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
King of Scotland 1649–1651
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
VacantMilitary government
VacantEnglish InterregnumTitle last held byCharles I
VacantEnglish InterregnumTitle last held byCharles I
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
VacantEnglish InterregnumTitle last held byCharles I
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
King of England and Ireland 1660–1685
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Succeeded byJames II & VII
VacantMilitary government
VacantMilitary government
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
VacantMilitary government
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
King of Scotland 1660–1685
British royalty
British royalty
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
British royalty
VacantTitle last held byCharles I
VacantTitle last held byCharles I
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
VacantTitle last held byCharles I
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Duke of CornwallDuke of Rothesay 1630–1649
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
VacantTitle next held byJames Francis Edward
Prince of Wales 1638–1649
Prince of Wales 1638–1649
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Prince of Wales 1638–1649
Charles II of England House of StuartBorn: 29 May 1630 Died: 6 February 1685
Regnal titles
Preceded byCharles I
King of Scotland 1649–1651
VacantMilitary government
VacantEnglish InterregnumTitle last held byCharles I
King of England and Ireland 1660–1685
Succeeded byJames II & VII
VacantMilitary government
King of Scotland 1660–1685
British royalty
VacantTitle last held byCharles I
Duke of CornwallDuke of Rothesay 1630–1649
VacantTitle next held byJames Francis Edward
Prince of Wales 1638–1649

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  1. The traditional date of the Restoration marking the first assembly of King and Parliament together since the abolition o
  2. From the death of his father to his defeat at the Battle of Worcester
  3. All dates in this article unless otherwise noted are given in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 J
  4. One thousand pounds was a vast sum at the time, greater than an average workman's lifetime earnings.
  5. Equivalent to between £42.7 million (real cost) and £12.7 billion (economic share) as of 2021.
  6. The ship's transom is on display at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
  7. The navy of the time consumed about a third of England's tax revenue in peacetime. That rose to about 50% in time of war
  8. The thirty ship programme was authorised by parliament on 23 February 1677. It was to address the realisation that the E
  9. If France were the opponent, naval campaigns could be expected to range from the Channel to the Mediterranean. Combat ag
  10. The process involved was girdling, the addition of an extra layer of planking below the waterline to provide extra bread
  11. Diana was descended from two of Charles II's illegitimate sons: the Dukes of Grafton and Richmond.
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