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Charles Dickens

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Charles Dickens

Charles John Huffam Dickens ( ; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and social critic. He created some of literature's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime and, by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school at age 12 to work in a boot-blacking factory when his father John was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. After three years, he returned to school before beginning his literary career as a journalist. Dickens edited a weekly journal for 20 years; wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and nonfiction articles; lectured and performed readings extensively; was a tireless letter writer; and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, education and other social reforms. Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, a publishing phenomenon—thanks largely to the introduction of the character Sam Weller in the fourth episode—that sparked Pickwick merchandise and spin-offs. Within a few years, Dickens had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most of them published in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense. The installment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback. For example, when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her own disabilities, Dickens improved the character with positive features. His plots were carefully constructed and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor would individually pay a halfpenny to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers. His 1843 novella A Christmas Carol remains especially popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every creative medium. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1853 novel Bleak House, a satire on the judicial system, helped support a reformist movement that culminated in the 1870s legal reform in England. A Tale of Two Cities (1859; set in London and Paris) is regarded as his best-known work of historical fiction. The most famous celebrity of his era, he undertook, in response to public demand, a series of public reading tours in the later part of his career. The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social or working conditions, or comically repulsive characters.

Infobox

Born
Charles John Huffam Dickens(1812-02-07)7 February 1812Portsmouth, Hampshire, England
Died
9 June 1870(1870-06-09) (aged 58)Higham, Kent, England
Resting place
Poets' Corner, Westminster Abbey, England 51°29′57″N 0°7′39″W / 51.49917°N 0.12750°W / 51.49917; -0.12750
Occupation
Novelist
Notable works
mw- li , li The Pickwick PapersOliver TwistNicholas NicklebyA Christmas CarolDavid CopperfieldBleak HouseLittle DorritA Tale of Two CitiesGreat Expectations
Spouse
mw- Catherine Thomson Hogarth (m. 1836; sep. 1858)
Partner
Ellen Ternan (1857–1870, his death)
Children
mw- Charles Dickens Jr.Mary DickensKate PeruginiWalter Landor DickensFrancis DickensAlfred D'Orsay Tennyson DickensSydney Smith Haldimand DickensHenry Fielding DickensDora Annie DickensEdward Dickens

Tables

· External links › Other
Preceded byNew position
Preceded byNew position
Media offices
Preceded byNew position
Media offices
Editor of the Daily News 1846
Media offices
Succeeded byJohn Forster
Media offices
Preceded byNew position
Editor of the Daily News 1846
Succeeded byJohn Forster

References

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  2. A contemporary obituary in The Times, alleged that Dickens's last words were: "Be natural my children. For the writer th
  3. Slater also detects Ellen Ternan in the portrayal of Lucie Manette.
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  92. Before Sherlock Holmes: How Magazines and Newspapers Invented the Detective
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  108. The Life of Our Lord
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  109. Charles Dickens in Context
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  113. Soubigou, Gilles "Dickens's Illustrations: France and other countries" pp. 154–167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens
  114. Charles Dickens and China, 1895–1915: Cross-Cultural Encounters
  115. David Copperfield
  116. The Selected Letters of Charles Dickens
  117. The Guardian
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  120. Mighall, Robert (2007), "Gothic Cities", in C. Spooner and E. McEvoy, eds, The Routledge Companion to Gothic, London: Ro
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  125. All the Year Round Volume 2
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  127. Slater 2009, pp. 389–390
  128. Dickens Studies Annual
  129. The Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens: Anniversary Edition
  130. The Letters of Charles Dickens, Volume 2
  131. Charles Dickens in Context
  132. Extra Life
  133. The Corporation That Changed the World
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  135. Bowen 2019, pp. 6–7.
  136. Bowen 2019, p. 9.
  137. Furneaux 2011, pp. 190–191.
  138. Page 1999, p. 261.
  139. Jones 2004, pp. 80–81.
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  141. Page 1999, pp. 260–263 for excerpts from the speech.
  142. Ackroyd 1990, pp. 809–814.
  143. Sutherland 1990, p. 185.
  144. Hobsbaum 1998, p. 270.
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  146. The Guardian
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  147. The Telegraph
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  163. "The Staplehurst Disaster"
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  167. The Life of Charles Dickens: 1852 – 1870, Volume 3
  168. The Fleet 1840 – 2010
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  170. Tomalin 2011, p. 377
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  172. "Edwin Drood: Charles Dickens's last mystery finally solved?"
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  173. Foxcroft 2007, p. 53.
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  175. "Luke Fildes"
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  176. Tomalin 2011, pp. 395–396, 484
  177. Forster 2006, p. 628.
  178. Hughes 1891, p. 226.
  179. Charles Dickens Was Offered A Baronetcy, The Sphere, 2 July 1938, p34.
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  181. Stanley 1870, pp. 144–147:146.
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  210. Woolf 1986, p. 286.
  211. The Telegraph
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  212. "A tale of one city: Dickensian London"
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  213. Dickens's London: Perception, Subjectivity and Phenomenal Urban Multiplicity
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  223. BBC
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  224. Our Mutual Friend: The Scholarly Pages (UC Santa Cruz)
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  227. The Novels and Tales of Robert Louis Stevenson: The Wrecker
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  234. Law Reform and Law Making: A Reprint of a Broadcast Talks
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  237. Ellmann 1988, p. 441: In conversation with Ada Leverson.
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  239. Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition: Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, Goldsmith, Sheridan, Lamb
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  252. "A dozen facts about Dickens, the man who redefined Christmas"
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  254. Neil Roberts, Meredith and the Novel. Springer, 1997, p. 49 Archived 19 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine.
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  258. Soubigou, Gilles "Dickens's Illustrations: France and other countries" pp. 154–167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens
  259. Soubigou, Gilles, "Dickens's Illustrations: France and other countries", pp. 154–167, from The Reception of Charles Dick
  260. Ellmann 1988, pp. 25, 359.
  261. Kucich & Sadoff 2006, p. 162.
  262. Mazzeno 2008, pp. 23–4.
  263. Mazzeno 2008, p. 67.
  264. Philip Collins, "Dickens reputation". Britannica Academica
  265. Oxford Reference, subscription required
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  267. The Guardian
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  268. Britannica Academica, subscription required.
  269. Fantastic Mr Dahl
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  282. Hutton 2001, p. 188.
  283. Cochrane 1996, p. 126.
  284. Robinson 2005, p. 316.
  285. The Telegraph
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  286. "The Charles Dickens School"
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  287. Werner 2011.
  288. www.themorgan.org
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  289. Internet Archive
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  290. The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages
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  293. "The Royal Mail unveils special Charles Dickens stamps"
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  294. "On Dickens and postage stamps"
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  295. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature
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  296. Charles Dickens Museum
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  297. Johnson 1969 for the serial publication dates.
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