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Caracalla

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Caracalla

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla (; Latin: [karaˈkalːa]), was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD, first serving as nominal co-emperor under his father and then ruling alone after 211 AD. He was a member of the Severan dynasty, the elder son of Emperor Septimius Severus and Empress Julia Domna. Severus proclaimed Caracalla co-ruler in 198, doing the same with his other son Geta in 209. The two brothers briefly shared power after their father's death in 211, but Caracalla soon had Geta murdered by the Praetorian Guard and became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. Julia Domna had a significant share in governance, since Caracalla found administration to be mundane. His reign featured domestic instability and external invasions by the Germanic peoples. Caracalla issued the Antonine Constitution (Latin: Constitutio Antoniniana), also known as the Edict of Caracalla, which granted Roman citizenship to all free men throughout the Roman Empire. The edict gave all the enfranchised men Caracalla's adopted praenomen and nomen: "Marcus Aurelius". Other landmarks of his reign were the construction of the Baths of Caracalla, the second-largest bathing complex in the history of Rome, the introduction of a new Roman currency named the antoninianus, a sort of double denarius, and the massacres he ordered, both in Rome and elsewhere in the empire. In 216, Caracalla began a campaign against the Parthian Empire. He did not see this campaign through to completion due to his assassination by a disaffected soldier in 217. Macrinus succeeded him as emperor three days later. The ancient sources portray Caracalla as a cruel tyrant; his contemporaries Cassius Dio (c. 155 – c. 235) and Herodian (c. 170 – c. 240) present him as a soldier first and an emperor second. In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth started the legend of Caracalla's role as king of Britain. Later, in the 18th century, the works of French painters revived images of Caracalla due to apparent parallels between Caracalla's tyranny and that ascribed to king Louis XVI (r. 1774–1792). Modern works continue to portray Caracalla as an evil ruler, painting him as one of the most tyrannical of all Roman emperors.

Infobox

Reign
28 January 198 – 8 April 217 (senior from 4 February 211)
Predecessor
Septimius Severus
Successor
Macrinus
Co-rulers
mw- Septimius Severus (198–211)Geta (209–211)
Born
Lucius Septimius Bassianus4 April 188Lugdunum
Died
8 April 217 (aged 29)On the road between Edessa and Carrhae
Spouse
Fulvia Plautilla
Names
NamesMarcus Aurelius AntoninusRegnal nameImperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus
Dynasty
Severan
Father
Septimius Severus
Mother
Julia Domna

Tables

· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Regnal titles
Preceded bySeptimius Severus
Preceded bySeptimius Severus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Preceded bySeptimius Severus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Roman emperor 198–217with Septimius Severus (198–211) and Geta (209–211)
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Succeeded byMacrinus
Political offices
Political offices
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Political offices
Preceded byL. Annius FabianusM. Nonius Arrius Mucianus
Preceded byL. Annius FabianusM. Nonius Arrius Mucianus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Preceded byL. Annius FabianusM. Nonius Arrius Mucianus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Roman consul 202with Septimius Severus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Succeeded byT. Murrenius SeverusC. Cassius Regallianus
Preceded byL. Fabius CiloM. Annius Flavius Libo
Preceded byL. Fabius CiloM. Annius Flavius Libo
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Preceded byL. Fabius CiloM. Annius Flavius Libo
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Roman consul 205with P. Septimius Geta Caesar
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Succeeded byM. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio AlbinusL. Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus
Preceded byL. Annius MaximusC. Septimius Severus Aper
Preceded byL. Annius MaximusC. Septimius Severus Aper
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Preceded byL. Annius MaximusC. Septimius Severus Aper
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Roman consul 208with P. Septimius Geta Caesar
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Succeeded byL. Aurelius Commodus PompeianusQ. Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus
Preceded byGaius Julius Asper II,and Gaius Julius Camilius Asper
Preceded byGaius Julius Asper II,and Gaius Julius Camilius Asper
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Preceded byGaius Julius Asper II,and Gaius Julius Camilius Asper
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Roman consul 213with Balbinus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188  Died: 8 April 217
Succeeded byL. Valerius MessallaC. Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus
Caracalla Severan dynasty Born: 4 April 188 Died: 8 April 217
Regnal titles
Preceded bySeptimius Severus
Roman emperor 198–217with Septimius Severus (198–211) and Geta (209–211)
Succeeded byMacrinus
Political offices
Preceded byL. Annius FabianusM. Nonius Arrius Mucianus
Roman consul 202with Septimius Severus
Succeeded byT. Murrenius SeverusC. Cassius Regallianus
Preceded byL. Fabius CiloM. Annius Flavius Libo
Roman consul 205with P. Septimius Geta Caesar
Succeeded byM. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio AlbinusL. Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius Aemilianus
Preceded byL. Annius MaximusC. Septimius Severus Aper
Roman consul 208with P. Septimius Geta Caesar
Succeeded byL. Aurelius Commodus PompeianusQ. Hedius Lollianus Plautius Avitus
Preceded byGaius Julius Asper II,and Gaius Julius Camilius Asper
Roman consul 213with Balbinus
Succeeded byL. Valerius MessallaC. Octavius Appius Suetrius Sabinus

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