-
Map only displays the status of the death penalty for crimes committed in the present and future. Some abolitionist stat
-
Although capital punishment is, in theory, a legal punishment, there are currently no statutes that govern the execution
-
Only one confirmed innocent person sentenced to death in Delaware post-1976.
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In states that abolished death penalty, people sentenced to death for a crime before the date of the abolition may retro
-
"Death Penalty States "
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state -
"States and capital punishment"
http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/death-penalty.aspx -
The Economist
https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/04/26/why-japan-retains-the-death-penalty -
The Korea Herald
https://www.koreaherald.com/article/3203111 -
Time
https://time.com/7022915/taiwan-constitutional-court-death-penalty-ruling-compromise/ -
Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
https://cons.judicial.gov.tw/en/docdata.aspx?fid=5506&id=353656 -
"Singapore"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140503011701/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2013/singapore -
Penal Code (Cap. 224 , 1985 Rev. Ed.)
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PC1871?ProvIds=pr53-&Timeline=Off#pr53- -
The Asahi Shimbun
https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15639980 -
TVBS
https://news.tvbs.com.tw/english/2498522 -
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00027162211016277 -
Death Penalty Cases: Leading U.S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment
https://books.google.com/books?id=RDQWgxOdon0C -
"Sentencing Data"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/sentencing-data -
"Death Sentences in the United States From 1977 By State and By Year"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-sentences-united-states-1977-present -
"Executions Overview"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/executions-overview -
"Execution Statistics Summary – State and Year"
https://web.archive.org/web/20171219225900/http://people.smu.edu/rhalperi/summary.html -
"Georgia inmate is the 1,500th person executed in the US since the death penalty was reinstated"
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/20/us/marion-wilson-execution-georgia/index.html -
"Criteria for Inclusion on DPIC's Innocence List"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/stories/criteria-for-inclusion-on-dpics-innocence-list -
"Innocence"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/innocence -
"Innocence: List of Those Freed From Death Row"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-list-those-freed-death-row -
www.ndtv.com
https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-executes-first-federal-prisoner-daniel-lewis-lee-convicted-of-murder-in-17-years-2262779 -
"U.S. carries out 13th and final execution under Trump administration"
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-executions/u-s-carries-out-13th-and-final-execution-under-trump-administration-idUSKBN29L06J -
"Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Imposes a Moratorium on Federal Executions; Orders Review of Policies and Procedures"
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-merrick-b-garland-imposes-moratorium-federal-executions-orders-review -
Reuters
https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-attorney-general-imposes-moratorium-federal-executions-2021-07-01/ -
"Death Row U.S.A. Spring 2022: A quarterly report by Legal Defense Fund"
https://www.naacpldf.org/wp-content/uploads/DRUSASpring2022-22.pdf -
New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/23/us/politics/biden-commutes-37-death-sentences.html -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/federal-death-penalty/list-of-federal-death-row-prisoners -
NPR
https://www.npr.org/2024/12/23/g-s1-38794/biden-death-row-commutations -
Federal Register
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2025-01-30/pdf/2025-02012.pdf -
Memorandum of the Office of the Attorney General
https://www.justice.gov/ag/media/1388561/dl -
Death Penalty Information Center
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty -
"Is there a Death Penalty in America?"
https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232544/http://lawenforcementtoday.com/tag/captain-george-kendall/ -
"History of the Death Penalty in America"
https://web.archive.org/web/20111116172949/http://www.antideathpenalty.org/history.html -
American Sociological Review
https://www.jstor.org/stable/2085847 -
"BAZE v. REES (No. 07-5439) [April 16, 2008] Justice Scalia, with whom Justice Thomas joins, concurring in the judgment"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/07-5439.ZC2.html -
due process Retrieved 15 May 2024
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/due_process -
Cornell Law Review
https://live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Freedman-final.pdf -
"The Modern Federal Death Penalty: A Cruel and Unusual Penalty"
https://www.cornelllawreview.org/2022/09/01/the-modern-federal-death-penalty-a-cruel-and-unusual-penalty/ -
"Espy file"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080905090951/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=8&did=269 -
Department of Justice Archived December 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine of the United States of America
https://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cp.htm -
"The U.S. Military Death Penalty"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080522175848/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=180 -
John A. Bennett
-
"Executions in the Military"
https://web.archive.org/web/20080808084901/http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?scid=32&did=988 -
www.michbar.org
https://www.michbar.org/programs/milestone/milestones_firsttoabolish -
"Death penalty on the ballot"
https://ballotpedia.org/Death_penalty_on_the_ballot -
Early abolition movement Retrieved 15 May 2024
https://www.echoeducation.com.au/samples/2021deathpenalty/background.php -
Le Monde
https://www.lemonde.fr/international/article/2023/01/02/peine-de-mort-aux-etats-unis-l-annee-des-executions-baclees_6156282_3210.html -
The Courts, the Constitution, and Capital Punishment
https://books.google.com/books?id=L_8VAQAAIAAJ -
History of a ‘remarkable intervention’ Retrieved 16 May 2024
https://hls.harvard.edu/today/the-end-of-the-death-penalty/ -
The Free Lance-Star
https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pAoQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2YoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3786,38609&hl=en -
Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976)
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/428/153/ -
Woodson v. North Carolina, 428 U.S. 280 (1976)
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/428/280/ -
Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 U.S. 325 (1976), 431 U.S. 633 (1977)
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/428/325/ -
Annual Review of Criminology
https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-criminol-011518-024721 -
www.amnesty.org.uk
https://www.amnesty.org.uk/fifty-50-years-death-penalty-britain-uk -
Justia Law
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/446/420/ -
"DARYL RENARD ATKINS, PETITIONER v. VIRGINIA"
https://supct.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-8452.ZO.html -
Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005)
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/551/ -
"Law School Celebrates John Blume's Book Intellectual Disability and the Death Penalty"
https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/news/law-school-celebrates-john-blumes-book-intellectual-disability-and-the-death-penalty/ -
"Child rapists can't be executed, Supreme Court rules"
http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/06/25/scotus.child.rape/index.html -
ABC News
https://web.archive.org/web/20090524044856/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/WireStory?id=5246858&page=1 -
USA Today
https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/05/01/desantis-allows-death-penalty-child-rape-defies-supreme-court/70171868007/ -
Associated Press News
https://apnews.com/article/child-rape-death-penalty-tennessee-6edde756a71b0ae26eea703d1f69b572 -
Idaho Capital Sun
https://idahocapitalsun.com/2025/03/27/idaho-governor-signs-into-law-child-sex-abuse-death-penalty-bill-despite-u-s-supreme-court-ruling/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A47871-2005Apr12.html -
"Top court: Delaware's death penalty law unconstitutional"
https://web.archive.org/web/20170701135847/http://www.delawareonline.com/story/news/local/2016/08/02/court-delawares-death-penalty-law-unconstitutional/87963012/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/13/AR2007121301302.html -
(in English) Maria Medina, "Governor OK with Astorga capital case" Archived August 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
http://www.krqe.com/dpp/news/politics/politics_krqe_santa_fe_governor_ok_with_some_death_sentences_200903192257 -
"New Mexico governor bans death penalty"
https://web.archive.org/web/20100418173921/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iUcLhqwlBEQ6-b-J7rzRd2lSuv3g -
Chicago Tribune
http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/clout_st/2011/03/quinn-signs-death-penalty-ban-commutes-15-death-row-sentences-to-life.html -
Death Penalty Information Center
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/recent-legislation-death-penalty-repeal-passes-second-connecticut-house-awaits-governors-signature -
"Connecticut governor signs bill to repeal death penalty"
https://www.foxnews.com/politics/connecticut-governor-signs-bill-to-repeal-death-penalty/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/md-general-assembly-repeals-death-penalty/2013/03/15/c8bee4f0-8d72-11e2-9838-d62f083ba93f_story.html -
"Clemency"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/clemency -
Justia Law
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/2016/chapter-20/article-12/ -
"Connecticut's highest court overturns its death penalty"
https://edition.cnn.com/2015/08/13/us/connecticut-death-penalty/ -
"Voters in California, Oklahoma, and Nebraska chose to preserve and strengthen the death penalty"
https://www.vice.com/en/article/death-penalty-proponents-win-in-california-oklahoma-and-nebraska/ -
Washington Supreme Court
http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/880867.pdf -
The Seattle Times
https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/washington-state-officially-abolishes-death-penalty/ -
Concord Monitor
https://www.concordmonitor.com/New-Hampshire-Senate-votes-on-whether-to-repeal-the-death-penalty-for-good-25909263 -
The Colorado Sun
https://coloradosun.com/2020/03/23/colorado-death-penalty-repeal/ -
The Washington Post
https://web.archive.org/web/20210324190833/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/virginia-politics/virginia-abolish-death-penalty/2021/03/24/8d6eda46-8bf6-11eb-9423-04079921c915_story.html -
The Hill
https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/544739-virginia-officially-first-southern-state-to-abolish-the -
Marcus, P. (2007). Capital Punishment in the United States and Beyond. Melbourne University Law Review, 31(3), 837–872.
https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/61 -
Missouri Independent
https://missouriindependent.com/2024/01/10/group-of-republican-lawmakers-raise-concerns-about-missouri-death-penalty/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/us/california-death-penalty.html -
deathpenalty.procon.org
https://deathpenalty.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=001172 -
Public Radio International
https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-12/washington-joins-long-list-states-reconsidering-or-abolishing-death-penalty -
Detroit Free Press
https://www.freep.com/story/news/2015/05/04/death-penalty/26879705/ -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/delaware-1 -
Findlaw
https://statelaws.findlaw.com/minnesota-law/minnesota-capital-punishment-laws.html -
NPR.org
https://www.npr.org/2018/10/11/656570464/washington-state-strikes-down-death-penalty-citing-racial-bias -
The Denver Post
https://www.denverpost.com/2020/03/23/colorado-abolish-death-penalty/ -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/michigan-0 -
legislature.vermont.gov
http://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/075/03401 -
DeWitt, Ethan. "Capital Beat: After death penalty repeal, what’s next for Michael Addison?", Concord Monitor, June 1, 20
https://www.concordmonitor.com/Capital-Beat-After-death-penalty-repeal-what-s-next-for-Michael-Addison-25934408 -
Solomon, Dave. "Death penalty repealed; NH Senate votes to override veto", New Hampshire Union Leader, May 30, 2019.
https://www.unionleader.com/news/politics/state/death-penalty-repealed-nh-senate-votes-to-override-veto/article_b69e2cc0-720f-56f6-a211-b40db90ebbce.html -
First abolished 1852, reinstated 1872.
-
"Life and Death Row: How the lethal injection kills"
https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcthree/article/cd49a818-5645-4a94-832e-d22860804779 -
"Execution Database"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/data/executions -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/number-executions-state-and-region-1976 -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/federal-death-penalty/executions-under-the-federal-death-penalty -
Pew Research Center
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/09/29/support-for-death-penalty-lowest-in-more-than-four-decades/ -
"Obama's non-Dukakis answer"
http://firstread.nbcnews.com/_news/2008/06/25/4433621-obamas-non-dukakis-answer -
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) Retrieved 16 May 2024
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/antiterrorism_and_effective_death_penalty_act_of_1996_(aedpa) -
Borg and Radelet, pp. 144–147
-
Van Norman p. 287
-
Capital Punishment - Oxford Handbooks
https://web.archive.org/web/20210508160634/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195395082-e-24 -
United States Supreme Court
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-8151_new_0pm1.pdf -
CNN
https://edition.cnn.com/2019/07/25/politics/justice-department-capital-punishment-barr/index.html -
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/justice-department/ag-barr-orders-reinstatement-federal-death-penalty-n1034451 -
Slate Magazine
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/07/justice-department-bill-barr-orders-revival-federal-executions-lethal-injection.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/25/death-penalty-capital-punishment-us-justice-department-resumes-executions -
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/supreme-court/supreme-court-keeps-federal-executions-hold-n1097521 -
apnews.com
https://apnews.com/0238930de18b029e4b31ea1114d4a0d8 -
AP NEWS
https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-wildlife-coronavirus-pandemic-crime-terre-haute-28e44cc5c026dc16472751bbde0ead50 -
CBS News
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-death-row-executions-2025-rise/ -
The Week
https://theweek.com/crime/executions-rising-us-after-decline -
Women and Capital Punishment in the United States: An Analytical History
https://books.google.com/books?id=QKUHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/part-i-history-death-penalty#america -
Women Who Kill
https://books.google.com/books?id=AGA_FEsKRioC&pg=PA76 -
The Devil in the Shape of a Woman: Witchcraft in Colonial New England
https://archive.org/details/devilinshapeofwo00karl_0 -
www.surrattmuseum.org
https://web.archive.org/web/20171104011659/http://www.surrattmuseum.org/mary-surratt -
www.clarkprosecutor.org
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/barfield029.htm -
www.clarkprosecutor.org
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/allen687.htm -
Women and Capital Punishment in the United States: An Analytical History
https://books.google.com/books?id=kKcHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA389 -
CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/17/us/lisa-montgomery-brandon-bernard-executions-trnd/index.html -
HuffPost
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/lisa-montgomery-execution-blocked_n_5ffd3c9ec5b6c77d85e9a2bb -
Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/184748.pdf -
The Encyclopedia of Corrections
-
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/juveniles/prior-to-roper-v-simmons -
California Office of Legislative Counsel
https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=190.2&lawCode=PEN -
Death Penalty Information Center
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/aggravating-factors-capital-punishment-state -
"AN ACT relating to the murder of a child as a capital offense"
http://www.legis.state.tx.us/tlodocs/82R/billtext/html/SB00377F.HTM -
"Official recommendations on the fair administration of the death penalty in California"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160314205412/http://www.ccfaj.org/rr-dp-official.html -
Stay of Execution: Saving the Death Penalty from Itself
https://books.google.com/books?id=MlO9mAEACAAJ -
LII / Legal Information Institute
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3592 -
West's Encyclopedia of American Law
https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9780787663742 -
Slate
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/assessment/2004/04/the_depressive_and_the_psychopath.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/15/us/nikolas-cruz-florida-shooting.html -
Crime Museum
https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/serial-killers/serials-killers-vs-mass-murderers/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/26/washington/26scotuscnd.html -
"Death Penalty for Offenses Other Than Murder"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/crimes-punishable-by-death/death-penalty-for-offenses-other-than-murder -
"§ 3401. Definition and punishment of treason"
http://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/13/075/03401 -
See generally Separation of powers.
-
The Journalist's Resource
https://journalistsresource.org/criminal-justice/transparency-death-penalty/ -
63 Vanderbilt Law Review 307-359 (2010)
http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/facpubs/1255/ -
"Florida Supreme Court backs Gov. Scott in Orlando death-penalty dispute"
https://www.tampabay.com/florida-politics/buzz/2017/08/31/florida-supreme-court-backs-gov-scott-in-orlando-death-penalty-dispute/ -
"2014 Nebraska Revised Statutes – Chapter 29 – CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – 29-2521 – Sentencing determination proceeding"
http://law.justia.com/codes/nebraska/2014/chapter-29/statute-29-2521/ -
"46-18-301. Hearing on imposition of death penalty"
http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0460/chapter_0180/part_0030/section_0010/0460-0180-0030-0010.html -
inform.alabama.gov
https://inform.alabama.gov/_ALI/PDF/Book/complete_projects/Criminal%20Code%202017.pdf -
leg.state.fl.us
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0900-0999/0921/Sections/0921.141.html -
"Provisions of state and federal statutes concerning sentence if capital sentencing jury cannot agree"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/JuryDeadlockLaws.pdf -
"SB 280: Sentencing for Capital Felonies"
http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2017/0280/ -
See United States v. Perez, 1824
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/22/579/case.html -
"The Federal Death Penalty System: Supplementary Data, Analysis and Revised Protocols for Capital Case Review"
https://www.justice.gov/archive/dag/pubdoc/deathpenaltystudy.htm -
crimeandconsequences.com
https://crimeandconsequences.com/crimblog/files/documents/HurstFixBillLtr.pdf -
Costanzo, M. (n.d.). Overview of the Death Penalty and Capital Trials: History and Current Status. National Criminal Jus
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/overview-death-penalty-and-capital-trials-history-current-status -
See, e.g., 18 U.S.C. § 3595. ("In a case in which a sentence of death is imposed, the sentence shall be subject to revie
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3595- -
See generally Appeal.
-
Justia Law
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/476/147/ -
Freedman, Eric M.
https://ssrn.com/abstract=874046 -
Cornell Law Review
https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3035&context=clr -
Justia Law
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/489/288/ -
LaFave, Israel, & King, 6 Crim. Proc. § 28.11(b) (2d ed. 2007).
-
LaFave, Israel, & King, 6 Crim. Proc. § 28.11(a) (2d ed. 2007).
-
"Code of Virginia – § 8.01-654. When and by whom writ granted; what petition to contain"
http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter25/section8.01-654/ -
"Virginia's execution history"
https://www.vadp.org/dp-info/virginias-execution-history/ -
"Conviction to Execution "Takes Too Long""
https://web.archive.org/web/20160407132114/http://www.ktrh.com/articles/houston-news-121300/conviction-to-execution-takes-too-long-14356331/ -
"OJP Docket No. 1464, Certification Process for State Capital Counsel Systems"
http://www.crimeandconsequences.com/crimblog/files/documents/Ch154RegCmnt.pdf -
"AN ACT Concerning a unitary procedure for review in class 1 felony cases in which a death sentence is sought as punishment"
https://web.archive.org/web/20151018093526/http://tornado.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/sl1997/sl_268.htm -
House v. Bell, 126 S. Ct. 2064 (2006)
-
The New York Times
https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E0DB1039F932A35757C0A960958260 -
Frontline
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/execution/readings/speed.html -
see 28 U.S.C. § 2255.
-
28 USC §§ 2261 – 2266
-
ABC News
https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/court-green-light-death-penalty-fast-tracking-37886309 -
"Glossip v. Gross 576 U.S. ___ (2015)"
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/14-7955/ -
"Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994)"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-6188.ZS.html -
"2014 Georgia Code – § 17-10-34 – Sentence to specify time period for and place of execution"
http://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/2014/title-17/chapter-10/article-2/section-17-10-34/ -
"Death Penalty"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130823045344/http://eji.org/deathpenalty -
"Alabama ends death penalty by judicial override"
http://wrbl.com/2017/04/11/alabama-ends-death-penalty-by-judicial-override/ -
Think
https://think.kera.org/2017/01/26/the-death-penalty/ -
Last Words
http://criminalbrief.com/?page_id=13627 -
Capital Punishment
http://criminalbrief.com/?p=13542 -
"Facts about the Death Penalty"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/death-row/overview/demographics -
Death Penalty Information Center. (2025, July 7). Mid-Year Review 2025: New Death Sentences Remain Low Amidst Increase i
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/mid-year-review-2025-new-death-sentences-remain-low-amidst-increase-in-executions -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://documents.deathpenaltyinfo.org/pdf/FactSheet.pdf -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/dpic-reports/in-depth/the-death-penalty-in-black-and-white-who-lives-who-dies-who-decides -
www.census.gov
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/RHI225221#RHI225221. -
American Civil Liberties Union
https://www.aclu.org/other/race-and-death-penalty -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/policy-issues/innocence/exonerations-by-race -
Death Penalty
https://deathpenalty.procon.org/death-row-inmates/ -
"Hispanics and the Death Penalty"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/new-resources-hispanics-and-death-penalty -
naacp.org
https://www.naacpldf.org/wp-content/uploads/DRUSASpring2020.pdf -
American Civil Liberties Union
https://www.aclu.org/issues/capital-punishment -
American Civil Liberties Union
https://www.aclu.org/other/aclus-capital-punishment-project -
Equal Justice USA
https://ejusa.org/about-us/ -
Equal Justice USA
https://ejusa.org/about-us/accomplishments/ -
American Sociological Review
http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/000312240507000406 -
westportlibrary.libguides.com
https://westportlibrary.libguides.com/c.php?g=1056673&p=7677201 -
HISTORY
https://www.history.com/topics/early-20th-century-us/jim-crow-laws -
education.nationalgeographic.org
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/black-codes-and-jim-crow-laws -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/stories/history-of-the-death-penalty-timeline -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/more-than-a-century-after-it-was-first-proposed-president-biden-signs-historic-law-making-lynching-a-federal-crime -
The New Jim Crow
https://books.google.com/books?id=reDzBZ3pXqsC -
Oyez
https://www.oyez.org/cases/1986/84-6811 -
Annual Review of Criminology
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024721 -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/stories/state-execution-rates -
www.census.gov
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221 -
tcadp.org
https://tcadp.org/get-informed/texas-death-penalty-facts/#:~:text=According%20to%20TDCJ,%20Black%20individuals,the%20current%20death%20row%20population -
www.census.gov
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/TX -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/dpic-reports/dpic-special-reports/deeply-rooted-how-racial-history-informs-oklahomas-death-penalty -
Equal Justice Initiative
https://eji.org/issues/alabama-death-penalty/ -
www.census.gov
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/AL -
Time
https://time.com/5937804/virginia-death-penalty-abolished/ -
Seattle Journal for Social Justice
https://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/sjsj/vol11/iss2/10 -
Vera Institute of Justice
https://www.vera.org/reimagining-prison-web-report/american-history-race-and-prison -
"Jail Inmates, 1990"
https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/ji90.pdf -
"Race and Hispanic Origin in the U.S. and all States: 1990"
https://www.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/UnitedStates/usstracehispanic1990.pdf -
"Visualizing the racial disparities in mass incarceration"
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/07/27/disparities/ -
moveforhunger.org
https://moveforhunger.org/blog/mass-incarceration-cause-and-effect-hunger -
United States Courts
https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/comparing-federal-state-courts -
LII / Legal Information Institute
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/capital_offense -
www.justice.gov
https://www.justice.gov/usao/justice-101/sentencing -
Justia Law
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/543/551/ -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/12/18/the-rush-job-conviction-of-14-year-old-george-stinney-exonerated-70-years-after-execution/ -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/south-carolina-vacates-the-conviction-of-14-year-old-executed-in-1944 -
HISTORY
https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/central-park-five -
All That's Interesting
https://allthatsinteresting.com/matias-reyes -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/20/nyregion/convictions-and-charges-voided-in-89-central-park-jogger-attack.html -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/30/arts/television/when-they-see-us.html -
the Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/17/central-park-five-donald-trump-jogger-rape-case-new-york -
commons.wikimedia.org
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trump_Bring_Back_Death_Penalty_ad_1989.jpg -
CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2016/10/07/politics/trump-larry-king-central-park-five/index.html -
Chasing the Dream
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/chasing-the-dream/2021/05/central-park-5-yusef-salaam/ -
Al Jazeera
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/22/why-are-the-central-park-five-suing-donald-trump -
New Georgia Encyclopedia
https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/lena-baker-case/ -
African American Registry
https://aaregistry.org/story/lena-baker-executed/ -
blackcommentator.com
https://blackcommentator.com/40/40_guest_commentary.html -
Congressman Sanford Bishop
https://web.archive.org/web/20190831234209/https://bishop.house.gov/media-center/congressional-record-statements/in-honor-of-lena-baker-posthumously -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/women-and-death-penalty -
"Facts About the Death Penalty"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf -
"Methods of Execution"
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/methods.htm -
"Methods of Execution"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution -
"South Carolina Supreme Court Hears Arguments on Constitutionality of Electrocution and Firing Squad, Considers Scope of Secrecy Law"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/south-carolina-supreme-court-hears-arguments-on-constitutionality-of-electrocution-and-firing-squad-considers-scope-of-secrecy-law -
"State by State Lethal Injection"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-lethal-injection -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/14/us/pfizer-execution-drugs-lethal-injection.html -
Motherboard
https://www.vice.com/en/article/will-the-eu-kill-americas-death-penalty/ -
The New Republic
https://newrepublic.com/article/115284/big-pharma-may-end-death-penalty -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/08/24/a-death-penalty-first-for-florida-executing-a-white-man-for-killing-a-black-man/ -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/us/supreme-court-execution-drug.html -
"Ohio Prisons Director Announces Changes to Ohio's Execution Process"
https://web.archive.org/web/20130115131421/http://www.drc.ohio.gov/Public/press/press342.htm -
BBC News
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-28457460 -
"Secret Execution Team, Firing Squads, Restricted Media Included in House Bill"
http://www.jacksonfreepress.com/news/2016/mar/28/secret-execution-team-firing-squads-restricted-med/ -
"Notice of change to regulations"
https://web.archive.org/web/20160115033513/http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Regulations/Adult_Operations/docs/NCDR/2015NCR/15-10/NCR%2015-10%20Notice%20of%20Proposed%20Regulations.pdf -
Cable News Network (CNN)
http://edition.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/04/16/scotus.injections/index.html -
Cable News Network (CNN)
https://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/29/politics/supreme-court-lethal-injection-ruling/index.html -
"§546.720. Death penalty - manner of execution - execution team to be selected, members, confidentiality"
https://law.justia.com/codes/missouri/title-xxxvii/chapter-546/section-546-720/ -
See also: Bucklew v. Precythe, 587 U.S. 119 (2019)
-
"§15:569 Place for execution of death sentence; manner of execution"
https://law.justia.com/codes/louisiana/revised-statutes/title-15/rs-15-569/ -
The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate
https://www.nola.com/news/politics/legislature/jeff-landry-signs-bill-to-expand-louisiana-death-penalty/article_9b33b116-da5d-11ee-a325-3f26b93ed77e.html -
"§99-19-51 Manner of execution of death sentence; execution team; confidentiality of identities of State Executioner and his or her deputies, members of execution team, supplier of lethal injection chemicals and witnesses listed in Section 99-19-55"
https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-99/chapter-19/in-general/section-99-19-51/ -
"Section 24-3-530. Death by electrocution or lethal injection"
http://law.justia.com/codes/south-carolina/2015/title-24/chapter-3/section-24-3-530/ -
"Method of execution in event of unconstitutionality of KRS 431.220"
https://codes.findlaw.com/ky/title-xl-crimes-and-punishments/ky-rev-st-sect-431-223.html -
"How to kill: America's death penalty dilemma"
https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/24/us/state-of-death-penalty-in-graphs-and-charts/ -
"922.105 – Execution of death sentence"
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0900-0999/0922/Sections/0922.105.html -
"40-23-114 – Death by lethal injection Election of electrocution"
http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-40/chapter-23/40-23-114/ -
"§15-18-82.1 Methods of Execution; Election of Method; Constitutionality"
https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-15/chapter-18/article-5/section-15-18-82-1/ -
Time
https://web.archive.org/web/20150411201357/http://time.com/3749879/nitrogen-gas-execution-oklahoma-lethal-injection/ -
"Oklahoma Attorney general says state will resume executions"
https://nypost.com/2020/02/13/oklahoma-attorney-general-says-state-will-resume-executions/ -
Associated Press
https://apnews.com/9d8ea52c7fa242b7b98a060709380698 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/us/alabama-nitrogen-execution-kenneth-smith-witnesses.html -
"§ 26.3 Date, time, place, and method of execution"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/28/26.3 -
"18 U.S. Code § 3597 – Use of State facilities"
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3597 -
"US military could carry out first execution in over 50 years"
http://www.cnn.com/2016/12/28/politics/us-military-execution/index.html -
NBC News
https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27828874 -
Kansas City Star
https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-kansas-city-star-firm-walk-to-gallow/150440549/ -
"Federal regulations 28 CFR 26.4"
https://web.archive.org/web/20140118085043/http://cfr.vlex.com/vid/26-4-other-execution-procedures-19676580 -
www.txexecutions.org
http://www.txexecutions.org/primer.asp -
jacksonsun.com
http://orig.jacksonsun.com/fe/exec/witnesses.shtml -
law.justia.com
http://law.justia.com/codes/wyoming/2016/title-7/chapter-13/article-9/section-7-13-908/ -
BMJ : British Medical Journal
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1120354 -
news.gallup.com
https://news.gallup.com/poll/1606/death-penalty.aspx -
The Decline of the Death Penalty and the Discovery of Innocence
-
American Journal of Political Science
https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5907.2007.00293.x -
www.nytimes.com
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/02/us/politics/death-penalty-polls.html -
pewresearch.org
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/06/02/death-penalty-draws-more-americans-support-online-than-in-telephone-surveys/ -
community-democracies.org
https://community-democracies.org/app/uploads/2022/01/fondapol-IRI-CoD-KAS-Genron-FNG-Rda-survey-freedoms-at-risk-the-challenge-of-the-century-01-2022.pdf -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/public-opinion-polls -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/public-opinion-polls -
s10294.pcdn.co
https://s10294.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/HMASDP-June-8-2021.pdf -
"Death Penalty"
https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/death-penalty/ -
"ReligiousTolerance"
https://web.archive.org/web/20010812205457/http://religioustolerance.org/execut7.htm -
"Archived copy"
https://web.archive.org/web/20210815163407/http://www.fiqhcouncil.org/Articles/GeneralFiqhIssues/tabid/170/ctl/Detail/mid/569/xmid/4/xmfid/1/Default.aspx -
"Why Reform Judaism Opposes the Death Penalty"
https://reformjudaism.org/social-justice-advocacy/jewish-views/civil-rights/why-reform-judaism-opposes-death-penalty -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/05/us/05bar.html -
"Facts about the Death Penalty"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/FactSheet.pdf -
"Innocence: List of Those Freed From Death Row"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/innocence-list-those-freed-death-row -
Willamette Week
https://web.archive.org/web/20080124040746/http://wweek.com/editorial/3411/10288/ -
"Jeffrey Wood"
https://www.metafilter.com/161691/Jeffrey-Wood#6672735 -
Journal of Social Philosophy
https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjosp.12013 -
The New York Times
https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/01/opinion/l01death.html -
Reason.com
https://reason.com/2022/04/22/possible-problems-with-lethal-injection-drugs-stop-tennessee-execution/ -
KFOR.com Oklahoma City
https://kfor.com/news/local/controversial-3-drug-cocktail-focal-point-of-controversy-in-oklahomas-execution-of-death-row-inmates/ -
American Civil Liberties Union
https://www.aclu.org/other/case-against-death-penalty -
"Death by Firing Squad Returns to South Carolina"
https://reason.com/2022/04/18/death-by-firing-squad-returns-to-south-carolina/ -
Washington Examiner
https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/the-shocking-truth-about-the-electric-chair -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/botched-executions -
www.hrw.org
https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/us0406/8.htm -
"Botched Executions in American History"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/Botched_Executions_in_American_History -
Slate
http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2014/07/23/botched_lethal_injection_of_joseph_wood_takes_two_hours.html -
The Guardian
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/26/gory-botched-alabamas-aborted-execution-of-inmate-was-bloody-says-lawyer -
The Intercept
https://theintercept.com/2018/03/03/doyle-hamm-alabama-execution-lethal-injection/ -
deathpenaltyinfo.org
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/some-examples-post-furman-botched-executions -
Criminal Justice Review
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734016817702193 -
LII / Legal Information Institute
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/99/130 -
coloradoencyclopedia.org
https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/thomas-e-ketchum -
www.capitalpunishmentuk.org
http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/Gray.pdf -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/as-lethal-injection-turns-forty-states-botch-a-record-number-of-executions -
Gupta, A. (2025, August 9). The Tennessee execution that ‘went horribly wrong’: how Byron Black’s killing unfolded. The
https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/aug/09/byron-black-execution-tennessee -
"Clemency"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/facts-and-research/clemency#:~:text=Clemency%20is%20the%20process%20by,for%20a%20variety%20of%20reasons. -
"Illinois Death Row Inmates Granted Commutation by Governor George Ryan on January 12, 2003"
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/node/677 -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/gov-kate-brown-commutes-the-sentences-of-oregons-17-death-row-prisoners -
The Oregonian/OregonLive
https://www.oregonlive.com/politics/2022/12/gov-kate-brown-commutes-sentences-of-all-17-people-on-oregons-death-row.html -
seattletimes.com
http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/california-moves-slowly-toward-resuming-executions/ -
Los Angeles Times
https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-governor-gavin-newsom-death-penalty-moratorium-20190312-story.html -
"Civil Rights Groups Accuse California District Attorneys of Unlawfully Interfering in Death Penalty Lawsuit"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/civil-rights-groups-accuse-california-district-attorneys-of-unlawfully-interfering-in-death-penalty-lawsuit -
"Idaho halts execution by lethal injection after 8 failed attempts to insert IV line"
https://apnews.com/article/idaho-execution-creech-murders-serial-killer-91a12d78e9301adde77e6076dbd01dbb -
"Idaho: Federal Judge grants stay of execution for Thomas Creech"
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/idaho-federal-judge-grants-stay-of-execution-for-thomas-creech-defense-asks-court-to-bar-death-penalty-for-bryan-kohberger -
Death Penalty Information Center
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/kentucky-judge-rules-against-lethal-injection-protocol-and-halts-execution -
"Decision halts lethal injections | Latest Local, State News"
http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/story/1035605.html -
The Huffington Post
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/montana-death-penalty-moratorium_us_56143b33e4b021e856d2bdd9 -
The Oregonian
http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2011/11/gov_john_kitzhaber_stops_all_e.html -
The Washington Post
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/02/13/pennsylvania-suspends-the-death-penalty/ -
The Washington Post
https://web.archive.org/web/20201114195057/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/11/27/5-death-sentences-commuted/1a7c7cf6-215a-40aa-9d29-8db8f5b40c12/ -
"Judge says executions unconstitutional"
https://web.archive.org/web/20061222152731/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061215/ap_on_re_us/california_death_penalty -
Huffington Post
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/gavin-newsom-death-penalty-california_n_5c88e410e4b038892f4900cc -
NPR
https://www.npr.org/2023/01/13/1148846720/california-says-it-will-dismantle-death-row-the-move-brings-cheers-and-anger -
The United States Department of Justice
https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/federal-government-resume-capital-punishment-after-nearly-two-decade-lapse -
NPR.org
https://www.npr.org/2019/11/21/781537038/judge-blocks-justice-departments-plan-to-resume-federal-executions -
POLITICO
https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/05/pam-bondi-issued-a-flurry-of-orders-on-day-1-as-trumps-attorney-general-00202756 -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/executions-overview -
Death Penalty Information Center
https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/executions-overview/executions-by-race-and-race-of-victim
