Topzle Topzle

Capital punishment in Japan

Updated: Wikipedia source

Capital punishment in Japan

Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Japan. The Penal Code of Japan and several laws list 14 capital crimes. In practice, though, it is applied only for aggravated murder. Executions are carried out by long drop hanging, and take place at one of the seven execution chambers located in major cities across the country. The only crime punishable by a mandatory death sentence is instigation of foreign aggression. Death sentences are usually passed in cases of multiple murders, although there have been some extremely grave cases where individuals who committed a single murder have been sentenced to death and executed, such as those involving torture, extreme brutality or kidnapping with a demand for ransom. Between January 2000 and July 2022, 98 inmates have been executed in Japan. As of 28 June 2025, 105 death row inmates were awaiting execution. The most recent execution was that of Takahiro Shiraishi on 27 June 2025. Japan is one of four developed democracies worldwide to actively apply the death penalty. In 2025, a government survey showed that about 83.1% of the Japanese population supports the death penalty. The figure was a 2.3% increase from a survey taken five years prior.

Tables

Capital crimes under the Penal Code of 1907[12] · Crimes permitting the imposition of the death penalty
77(1)(i)
77(1)(i)
Article
77(1)(i)
Description
Ringleading a riot for the purpose of "overthrowing the government, usurping the territorial sovereignty of the State, or otherwise subverting constitutional order" (an insurrection)
Sentencing
Discretionary
77(2)
77(2)
Article
77(2)
Description
Attempting to ringlead an insurrection in equal circumstances
Sentencing
Discretionary
81
81
Article
81
Description
Instigating foreign aggression against Japan by conspiring with a foreign state
Sentencing
Mandatory
82
82
Article
82
Description
Aiding or assisting an enemy at war with Japan
Sentencing
Discretionary
108
108
Article
108
Description
Setting fire to and burning an inhabited building, train, tram, vessel or mine which is either a residential house or a place where a person is currently present in
Sentencing
Discretionary
119
119
Article
119
Description
Causing a flood to damage an inhabited building, train, tram, vessel or mine which is either a residential house or a place where a person is currently present in
Sentencing
Discretionary
126(3)
126(3)
Article
126(3)
Description
Causing death by overturning or destroying an occupied train or tram or capsizing, sinking, or destroying an occupied vessel
Sentencing
Discretionary
146
146
Article
146
Description
Causing death by polluting or poisoning a public water source
Sentencing
Discretionary
199
199
Article
199
Description
Homicide (murder)
Sentencing
Discretionary
240
240
Article
240
Description
Causing death in the course of a robbery
Sentencing
Discretionary
241(3)
241(3)
Article
241(3)
Description
Causing death in the course of a robbery in conjunction with a rape, or a rape in conjunction with a robbery
Sentencing
Discretionary
Article
Description
Sentencing
77(1)(i)
Ringleading a riot for the purpose of "overthrowing the government, usurping the territorial sovereignty of the State, or otherwise subverting constitutional order" (an insurrection)
Discretionary
77(2)
Attempting to ringlead an insurrection in equal circumstances
Discretionary
81
Instigating foreign aggression against Japan by conspiring with a foreign state
Mandatory
82
Aiding or assisting an enemy at war with Japan
Discretionary
108
Setting fire to and burning an inhabited building, train, tram, vessel or mine which is either a residential house or a place where a person is currently present in
Discretionary
119
Causing a flood to damage an inhabited building, train, tram, vessel or mine which is either a residential house or a place where a person is currently present in
Discretionary
126(3)
Causing death by overturning or destroying an occupied train or tram or capsizing, sinking, or destroying an occupied vessel
Discretionary
146
Causing death by polluting or poisoning a public water source
Discretionary
199
Homicide (murder)
Discretionary
240
Causing death in the course of a robbery
Discretionary
241(3)
Causing death in the course of a robbery in conjunction with a rape, or a rape in conjunction with a robbery
Discretionary
Capital crimes under the Act on Punishment of Organized Crimes and Control of Proceeds of Crime of 1999[13] · Crimes permitting the imposition of the death penalty
3(1)(vii)
3(1)(vii)
Article
3(1)(vii)
Description
Performing a murder or homicide under orders of a criminal organization
Sentencing
Discretionary
Article
Description
Sentencing
3(1)(vii)
Performing a murder or homicide under orders of a criminal organization
Discretionary
Capital crimes under other legislation · Crimes permitting the imposition of the death penalty
Explosives Control Act of 1884
Explosives Control Act of 1884
Legislation
Explosives Control Act of 1884
Article
1
Description
Using an explosive with the intent of disturbing the peace or causing bodily harm or property to another person, or causing another person to use an explosive in like manner
Sentencing
Discretionary
Act on Punishment of Coercive Acts by Hostages of 1978
Act on Punishment of Coercive Acts by Hostages of 1978
Legislation
Act on Punishment of Coercive Acts by Hostages of 1978
Article
4
Description
Murdering a hostage
Sentencing
Discretionary
Anti-Hijacking Act of 1970
Anti-Hijacking Act of 1970
Legislation
Anti-Hijacking Act of 1970
Article
2
Description
Killing a person in the course of hijacking an aircraft
Sentencing
Discretionary
Act on Punishment of Acts Causing Endangerment to Aviation of 1974
Act on Punishment of Acts Causing Endangerment to Aviation of 1974
Legislation
Act on Punishment of Acts Causing Endangerment to Aviation of 1974
Article
2(3)
Description
Crashing, capsizing, sinking, or destroying an aircraft in flight causing death
Sentencing
Discretionary
Anti-Piracy Act of 2009
Anti-Piracy Act of 2009
Legislation
Anti-Piracy Act of 2009
Article
2, 4
Description
Seizing a ship and controlling its operation resulting in death OR stealing property onboard a ship resulting in death OR kidnapping a person onboard a ship resulting in death OR taking a hostage onboard a ship resulting in death
Sentencing
Discretionary
Legislation
Article
Description
Sentencing
Explosives Control Act of 1884
1
Using an explosive with the intent of disturbing the peace or causing bodily harm or property to another person, or causing another person to use an explosive in like manner
Discretionary
Act on Punishment of Coercive Acts by Hostages of 1978
4
Murdering a hostage
Discretionary
Anti-Hijacking Act of 1970
2
Killing a person in the course of hijacking an aircraft
Discretionary
Act on Punishment of Acts Causing Endangerment to Aviation of 1974
2(3)
Crashing, capsizing, sinking, or destroying an aircraft in flight causing death
Discretionary
Anti-Piracy Act of 2009
2, 4
Seizing a ship and controlling its operation resulting in death OR stealing property onboard a ship resulting in death OR kidnapping a person onboard a ship resulting in death OR taking a hostage onboard a ship resulting in death
Discretionary

References

  1. Alongside the United States, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Singapore. Further, South Korea formally retains as well
  2. "LIST OF DEFENDANTS WHO ARE UNDER SENTENCE OF DEATH IN JAPAN"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130918045645/http://www.jiadep.org/Chart-DeathRow_files/page481_1.html
  3. "To advise lay judges, Supreme Court institute cites death penalty precedents"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121020185521/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120725a2.html
  4. "Capital Punishment in Japan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230101195508/https://www.nippon.com/en/features/h00239/
  5. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/27/world/asia/japan-serial-killer-execution.html
  6. "Japan executes man convicted of 9 murders, 1st hanging since 2022"
    https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2025/06/abafc79dc030-urgent-japan-executes-man-convicted-of-2017-murders-of-9-people-source.html
  7. "Japanese man sentenced to death for 2021 crimes as minor"
    https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/world/2024/01/18/japanese-man-sentenced-to-death-for-2021-crimes-as-minor/
  8. The Asahi Shimbun
    https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/15639980
  9. 死刑制度に関する資料
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221120153327/https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_rchome.nsf/html/rchome/shiryo/houmu_200806_shikeiseido.pdf/$File/houmu_200806_shikeiseido.pdf
  10. Shojikan
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200716030029/https://atlantic2.gssc.nihon-u.ac.jp/kiyou/pdf10/10-061-072-Oyama.pdf
  11. 鋸挽
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230201015126/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E9%8B%B8%E6%8C%BD-112130
  12. Capital punishment in Japan
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8fZKH4cbcmQC&q=capital+punishment+in+japan
  13. www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp
    https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3581
  14. www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp
    https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3587
  15. "Death Penalty for Hikari City Mother-Child Murder Case"
    http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/dy/opinion/society_080514.htm
  16. "Lay judges wept over sentence"
    https://archive.today/20130219004313/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T101116005495.htm
  17. "Code of Criminal Procedure"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203743/http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=1983&vm=04&re=02
  18. "LIST OF DEFENDANTS WHO ARE UNDER SENTENCE OF DEATH IN JAPAN"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181108025610/http://www.jiadep.org/Chart-DeathRow_files/page481_1.html
  19. South Asia Human Rights Documentation Centre
    https://archive.today/20121209143153/http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF75.htm
  20. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2024/09/25/asia/worlds-longest-death-row-prisoner-japan-intl-hnk/index.html
  21. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-mar-02-fg-deathrow2-story.html
  22. Mainichi Daily News
    https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220219/p2a/00m/0na/029000c
  23. Mainichi Daily News
    https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220219/p2a/00m/0na/029000c
  24. BBC News
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7132123.stm
  25. JapanToday.com
    https://japantoday.com/category/features/kuchikomi/politics-and-capital-punishment-a-volatile-mixture
  26. NHK.or.jp
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221102011928/http://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20221021/k10013866801000.html
  27. 年長少年に対する死刑の是非
    https://web.archive.org/web/20081216163954/http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/ritsnet/tobira/column01.html
  28. Yomiuri Shimbun Morning Edition
  29. The Japan Times
    http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20120221a1.html
  30. "Mother, baby killer sentenced to hang"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080602034744/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0%2C21985%2C23581893-663%2C00.html
  31. Yomiuri Shimbun Morning Edition
  32. "21-year-old man given death penalty for 2021 murder, arson in Japan"
    https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/01/5057f9f97d82-21-yr-old-man-given-death-penalty-for-2021-murder-arson-in-japan.html
  33. japantimes.co.jp
    https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2025/02/22/japan/society/death-penalty-survey/
  34. nippon.com
    https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h00640/poll-reveals-more-than-80-support-death-penalty-in-japan.html
  35. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/04/26/why-japan-retains-the-death-penalty
  36. Cabinet Office poll: 80% of respondents think death penalty 'permissible' Archived 28 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine
    http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/25/national/cabinet-office-poll-80-of-respondents-think-death-penalty-permissible/#.Vwt20KSLTIV
  37. community-democracies.org
    https://community-democracies.org/app/uploads/2022/01/fondapol-IRI-CoD-KAS-Genron-FNG-Rda-survey-freedoms-at-risk-the-challenge-of-the-century-01-2022.pdf
  38. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A11306-2005Jan15.html
  39. The Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090928042224/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6840248.ece
  40. "Chiba urges death penalty debate | The Japan Times"
    http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090918a6.html
  41. "Pair hanged; Chiba attends as witness"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121010025556/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20100728x1.html
  42. 第024回国会 法務委員会公聴会 第2号
    https://web.archive.org/web/20171023230218/http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/SENTAKU/sangiin/024/0640/02405100640002c.html
  43. The Japan Times
    http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20090319a1.html
  44. The Yomiuri Shimbun
    http://chubu.yomiuri.co.jp/news_top/090312_0.htm
  45. J-Cast News
    http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/3332690/
  46. 47 News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110717094704/http://www.47news.jp/CN/200710/CN2007102301000634.html
  47. The Mainichi Shimbun
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030947/http://mainichi.jp/select/opinion/watching/news/20090322ddm004070039000c.html
  48. The Sankei Shimbun
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090321070054/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/trial/090319/trl0903190309002-n1.htm
  49. "Man serving life for murder gets death sentence for another slaying"
    http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/15/national/crime-legal/man-serving-life-murder-gets-death-sentence-another-slaying/#.Vwt41KSLTIV
  50. Amnesty International
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060524095424/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGACT600162005?open&of=ENG-JPN
  51. "'Hostage justice': How Japan secures confessions and convictions"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221221093407/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2019/1/29/hostage-justice-how-japan-secures-confessions-and-convictions
  52. 裁判員制度10年、殺人罪起訴率4割減 未遂含め「自白なし」慎重対処
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221127003511/https://www.nishinippon.co.jp/item/n/510733/
  53. "Carlos Ghosn and Japan's '99% Conviction Rate'"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220628183240/https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/carlos-ghosn-and-japans-99-conviction-rate/
  54. "Order in the Court: Explaining Japan's 99.9% Conviction Rate"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220712033655/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-topics/c05401/order-in-the-court-explaining-japan%E2%80%99s-99-9-conviction-rate.html
  55. ゴーン氏は去りぬ;刑事手続に関する比較法的考察
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220718114653/https://yab.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/chuo/research/20200115.php
  56. 略式裁判について
    https://web.archive.org/web/20221025223322/https://www.kensatsu.go.jp/gyoumu/ryakushiki.htm
  57. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/18/world/asia/18japan.html?ref=world
  58. AFP
    https://news.yahoo.com/japan-executes-first-prisoners-since-2010-reports-022914958.html%3b_ylc%3dX3oDMTNuZmlpdG01BF9TAzIxNDU4NjgyNzQEYWN0A21haWxfY2IEY3QDYQRpbnRsA3VzBGxhbmcDZW4tVVMEcGtnAzIzNWVjYmM2LTdjZDAtMzI0My04NmEyLTljNDNlMThmY2I0YwRzZWMDbWl0X3NoYXJlBHNsawNtYWlsBHRlc3QD%3b_ylv%3d3
  59. Supreme Court Economic Review
    https://doi.org/10.1086%2F709805
  60. ThoughtCo
    https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-null-hypothesis-and-examples-605436
Image
Source:
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.