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California High-Speed Rail

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California High-Speed Rail

California High-Speed Rail (CAHSR) is a publicly-funded high-speed rail system under construction across California by the California High-Speed Rail Authority. The project was authorized by a 2008 statewide ballot to connect the state's major urban areas and reduce intercity travel times. The project is planned to be constructed in two major phases. Phase 1 will satisfy the vision approved by voters to provide a nonstop travel time of two hours and 40 minutes between San Francisco and Los Angeles. A Phase 2 would extend the system north to Sacramento and south to San Diego, for a total system length of 776 miles (1,249 km). With a top speed of 220 mph (350 km/h), CAHSR trains would be the fastest in the U.S. and among the fastest in the world. Phase 1, which is about 494 miles (795 km) long, is planned to run from San Francisco to Los Angeles and Anaheim via the Central Valley. As of July 2025, only the Initial Operating Segment (IOS), a section of Phase 1 that spans 35 percent of its total length, has advanced to construction and will connect Merced and Bakersfield. Revenue service on the IOS is projected to commence in 2032 as a self-contained high-speed rail system, at a cost of $36.7 billion. Construction began in the Central Valley in 2015, with completion of the IOS originally planned for 2022. As of August 2025, a total of $13.8 billion had been spent on the project, mainly constructing the IOS. Other project expenditures include upgrades to existing rail lines in the San Francisco Bay Area and Greater Los Angeles, where Phase 1 is planned to share tracks with conventional passenger trains. Regulatory clearance has been obtained for the full route connecting San Francisco and Los Angeles. However, the California High-Speed Rail Authority ("the Authority") has not yet received sufficient funding commitment to construct the full buildout of the Phase 1 system, currently estimated at $89–$128 billion. As of August 2025, the Authority's interim goal is to connect the Bay Area via a connection at Gilroy, which is 70 miles (110 km) south of San Francisco, to either Bakersfield or Palmdale, by the year 2038. The estimated cost to build the San Francisco–Gilroy–Bakersfield system is $54 billion, while the San Francisco–Gilroy–Palmdale system is $84 billion. The project has been politically controversial. Supporters state that it would alleviate housing shortages, air traffic and highway congestion, reduce pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and provide economic benefits by linking the state's inland regions to coastal cities. Opponents argue that the project is too expensive in principle, has lost control of cost and schedule, and that the budgetary commitment precludes other transportation or infrastructure projects in the state. The route choice has been controversial, along with the decision to construct the first high-speed segment in the Central Valley rather than in more heavily populated parts of the state. The project has experienced significant delays and cost overruns caused by management issues, legal challenges and permitting hold-ups, and inefficiencies from inadequate and sporadic funding. The Authority has also faced notable delays in securing agreements to relocate utilities, such as power lines and water infrastructure. A state-appointed high-speed rail peer review group confirmed that the project may fall short of promises made to voters in several areas, including ridership and travel times.

Infobox

Owner
California High-Speed Rail Authority
Area served
IOS now being developed from Merced to BakersfieldPlanned Phase 1 extensions: north to San Francisco south to Los AngelesFuture Phase 2 extensions: north to Sacramento south to San Diego
Locale
California, United States
Transit type
High-speed rail
Number of stations
5 on the IOS; up to 24 authorized in completed system
Chief executive
Ian Choudri
Website
www.hsr.ca.gov
Operation will start
2031–2033
Operator(s)
DB E.C.O. North America Inc.
System length
mw- 171 mi (275 km) (IOS only) 494 mi (795 km) (full Phase 1) 776 mi (1,249 km) (completed system)
No. of tracks
Double-track
Track gauge
mw- 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Electrification
25 kV 60 Hz AC overhead line
Top speed
220 mph (350 km/h)
System map
System map html } } Legend Phase 2 planned Sacramento Stockton Modesto Phase 2Phase 1 The Portal San FranciscoSalesforce Transit Center The Portal San Francisco4th & King TBD Brisbane LightMaintenance Facility Millbrae-SFO TBD San Jose TBD Gilroy TBD Pacheco Pass Tunnels Pacheco Pass Tunnels Merced IOS/2033 Chowchilla Wye Madera IOS/2033 Fresno River Viaduct San Joaquin River Viaduct Fresno IOS/2033 Kings River Viaduct Kings–Tulare IOS/2033 Kern River Crossing Bakersfield IOS/2033 Tehachapi Pass High Desert Corridorto Victor Valley (proposed) Palmdale TBD Soledad Canyon Soledad Canyon Burbank Airport TBD Los Angeles TBD Norwalk option Fullerton option Anaheim TBD Phase 2 planned Phase 1Phase 2 El Monte Transit Center option West Covina option Pomona option Ontario San Bernardino County option San Bernardino option Corona option March ARB option Murrieta option Escondido San Diego IOS = Initial Operating Segment .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li } }This diagram: viewtalkedit

Tables

IOS construction status, as of August 2025 · Plans, construction and project status › Phase 1 › Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Col 1
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Section
Merced Extension
Section Start
Merced
Section End
Madera
Length
34 miles (55 km)
Funding Status
Fully funded
Type
High-speed ROW
Civil Construction Status
60% design complete, advancing on 100% design
Track and Systems Status
Procurement underway
Notes
Potentially resequenced for later construction
Construction Package 1
Construction Package 1
Col 1
Construction Package 1
Section
Madera
Section Start
South of Fresno
Section End
32 miles (51 km)
Length
Fully funded
Funding Status
High-speed ROW
Type
Active construction, expected completion: Nov 2026
Civil Construction Status
Procurement underway
Construction Package 2–3
Construction Package 2–3
Col 1
Construction Package 2–3
Section
South of Fresno
Section Start
Tulare/Kern county border
Section End
65 miles (105 km)
Length
Fully funded
Funding Status
High-speed ROW
Type
Active construction, expected completion: 2026
Civil Construction Status
Procurement underway
Construction Package 4
Construction Package 4
Col 1
Construction Package 4
Section
Tulare/Kern county border
Section Start
Poplar Avenue
Section End
22 miles (35 km)
Length
Fully funded
Funding Status
High-speed ROW
Type
Declared substantively complete in January 2025
Civil Construction Status
Procurement underway
Bakersfield Extension
Bakersfield Extension
Col 1
Bakersfield Extension
Section
Poplar Avenue
Section Start
Bakersfield
Section End
18.5 miles (29.8 km)
Length
Fully funded
Funding Status
High-speed ROW
Type
Advancing to 60% design
Civil Construction Status
Procurement underway
Section
Section Start
Section End
Length
Funding Status
Type
Civil Construction Status
Track and Systems Status
Notes
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Merced Extension
Merced
Madera
34 miles (55 km)
Fully funded
High-speed ROW
60% design complete, advancing on 100% design
Procurement underway
Potentially resequenced for later construction
Construction Package 1
Madera
South of Fresno
32 miles (51 km)
Fully funded
High-speed ROW
Active construction, expected completion: Nov 2026
Procurement underway
Construction Package 2–3
South of Fresno
Tulare/Kern county border
65 miles (105 km)
Fully funded
High-speed ROW
Active construction, expected completion: 2026
Procurement underway
Construction Package 4
Tulare/Kern county border
Poplar Avenue
22 miles (35 km)
Fully funded
High-speed ROW
Declared substantively complete in January 2025
Procurement underway
Bakersfield Extension
Poplar Avenue
Bakersfield
miles (29.8 km)
Fully funded
High-speed ROW
Advancing to 60% design
Procurement underway
List of Phase 1 stations with transfer connections · Stations and service › Stations and stop patterns
Phase 1
Phase 1
Phase
Phase 1
Col 2
Northern California
Station
San Francisco Salesforce Transit Center
Location
Downtown San Francisco
Transfers
Caltrain (future extension) BART () Muni Metro () AC Transit, Muni, WestCAT, Golden Gate Transit and intercity bus services
Responsible Authority
Transbay Joint Powers Authority (TJPA)
Status and Notes
Part of the independent Downtown Rail Extension (DTX, also known as The Portal) project
San Francisco 4th and King station
San Francisco 4th and King station
Phase
San Francisco 4th and King station
Col 2
San Francisco
Station
Caltrain (Express, Local, Limited, Weekend Local) Muni Metro () Muni bus services
Location
Caltrain
Transfers
Interim northern terminus for CAHSR until DTX concludes, after which some CAHSR trains will stop at an adjacent planned station at 4th and Townsend
Millbrae-SFO station
Millbrae-SFO station
Phase
Millbrae-SFO station
Col 2
Millbrae, San Mateo County
Station
Caltrain (Express, Local, Limited, Weekend Local) BART () Commute.org and intercity bus services
Transfers
SFO Airport connection via BART
San Jose Diridon Station
San Jose Diridon Station
Phase
San Jose Diridon Station
Col 2
San Jose, Santa Clara County
Station
Amtrak (Capitol Corridor and Coast Starlight) Caltrain (Express, Local, Limited, Weekend Local, South County Connector) ACE VTA light rail () BART (future extension: ) Intercity and VTA bus services
Location
Caltrain
Gilroy station
Gilroy station
Phase
Gilroy station
Col 2
Gilroy, Santa Clara County
Station
Caltrain (South County Connector) Intercity, VTA and San Benito County Transit bus services
Location
Caltrain
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Phase
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Col 2
Merced Station
Station
Merced, Merced County
Location
Amtrak (Gold Runner) ACE (future extension)
Transfers
California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA)
Responsible Authority
Upon CAHSR being operational on the IOS, Merced will become the southern terminus of the Gold Runner service. (As of August 2025, the southern Gold Runner terminus may be Madera)
Madera Station
Madera Station
Phase
Madera Station
Col 2
Madera, Madera County
Location
San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority (SJJPA)
Transfers
The SJJPA is the entity operating the Amtrak Gold Runner service. It is relocating the existing Madera station in anticipation of HSR, starting 2024
Fresno station
Fresno station
Phase
Fresno station
Col 2
Fresno, Fresno County
Station
Fresno Area Express
Location
CHSRA
Kings–Tulare Regional Station
Kings–Tulare Regional Station
Phase
Kings–Tulare Regional Station
Col 2
3-mile (4.8 km) outside Hanford, California, Kings County
Station
/ Cross Valley Corridor (proposed)
Location
CHSRA
Bakersfield station
Bakersfield station
Phase
Bakersfield station
Col 2
Bakersfield, Kern County
Station
Golden Empire Transit
Location
CHSRA
Southern California
Southern California
Phase
Southern California
Col 2
Palmdale station
Station
Palmdale, Los Angeles County
Location
Metrolink (Antelope Valley Line) Brightline West (proposed)
Transfers
CHSRA
Responsible Authority
Connection to Brightline West in the Victor Valley is proposed via the High Desert Corridor project
Burbank Airport station
Burbank Airport station
Phase
Burbank Airport station
Col 2
Burbank, Los Angeles County
Station
Metrolink (Ventura County Line) Burbank Airport
Location
CHSRA
Los Angeles Union Station
Los Angeles Union Station
Phase
Los Angeles Union Station
Col 2
Downtown Los Angeles
Station
Amtrak (Coast Starlight, Pacific Surfliner, Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, Texas Eagle) Metrolink (all lines) Los Angeles Metro Rail () Los Angeles Metro Bus and other local and intercity bus services
Location
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro)
Transfers
To be converted to a through-run station under the Link US project
Anaheim station
Anaheim station
Phase
Anaheim station
Col 2
Anaheim, Orange County
Station
Amtrak (Pacific Surfliner) Metrolink (Orange County Line) OC Bus
Location
CHSRA
Phase
Station
Location
Transfers
Responsible Authority
Status and Notes
Phase 1
Northern California
San Francisco Salesforce Transit Center
Downtown San Francisco
Caltrain (future extension) BART () Muni Metro () AC Transit, Muni, WestCAT, Golden Gate Transit and intercity bus services
Transbay Joint Powers Authority (TJPA)
Part of the independent Downtown Rail Extension (DTX, also known as The Portal) project
San Francisco 4th and King station
San Francisco
Caltrain (Express, Local, Limited, Weekend Local) Muni Metro () Muni bus services
Caltrain
Interim northern terminus for CAHSR until DTX concludes, after which some CAHSR trains will stop at an adjacent planned station at 4th and Townsend
Millbrae-SFO station
Millbrae, San Mateo County
Caltrain (Express, Local, Limited, Weekend Local) BART () Commute.org and intercity bus services
SFO Airport connection via BART
San Jose Diridon Station
San Jose, Santa Clara County
Amtrak (Capitol Corridor and Coast Starlight) Caltrain (Express, Local, Limited, Weekend Local, South County Connector) ACE VTA light rail () BART (future extension: ) Intercity and VTA bus services
Caltrain
Gilroy station
Gilroy, Santa Clara County
Caltrain (South County Connector) Intercity, VTA and San Benito County Transit bus services
Caltrain
Initial Operating Segment (IOS)
Merced Station
Merced, Merced County
Amtrak (Gold Runner) ACE (future extension)
California High-Speed Rail Authority (CHSRA)
Upon CAHSR being operational on the IOS, Merced will become the southern terminus of the Gold Runner service. (As of August 2025, the southern Gold Runner terminus may be Madera)
Madera Station
Madera, Madera County
San Joaquin Joint Powers Authority (SJJPA)
The SJJPA is the entity operating the Amtrak Gold Runner service. It is relocating the existing Madera station in anticipation of HSR, starting 2024
Fresno station
Fresno, Fresno County
Fresno Area Express
CHSRA
Kings–Tulare Regional Station
3-mile (4.8 km) outside Hanford, California, Kings County
/ Cross Valley Corridor (proposed)
CHSRA
Bakersfield station
Bakersfield, Kern County
Golden Empire Transit
CHSRA
Southern California
Palmdale station
Palmdale, Los Angeles County
Metrolink (Antelope Valley Line) Brightline West (proposed)
CHSRA
Connection to Brightline West in the Victor Valley is proposed via the High Desert Corridor project
Burbank Airport station
Burbank, Los Angeles County
Metrolink (Ventura County Line) Burbank Airport
CHSRA
Los Angeles Union Station
Downtown Los Angeles
Amtrak (Coast Starlight, Pacific Surfliner, Southwest Chief, Sunset Limited, Texas Eagle) Metrolink (all lines) Los Angeles Metro Rail () Los Angeles Metro Bus and other local and intercity bus services
Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro)
To be converted to a through-run station under the Link US project
Anaheim station
Anaheim, Orange County
Amtrak (Pacific Surfliner) Metrolink (Orange County Line) OC Bus
CHSRA
All trains stop
All trains pass
All trains stop
All trains pass
Not on route
Planned service patterns for Phase 1[95] · Stations and service › Stations and stop patterns
San Francisco(Transbay)
San Francisco(Transbay)
Station
San Francisco(Transbay)
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
San Francisco(4th and Townsend)
San Francisco(4th and Townsend)
Station
San Francisco(4th and Townsend)
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Millbrae/SFO
Millbrae/SFO
Station
Millbrae/SFO
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
San Jose
San Jose
Station
San Jose
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–San Jose
Gilroy
Gilroy
Station
Gilroy
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–San Jose
Merced
Merced
Station
Merced
Merced–Anaheim
Merced–San Jose
Madera
Madera
Station
Madera
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Fresno
Fresno
Station
Fresno
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Kings–Tulare
Kings–Tulare
Station
Kings–Tulare
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Bakersfield
Bakersfield
Station
Bakersfield
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Palmdale
Palmdale
Station
Palmdale
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Burbank Airport
Burbank Airport
Station
Burbank Airport
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Station
Los Angeles
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Anaheim
Anaheim
Station
Anaheim
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Station
Nonstop
Express
Limited
All-stop
Merced–Anaheim
Merced–San Jose
San Francisco(Transbay)
San Francisco(4th and Townsend)
Millbrae/SFO
San Jose
Gilroy
Merced
Madera
Fresno
Kings–Tulare
Bakersfield
Palmdale
Burbank Airport
Los Angeles
Anaheim
Funding and expenses, until December 31, 2023[112][113] · Finances and cost estimates › Current status of funding and expenditure
Amount in $ millions
Amount in $ millions
Funding granted
Amount in $ millions
Funding granted
Funding Program (Year granted)
Funding granted
Source
Funding granted
Conditions or Earmark
Expenditure
Amount in $ millions
Expenditure
Item
9,950
9,950
Funding granted
9,950
Funding granted
Proposition 1A (2008)
Funding granted
State
Funding granted
$950m earmarked for statewide connectivity projects (blended corridors)
Expenditure
211
Expenditure
Administrative
6,161
6,161
Funding granted
6,161
Funding granted
Cap-and-trade (2014)
Funding granted
State
Funding granted
25% of quarterly cap-and-trade auctions through 2030
Expenditure
745
Expenditure
Blended segments
3,500
3,500
Funding granted
3,500
Funding granted
ARRA and FY10 (2009)
Funding granted
Federal
Funding granted
For construction in the Central Valley only, to be completed by 2017 (later amended)
Expenditure
283
Expenditure
Support
3,300
3,300
Funding granted
3,300
Funding granted
IIJA + other (2023)
Funding granted
Federal
Funding granted
Advancement on IOS
Expenditure
1,436
Expenditure
Project Development
Total funding granted by December 31, 2023
Total funding granted by December 31, 2023
Funding granted
Total funding granted by December 31, 2023
Funding granted
Total expenditure by December 31, 2023
22,911
22,911
Funding granted
22,911
Funding granted
11,182
Expected future funding
Expected future funding
Funding granted
Expected future funding
Funding granted
Expected future expenditure, IOS only, in YOE$
5,250
5,250
Funding granted
5,250
Funding granted
Cap-and-trade, $750m annually
Funding granted
State
Funding granted
Expenditure
4,463
Expenditure
Civil Construction Central Valley Segment
3,172
3,172
Funding granted
3,172
Funding granted
Civil Construction Merced Extension
2,301
2,301
Funding granted
2,301
Funding granted
Civil Construction Bakersfield Extension
2,162
2,162
Funding granted
2,162
Funding granted
Track and Systems
875
875
Funding granted
875
Funding granted
Stations
379
379
Funding granted
379
Funding granted
Trainsets
438
438
Funding granted
438
Funding granted
Power Systems and Operating Infrastructure
Total expected funding
Total expected funding
Funding granted
Total expected funding
Funding granted
Total expected expenditure for IOS completion, Phase 1 project development, and blended corridors
28,161
28,161
Funding granted
28,161
Funding granted
28,470 (zero risk assumption) 35,323 (P65 risk assumption)
Funding granted
Expenditure
Amount in $ millions
Funding Program (Year granted)
Source
Conditions or Earmark
Amount in $ millions
Item
9,950
Proposition 1A (2008)
State
$950m earmarked for statewide connectivity projects (blended corridors)
211
Administrative
6,161
Cap-and-trade (2014)
State
25% of quarterly cap-and-trade auctions through 2030
745
Blended segments
3,500
ARRA and FY10 (2009)
Federal
For construction in the Central Valley only, to be completed by 2017 (later amended)
283
Support
3,300
IIJA + other (2023)
Federal
Advancement on IOS
1,436
Project Development
8,546
Civil construction Central Valley Segment (the 119 miles (192 km) under active construction)
Total funding granted by December 31, 2023
Total expenditure by December 31, 2023
22,911
11,182
Expected future funding
Expected future expenditure, IOS only, in YOE$
5,250
Cap-and-trade, $750m annually
State
4,463
Civil Construction Central Valley Segment
3,172
Civil Construction Merced Extension
2,301
Civil Construction Bakersfield Extension
2,162
Track and Systems
875
Stations
379
Trainsets
438
Power Systems and Operating Infrastructure
Total expected funding
Total expected expenditure for IOS completion, Phase 1 project development, and blended corridors
28,161
28,470 (zero risk assumption) 35,323 (P65 risk assumption)
2024 capital cost estimates for IOS + advance Phase 1 work(year of expenditure $, in billions)[26] · Finances and cost estimates › Current cost estimates
Central Valley segment119 miles (192 km)
Central Valley segment119 miles (192 km)
Risk Scenario
Central Valley segment119 miles (192 km)
Low (P30)
17.3
Base (P50)
17.8
High (P65)
18.3
Project development
Project development
Risk Scenario
Project development
Low (P30)
0.1
Base (P50)
0.1
High (P65)
0.1
Merced extension
Merced extension
Risk Scenario
Merced extension
Low (P30)
3.8
Base (P50)
4.1
High (P65)
4.5
Bakersfield extension
Bakersfield extension
Risk Scenario
Bakersfield extension
Low (P30)
2.8
Base (P50)
3.0
High (P65)
3.3
Stations
Stations
Risk Scenario
Stations
Low (P30)
1.0
Base (P50)
1.1
High (P65)
1.2
Tracks and rail systems
Tracks and rail systems
Risk Scenario
Tracks and rail systems
Low (P30)
2.6
Base (P50)
2.8
High (P65)
3.0
Power generation and system
Power generation and system
Risk Scenario
Power generation and system
Low (P30)
0.2
Base (P50)
0.2
High (P65)
0.2
High-speed trainsets (six for IOS)
High-speed trainsets (six for IOS)
Risk Scenario
High-speed trainsets (six for IOS)
Low (P30)
0.5
Base (P50)
0.5
High (P65)
0.6
Maintenance
Maintenance
Risk Scenario
Maintenance
Low (P30)
0.3
Base (P50)
0.4
High (P65)
0.4
Contingency
Contingency
Risk Scenario
Contingency
Low (P30)
1.2
Base (P50)
1.3
High (P65)
1.4
Subtotal Initial Operating Segment (IOS) fully operational, Merced to Bakersfield
Subtotal Initial Operating Segment (IOS) fully operational, Merced to Bakersfield
Risk Scenario
Subtotal Initial Operating Segment (IOS) fully operational, Merced to Bakersfield
Low (P30)
29.8
Base (P50)
31.5
High (P65)
33.0
Project development Phase 1
Project development Phase 1
Risk Scenario
Project development Phase 1
Low (P30)
0.5
Base (P50)
0.5
High (P65)
0.6
Program wide support balance
Program wide support balance
Risk Scenario
Program wide support balance
Low (P30)
0.5
Base (P50)
0.5
High (P65)
0.5
Blended corridor investments(such as Caltrain electrification, Link US)
Blended corridor investments(such as Caltrain electrification, Link US)
Risk Scenario
Blended corridor investments(such as Caltrain electrification, Link US)
Low (P30)
1.3
Base (P50)
1.3
High (P65)
1.3
Active project scope
Active project scope
Risk Scenario
Active project scope
Low (P30)
32.1
Base (P50)
33.8
High (P65)
35.3
Risk Scenario
Low (P30)
Base (P50)
High (P65)
Central Valley segment119 miles (192 km)
17.3
17.8
18.3
Project development
0.1
0.1
0.1
Merced extension
3.8
4.1
4.5
Bakersfield extension
2.8
3.0
3.3
Stations
1.0
1.1
1.2
Tracks and rail systems
2.6
2.8
3.0
Power generation and system
0.2
0.2
0.2
High-speed trainsets (six for IOS)
0.5
0.5
0.6
Maintenance
0.3
0.4
0.4
Contingency
1.2
1.3
1.4
Subtotal Initial Operating Segment (IOS) fully operational, Merced to Bakersfield
29.8
31.5
33.0
Project development Phase 1
0.5
0.5
0.6
Program wide support balance
0.5
0.5
0.5
Blended corridor investments(such as Caltrain electrification, Link US)
1.3
1.3
1.3
Active project scope
32.1
33.8
35.3
2024 capital cost estimates for full Phase 1 (year of expenditure $, in billions)[26] · Finances and cost estimates › Current cost estimates
Northern California San Francisco to Merced
Northern California San Francisco to Merced
Risk Scenario
Northern California San Francisco to Merced
Low (P30)
21.2
Base (P50)
27.9
High (P65)
35.5
Initial Operating Segment (IOS) Merced to Bakersfield
Initial Operating Segment (IOS) Merced to Bakersfield
Risk Scenario
Initial Operating Segment (IOS) Merced to Bakersfield
Low (P30)
29.8
Base (P50)
31.5
High (P65)
33.0
Southern California Bakersfield to Anaheim
Southern California Bakersfield to Anaheim
Risk Scenario
Southern California Bakersfield to Anaheim
Low (P30)
31.9
Base (P50)
40.7
High (P65)
52.8
Programwide Trains for Phase 1, facilities, power, project development
Programwide Trains for Phase 1, facilities, power, project development
Risk Scenario
Programwide Trains for Phase 1, facilities, power, project development
Low (P30)
5.6
Base (P50)
6.2
High (P65)
6.6
Full Phase 1
Full Phase 1
Risk Scenario
Full Phase 1
Low (P30)
88.5
Base (P50)
106.2
High (P65)
127.9
Risk Scenario
Low (P30)
Base (P50)
High (P65)
Northern California San Francisco to Merced
21.2
27.9
35.5
Initial Operating Segment (IOS) Merced to Bakersfield
29.8
31.5
33.0
Southern California Bakersfield to Anaheim
31.9
40.7
52.8
Programwide Trains for Phase 1, facilities, power, project development
5.6
6.2
6.6
Full Phase 1
88.5
106.2
127.9
Capital cost estimates made by the California High-Speed Rail Authority over the years 2008–2024 (in $ billions, nominal prices)[p] · Finances and cost estimates › Past cost estimates
Price Level
Price Level
Col 1
Price Level
Segment
2008
2008
2011
2012
2015
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
YOE
2018
YOE
2020
YOE
2022
YOE
Northern California
Northern California
Col 1
Northern California
Segment
San Francisco to San Jose
2008
4.2
2012
5.6
2014
6.0
2016
3.1
2018
2.4
2018
2.1
2020
1.6
2022
1.7
2024
5.0
San Jose to Merced
San Jose to Merced
Col 1
San Jose to Merced
Segment
5.2
2008
15.1
2012
14.7
2014
9.9
2016
13.9
2018
15.8
2018
15.8
2020
21.9
2022
21.9
IOS
IOS
Col 1
IOS
Segment
Merced to Fresno
2008
2.0
2012
5.3
2014
4.1
2016
3.8
2018
14.8
2018
unknown
2020
23.1
2022
23.2
2024
29.8
Fresno to Bakersfield
Fresno to Bakersfield
Col 1
Fresno to Bakersfield
Segment
4.2
2008
6.8
2012
7.3
2014
8.3
Southern California
Southern California
Col 1
Southern California
Segment
Bakersfield to Palmdale
2008
3.9
2012
7.7
2014
8.3
2016
9.7
2018
12.3
2018
16.3
2020
15.7
2022
18.4
2024
17.1
Palmdale to Los Angeles
Palmdale to Los Angeles
Col 1
Palmdale to Los Angeles
Segment
5.4
2008
13.1
2012
13.5
2014
13.5
2016
16.1
2018
17.5
2018
18.1
2020
19.7
2022
19.7
Los Angeles to Anaheim
Los Angeles to Anaheim
Col 1
Los Angeles to Anaheim
Segment
2.0
2008
0.5
2012
0.5
2014
2.3
2016
3.0
2018
3.6
2018
2.9
2020
2.9
2022
2.9
Segment
2008
2012
2014
2016
2018
2018
2020
2022
2024
Price Level
2008
2011
2015
2015
2017
YOE
YOE
YOE
YOE
Northern California
San Francisco to San Jose
4.2
5.6
6.0
3.1
2.4
2.1
1.6
1.7
5.0
San Jose to Merced
5.2
15.1
14.7
9.9
13.9
15.8
15.8
21.9
21.9
IOS
Merced to Fresno
2.0
5.3
4.1
3.8
14.8
unknown
23.1
23.2
29.8
Fresno to Bakersfield
4.2
6.8
7.3
8.3
Southern California
Bakersfield to Palmdale
3.9
7.7
8.3
9.7
12.3
16.3
15.7
18.4
17.1
Palmdale to Los Angeles
5.4
13.1
13.5
13.5
16.1
17.5
18.1
19.7
19.7
Los Angeles to Anaheim
2.0
0.5
0.5
2.3
3.0
3.6
2.9
2.9
2.9
Full Phase 1 including non-construction costs
33.2
53.4
58.6
55.3
67.5
77.3
83.0
93.5
106.2

References

  1. The Acela, with a top speed of 160 miles per hour (260 km/h), is currently the fastest rail service in the U.S.
  2. The Fuxing series in China, with a top speed of 350 kilometres per hour (220 mph), is currently the fastest rail service
  3. ACE plans to expand operations to Merced by 2030.
  4. For example, 49 from San Mateo to Palo Alto and 29 from San Jose to Gilroy.
  5. Several different options are still being studied for the route, but the Authority has identified the "SR14A" route alon
  6. Salesforce Transit Center is 0.2 miles (0.32 km) away from Embarcadero station; a connecting pedestrian tunnel has been
  7. San Jose–Bakersfield trains on the initial Silicon Valley to Central Valley line will call at Merced. Once Phase 1 is co
  8. From St. Louis FED FRED Economic Data: 123.273/88.613 equals 1.391
    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GDPDEF/
  9. List of funding granted, but not necessarily formally appropriated. For certain state funding such as Prop 1A or federal
  10. "Year-of-expenditure" $: Expected nominal prices in the year when expenditures are made. This number hence depends on fo
  11. The Authority was granted 25% of all future cap-and-trade proceeds from 2015 to 2030 in the 2014 California State Budget
  12. Calculated from expected total expenditure minus expenditures so far
  13. "The $128 billion price tag does not include cost updates for two separate segments between Palmdale and Anaheim, becaus
  14. The 2008 estimate included structures, stations, tracks, and power systems. Trainsets and maintenance facilities were no
  15. Segment and project scope definitions changed over the years, such as whether trainsets and stations are included or not
  16. Scope per segment may change over the years. For example, the inclusion of a second track is part of costs for Merced to
  17. Precise segments may change definition across years, such as San Jose to Merced vs. to Central Valley Wye
  18. Includes funded investment into Caltrain electrification
  19. Calculated as the sum of segments: San Jose to Gilroy, Gilroy to Carlucci Road, Carlucci Road to Madera Acres (Wye Leg 2
  20. Calculated as the sum of segments: Merced to Wye Legs 1, Wye Legs 1, Madera Acres to Poplar Avenue, Poplar Avenue to Bak
  21. Project segments change definition over the years; the 2018 business plan does not show numbers in YOE that allow for a
  22. Segment-wise civil construction costs may not sum to this total due to (i) rounding (ii) program-wide non-construction c
  23. Original plans for the Bay Bridge, which was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, were to retrofit the structure
  24. General price increases in the construction sector significantly outpaced consumer price inflation since Covid.
  25. The following example illustrates the sequence of pre-construction activities and its sensitivity to delay: "The state,
  26. Data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics for passenger trips between LAX, BUR, ONT, SNA and LGA airports in Sou
  27. As of 2019, planned upgrades to the existing ACE commuter rail route across Altamont Pass would provide a fast and frequ
  28. The I-5 route would have included lower speed branch lines to connect the Central Valley cities to the main line.[citati
  29. "DB E.C.O. North America Inc"
    https://db-engineering-consulting.com/en/projects/california-high-speed-rail-early-train-operator/
  30. "Implementation Plan"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080910174725/http://www.cahighspeedrail.ca.gov/images/chsr/20080123171537_ImplementationPlan.pdf
  31. "Technical Memorandum: Traction Power 2x25kV Autotransformer Feed Type Electrification System & System Voltages"
    http://www.hsr.ca.gov/docs/programs/eir_memos/Proj_Guidelines_TM3_1_1_1R02.pdf
  32. https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf [bare URL PDF]
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf
  33. https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf [bare URL PDF]
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf
  34. hsr.ca.gov
    https://hsr.ca.gov/2025/08/22/news-release-delivering-high-speed-rail-for-californians-supplemental-project-update-report-provides-a-path-forward-to-delivering-the-first-in-the-nation-system/
  35. https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf [bare URL PDF]
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf
  36. "How Cities Can Make the Most of California's High-Speed Rail Investment"
    https://www.spur.org/news/2022-05-19/how-cities-can-make-most-californias-high-speed-rail-investment
  37. POLITICO
    https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/21/california-high-speed-rail-ig-report-00205506
  38. Los Angeles Times
    https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-12-18/high-speed-rail-financial-crisis-could-get-worse-under-trump
  39. The New York Times
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240310173721/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/16/us/california-bullet-train.html
  40. Transportation Research Record
    https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1987/1143/1143-006.pdf
  41. "Bill Number: SB 1420"
    http://leginfo.ca.gov/pub/95-96/bill/sen/sb_1401-1450/sb_1420_bill_960924_chaptered.html
  42. "California Proposition 1A, High-Speed Rail Bond Measure (2008)"
    https://ballotpedia.org/California_Proposition_1A,_High-Speed_Rail_Bond_Measure_(2008)
  43. "Text of Proposed Law: Proposition 1A"
    https://www.lalawlibrary.org/pdfs/PROP_1108_1A.pdf
  44. https://hsr.ca.gov/about/high-speed-rail-business-plans/2012-business-plan/
    https://hsr.ca.gov/about/high-speed-rail-business-plans/2012-business-plan/
  45. "Amtrak's Coast Starlight"
    https://www.railpassengers.org/site/assets/files/20928/coast-starlight.pdf
  46. "San Joaquins Timetable"
    https://amtrak-bucket.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/JPA17915_TimetableEdits_September_V2.pdf
  47. The Open Transportation Journal
    https://opentransportationjournal.com/VOLUME/13/PAGE/48/FULLTEXT/#:~:text=Research%20on%20the%20interaction%20between,than%20air%20travel%20%5B27%5D.
  48. The Review of Economics and Statistics
    https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article-abstract/107/2/494/114755/Competition-and-Quality-Evidence-from-High-Speed?redirectedFrom=fulltext#
  49. The Mercury News
    https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/07/05/americans-fly-lax-sfo-more-than-any-other-flight-path-in-the-u-s/
  50. The Fresno Bee
    https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article280898638.html
  51. "High-Speed Rail Station Area Plan Goals"
    https://www.bakersfieldcity.us/291/High-Speed-Rail-Station-Area-Plan-Goals
  52. The Orange County Register
    https://www.ocregister.com/2024/02/24/new-figures-show-that-california-high-speed-rail-wont-do-much-about-climate-change/
  53. "California State Rail Plan 2023"
    https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/rail-mass-transportation/documents/california-state-rail-plan/20230309-casrp-public-dor-guidance.pdf
  54. "2024 Draft Business Plan"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024-Draft-Business-Plan-020724-A11Y.pdf
  55. "Proposed Statewide Alignment"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/newsroom/maps/Statewide_topo.pdf
  56. "Los Angeles to Anaheim"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/project-sections/los-angeles-to-anaheim/
  57. "San Francisco station"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/station-communities/san-francisco/
  58. "Merced to Fresno – Central Valley Wye"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/project-sections/merced-to-fresno/merced-to-fresno-central-valley-wye/
  59. Manteca Bulletin
    https://www.mantecabulletin.com/news/local-news/ace-working-toward-rail-service-in-26-to-downtown/
  60. "Merced station"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/station-communities/merced/
  61. CalMatters
    https://calmatters.org/commentary/2025/08/california-high-speed-rail-strategy/
  62. "California High-Speed Rail Program Revised 2012 Business Plan"
    https://www.hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/about/business_plans/BPlan_2012_rpt.pdf
  63. "Draft 2023 Business Plan Update"
    https://cdn.sjjpa.com/wp-content/uploads/DRAFT-2023-SJJPA-Business-Plan-Update_Public-Review-Draft.pdf
  64. "San Joaquins"
    https://www.amtrak.com/san-joaquins-train
  65. "2023 Project Update Report"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Project-Update-Report-FINAL-022823.pdf
  66. www.constructionowners.com
    https://www.constructionowners.com/news/california-high-speed-rail-report-outlines-path-forward
  67. hsr.ca.gov
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CVSR-2024-10-Data-2024-08-Draft-3-A11Y.pdf
  68. "Project Update Report to the California State Legislature"
    https://www.hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/about/legislative_affairs/SB1029_Project_Update_Report_050119.pdf
  69. "Connecting and Transforming California: 2016 Business Plan"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/about/business_plans/2016_BusinessPlan.pdf
  70. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/04/us/politics/california-high-speed-rail-funding.html?searchResultPosition=3
  71. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/20/us/california-today-high-speed-rail-newsom-trump.html
  72. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/07/california-breaks-ground-high-speed-rail-project
  73. Construction of Fresno River Viaduct Underway - June 18, 2015
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akXU7vgk1dg
  74. "Design-Build Construction Packages"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/business-opportunities/contract-opportunities/design-build-construction-packages/
  75. National Public Radio
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191105083718/https://www.wpr.org/derailed/high-speed-rail-debate-persists-california
  76. "News Release: California High-Speed Rail Board Approves Design Contracts to Prepare for Construction into Merced and Bakersfield"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/2022/08/17/news-release-california-high-speed-rail-board-approves-design-contracts-to-prepare-for-construction-into-merced-and-bakersfield/
  77. "California High-Speed Rail Board Awards Design Contract for Central Valley Stations"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/2022/10/20/news-release-california-high-speed-rail-board-awards-design-contract-for-central-valley-stations/
  78. "Notice of Preparation of an Environmental Impact Report: Madera High Speed Rail (HSR) Station Full-Build Project (Phase 3)"
    https://cdn.sjjpa.com/wp-content/uploads/20231122140306/Madera-HSR-Station-Full-Build_NOP_2023-11-22_FINAL.pdf
  79. "Track & Systems"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/business-opportunities/contract-opportunities/track-systems/
  80. "Merced to Bakersfield Segment The Authority Is Unlikely to Complete the Segment as Currently Envisioned within Its Planned Schedule"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Schedule-Engagement-Report-FINAL-A11Y.pdf
  81. Politico
    https://www.politico.com/news/2025/02/21/california-high-speed-rail-ig-report-00205506
  82. hsr.ca.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20250823141815/https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2025-Project-Update-Report-SUP-FINAL-081925-A11Y.pdf
  83. "Caltrain Electrification Frequently Asked Questions"
    https://www.caltrain.com/media/21596/
  84. San Mateo Daily Journal
    https://www.smdailyjournal.com/news/local/caltrain-goes-fully-electric/article_5e2c23a2-77c4-11ef-8610-47587c0ec09b.html
  85. "San José to Merced"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/project-sections/san-jose-to-merced/
  86. Palo Alto Online
    https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2023/11/24/caltrain-plans-for-4-track-segments-complicate-palo-altos-effort-to-redesign-rail-crossings/
  87. Railway Track & Structures
    https://www.rtands.com/grade-crossings/palo-alto-calif-wants-grade-separation-for-high-speed-rail-project-but-authority-is-not-listening/
  88. "At-Grade Crossing Safety"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/At-Grade-Crossing-Safety-1-26-2022_a11y.pdf
  89. "Los Angeles"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/station-communities/los-angeles/
  90. LA Metro
    https://www.metro.net/projects/link-us/
  91. "Los Angeles to Anaheim Update"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/LA-A-SAA-and-PA-Overview-NovBoard-A11Y.pdf
  92. The Orange County Register
    https://www.ocregister.com/2023/11/01/california-high-speed-rail-authority-considering-adding-new-track-in-southern-california-corridor/
  93. "Connectivity and Bookend Investments"
    https://www.hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/communication/info_center/factsheets/Connectivity_Bookends.pdf
  94. "California High-Speed Rail Authority Board Clears Final Environmental Milestone to Connect Downtown San Francisco to Downtown Los Angeles"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/2024/06/27/news-release-california-high-speed-rail-authority-board-clears-final-environmental-milestone-to-connect-downtown-san-francisco-to-downtown-los-angeles/
  95. "Tunneling in Northern California: San Jose to Merced Project Section Factsheet"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Pacheco-Pass-Factsheet-for-web-English.pdf
  96. Engineering News-Record
    https://www.enr.com/articles/54030-california-high-speed-rail-connection-to-silicon-valley-approved
  97. "Bakersfield to Palmdale Project Section Draft Project EIR/EIS"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/programs/bakersfield-palmdale/BP_Draft_EIRS_Vol_1_CH_2_Alternatives.pdf
  98. "Bakersfield to Palmdale Project Section"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/newsroom/maps/Bakersfield_to_Palmdale.pdf
  99. San Francisco Chronicle
    https://www.sfchronicle.com/california/article/ca-high-speed-rail-las-vegas-20018173.php
  100. "Palmdale to Burbank Project Section: Connecting Community Update 2022"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/2022-0805-P-B_DEIRS_Fact-Sheet_4pgs_English_Rem.pdf
  101. "Palmdale to Burbank Project Section Map"
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  102. "Palmdale to Burbank Project Section: Draft Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/PB_02.0-AppxD_P2K_PEPD_RECORD_SET_Rev02_Design_Baseline_Report-a11y.pdf
  103. Los Angeles Times
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  104. "Sustainability"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/programs/green-practices-sustainability/sustainability/
  105. Forbes
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2023/06/12/californias-100-billion-electric-bullet-train-will-be-fully-solar-powered/
  106. California High-Speed Train Project Revised DEIR/Supplemental DEIS
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  107. "High-Speed Rail Maintenance Facilities"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/about/maintenancefacilities/
  108. The San Joaquin Valley Sun
    https://sjvsun.com/news/fresno/behind-fresnos-pitch-for-the-hsr-maintenance-yard/
  109. "Merced to Sacramento"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/project-sections/merced-to-sacramento/
  110. "Los Angeles to San Diego"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/project-sections/los-angeles-to-san-diego/
  111. "Los Angeles to San Diego Section"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/docs/newsroom/maps/LA_to_San_Diego.pdf
  112. "Project Sections"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/high-speed-rail-in-california/project-sections/
  113. The Fresno Bee
    https://www.fresnobee.com/news/local/article280078874.html
  114. "Passenger Equipment Safety Standards; Standards for Alternative Compliance and High-Speed Trainsets"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240313024048/https://railroads.dot.gov/regulations-fr/rulemaking/2018-25020
  115. ""NEWS RELEASE: High-Speed Rail Authority Releases Shortlist of Potential Suppliers for Electrified High-Speed Trains in California""
    https://hsr.ca.gov/2024/01/05/news-release-high-speed-rail-authority-releases-shortlist-of-potential-suppliers-for-electrified-high-speed-trains-in-california/
  116. Railway News
    https://railway-news.com/california-high-speed-rail-releases-rfp-for-electric-train-contract/
  117. California High-Speed Rail Authority
    https://hsr.ca.gov/business-opportunities/procurements/architectural-engineering-and-capital-contracts/high-speed-trainsets-and-related-services/
  118. "CHSRA Board Meeting Briefing: Trainset RFQ"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/August-4-2023-Agenda-Item-2-Board-Memo-Trainsets-RFQ-Final-A11Y.pdf
  119. Siemens Mobility Global
    https://www.mobility.siemens.com/us/en/company/newsroom/press-releases/siemens-mobility-to-establish-americas-first-high-speed-rail-production-facility-in-horseheads-new-york.html
  120. "California High Speed Rail Authority Prototypes Buy America Waiver Decision"
    https://railroads.dot.gov/elibrary/california-high-speed-rail-authority-prototypes-buy-america-waiver-decision
  121. "Madera Station Relocation Project"
    https://sjjpa.com/madera-station-relocation-project/
  122. "CHSRA and Burbank Airport reach settlement"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/2023/11/16/news-release-high-speed-rail-authority-and-hollywood-burbank-airport-reach-settlement-agreement/
  123. "California High-Speed Rail Authority 2024 Business Plan Technical Supporting Document: Service Planning Methodology"
    https://hsr.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024-BP-Service-Planning-Methodology-V06-Final-A11Y.pdf
  124. Railway Gazette International
    http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/high-speed/single-view/view/db-consortium-selected-for-california-high-speed-rail-consultancy-contract.html
  125. "Amtrak FY23 Ridership"
    https://media.amtrak.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Copy-of-FY23-Year-End-Ridership.pdf
  126. "High-Speed Rail Corridor Project Awarded $8M Grant"
    https://highdesertcorridor.org/high-speed-rail-corridor-project-awarded-8m-grant/
  127. KTLA 5
    https://ktla.com/news/california/plan-to-connect-californias-2-high-speed-rail-projects-moves-forward/
  128. Channel 13 Las Vegas News KTNV
    https://www.ktnv.com/news/another-high-speed-rail-project-would-connect-las-vegas-to-additional-california-stops
  129. "Feds grant $6 billion for high-speed rail projects"
    https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/feds-grant-6-billion-high-speed-rail-projects-rcna128508
  130. "Brightline West High Speed Rail Project"
    https://www.dot.nv.gov/projects-programs/transportation-projects/brightline-west-high-speed-rail-project
  131. "2023 SJJPA Business Plant"
    https://cdn.sjjpa.com/wp-content/uploads/DRAFT-2023-SJJPA-Business-Plan-Update_Public-Review-Draft-1.pdf
  132. Railway Age
    https://www.railwayage.com/passenger/transit-briefs-ace-amtrak-bart-brightline-west/
  133. Stockton Record
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