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CD-ROM

Updated: Wikipedia source

CD-ROM

A CD-ROM (, compact disc read-only memory) is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software and data for computers and fifth generation video game consoles. DVDs as well as downloading started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in the early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software is now rare.

Infobox

Media type
Optical disc
Capacity
650–870 MiB
Read mechanism
780 nm laser diode, 150–10,800 KB/s (1–72×)
Write mechanism
Pressed mold
Standard
Yellow Book (ISO/IEC 10149)
Developed by
Sony · Philips
Usage
Computer data storage
Extended to
CD-ROM XA · DVD-ROM
Released
1985; 40 years ago (1985)

Tables

· CD-ROM format › Sector structure
CD digital audio:
CD digital audio:
Format
CD digital audio:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,352 (Digital audio)
CD-ROM Mode 1:
CD-ROM Mode 1:
Format
CD-ROM Mode 1:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode, 0x01)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,048 (Data)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
4 (Error detection)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
8 (Reserved, zero)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM Mode 2:
CD-ROM Mode 2:
Format
CD-ROM Mode 2:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode, 0x02)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,336 (Data)
Format
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
CD digital audio:
2,352 (Digital audio)
CD-ROM Mode 1:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode, 0x01)
2,048 (Data)
4 (Error detection)
8 (Reserved, zero)
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM Mode 2:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode, 0x02)
2,336 (Data)
· CD-ROM format › CD-ROM XA extension
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
Format
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
8 (Subheader)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,048 (Data)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
4 (Error detection)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
Format
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
8 (Subheader)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,324 (Data)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
4 (Error detection)
Format
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode)
8 (Subheader)
2,048 (Data)
4 (Error detection)
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode)
8 (Subheader)
2,324 (Data)
4 (Error detection)
Capacities of Compact Disc types (90 and 99 minute discs are not standard) · CD-ROM format › Capacity
(MiB)
(MiB)
Type
(MiB)
Sectors
Approx. (1 = 220)
Data (mode 1) max. size
(MiB)
Data (mode 1) max. size
(min)
8 cm
8 cm
Type
8 cm
Sectors
94,500
Data (mode 1) max. size
184.570
Data (mode 1) max. size
193.536
Audio max. size
211.967
Time
21
553 MB
553 MB
Type
553 MB
Sectors
283,500
Data (mode 1) max. size
553.711
Data (mode 1) max. size
580.608
Audio max. size
635.902
Time
63
650 MB
650 MB
Type
650 MB
Sectors
333,000
Data (mode 1) max. size
650.391
Data (mode 1) max. size
681.984
Audio max. size
746.933
Time
74
700 MB
700 MB
Type
700 MB
Sectors
360,000
Data (mode 1) max. size
703.125
Data (mode 1) max. size
737.280
Audio max. size
807.495
Time
80
800 MB
800 MB
Type
800 MB
Sectors
405,000
Data (mode 1) max. size
791.016
Data (mode 1) max. size
829.440
Audio max. size
908.432
Time
90
900 MB
900 MB
Type
900 MB
Sectors
445,500
Data (mode 1) max. size
870.117
Data (mode 1) max. size
912.384
Audio max. size
999.275
Time
99
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Type
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Type
Sectors
Data (mode 1) max. size
Audio max. size
Time
(MiB)
Approx. (1 = 220)
(MiB)
(min)
8 cm
94,500
184.570
193.536
211.967
21
553 MB
283,500
553.711
580.608
635.902
63
650 MB
333,000
650.391
681.984
746.933
74
700 MB
360,000
703.125
737.280
807.495
80
800 MB
405,000
791.016
829.440
908.432
90
900 MB
445,500
870.117
912.384
999.275
99
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Common data transfer speeds for CD-ROM drives · CD-ROM drives › Transfer rates › Speed table
1×
1×
Transfer speed
1×
KB/s
150
Mbit/s
1.2288
MB/s
0.146
RPM (outer to inner edge)
200–530
2×
2×
Transfer speed
2×
KB/s
300
Mbit/s
2.4576
MB/s
0.293
RPM (outer to inner edge)
400–1,060
4×
4×
Transfer speed
4×
KB/s
600
Mbit/s
4.9152
MB/s
0.586
RPM (outer to inner edge)
800–2,120
8×
8×
Transfer speed
8×
KB/s
1,200
Mbit/s
9.8304
MB/s
1.17
RPM (outer to inner edge)
1,600–4,240
10×
10×
Transfer speed
10×
KB/s
1,500
Mbit/s
12.288
MB/s
1.46
RPM (outer to inner edge)
2,000–5,300
12×
12×
Transfer speed
12×
KB/s
1,800
Mbit/s
14.7456
MB/s
1.76
RPM (outer to inner edge)
2,400–6,360
20×
20×
Transfer speed
20×
KB/s
1,200–3,000
Mbit/s
up to 24.576
MB/s
up to 2.93
RPM (outer to inner edge)
4,000 (CAV)
24×
24×
Transfer speed
24×
KB/s
1,440–3,600
Mbit/s
up to 29.491
MB/s
up to 3.51
RPM (outer to inner edge)
4,800 (CAV)
32×
32×
Transfer speed
32×
KB/s
1,920–4,800
Mbit/s
up to 39.3216
MB/s
up to 4.69
RPM (outer to inner edge)
6,400 (CAV)
36×
36×
Transfer speed
36×
KB/s
2,160–5,400
Mbit/s
up to 44.2368
MB/s
up to 5.27
RPM (outer to inner edge)
7,200 (CAV)
40×
40×
Transfer speed
40×
KB/s
2,400–6,000
Mbit/s
up to 49.152
MB/s
up to 5.86
RPM (outer to inner edge)
8,000 (CAV)
48×
48×
Transfer speed
48×
KB/s
2,880–7,200
Mbit/s
up to 58.9824
MB/s
up to 7.03
RPM (outer to inner edge)
9,600 (CAV)
52×
52×
Transfer speed
52×
KB/s
3,120–7,800
Mbit/s
up to 63.8976
MB/s
up to 7.62
RPM (outer to inner edge)
10,400 (CAV)
56×
56×
Transfer speed
56×
KB/s
3,360–8,400
Mbit/s
up to 68.8128
MB/s
up to 8.20
RPM (outer to inner edge)
11,200 (CAV)
72×
72×
Transfer speed
72×
KB/s
6,750–10,800
Mbit/s
up to 88.4736
MB/s
up to 10.5
RPM (outer to inner edge)
2,700 (multi-beam)
Transfer speed
KB/s
Mbit/s
MB/s
RPM (outer to inner edge)
1×
150
1.2288
0.146
200–530
2×
300
2.4576
0.293
400–1,060
4×
600
4.9152
0.586
800–2,120
8×
1,200
9.8304
1.17
1,600–4,240
10×
1,500
12.288
1.46
2,000–5,300
12×
1,800
14.7456
1.76
2,400–6,360
20×
1,200–3,000
up to 24.576
up to 2.93
4,000 (CAV)
24×
1,440–3,600
up to 29.491
up to 3.51
4,800 (CAV)
32×
1,920–4,800
up to 39.3216
up to 4.69
6,400 (CAV)
36×
2,160–5,400
up to 44.2368
up to 5.27
7,200 (CAV)
40×
2,400–6,000
up to 49.152
up to 5.86
8,000 (CAV)
48×
2,880–7,200
up to 58.9824
up to 7.03
9,600 (CAV)
52×
3,120–7,800
up to 63.8976
up to 7.62
10,400 (CAV)
56×
3,360–8,400
up to 68.8128
up to 8.20
11,200 (CAV)
72×
6,750–10,800
up to 88.4736
up to 10.5
2,700 (multi-beam)

References

  1. The CIRC error correction system used in the CD audio format has two interleaved layers.
  2. To three significant figures.
  3. "ISO/IEC 10149:1995 – Information technology – Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)"
    https://iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25869
  4. mediatechnics.com
    https://mediatechnics.com/yellowbook.htm
  5. targetstudy.com
    https://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/19/optical-disc.html
  6. exp-math.uni-essen.de
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150318132453/http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/beethoven.htm
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    https://www.filfre.net/2016/09/a-slow-motion-revolution/
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  16. RePlay
    https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-5-february-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%205%20-%20February%201990/page/48
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    https://web.archive.org/web/20230807214532if_/https://zexwoo.blog/posts/knowledge/audio-media-history/IEC%2060908-1999%20Audio%20Recording%20-%20Compact%20Disc%20Digital%20Audio%20System.pdf
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  39. Can A Cell Phone Destroy A Gas Station!? | MythBusters | Season 1 Episode 2 | Full Episode
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  40. "Harry Potter and the Digital Fingerprints"
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