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CD-ROM

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CD-ROM

A CD-ROM (, compact disc read-only memory) is a type of read-only memory consisting of a pre-pressed optical compact disc that contains data computers can read, but not write or erase. Some CDs, called enhanced CDs, hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, while data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as ISO 9660 format PC CD-ROMs). During the 1990s and early 2000s, CD-ROMs were popularly used to distribute software and data for computers and fifth generation video game consoles. DVDs as well as downloading started to replace CD-ROMs in these roles starting in the early 2000s, and the use of CD-ROMs for commercial software is now rare.

Infobox

Media type
Optical disc
Capacity
650–870 MiB
Read mechanism
780 nm laser diode, 150–10,800 KB/s (1–72×)
Write mechanism
Pressed mold
Standard
Yellow Book (ISO/IEC 10149)
Developed by
Sony · Philips
Usage
Computer data storage
Extended to
CD-ROM XA · DVD-ROM
Released
1985 (1985)

Tables

· CD-ROM format › Sector structure
CD digital audio:
CD digital audio:
Format
CD digital audio:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,352 (Digital audio)
CD-ROM Mode 1:
CD-ROM Mode 1:
Format
CD-ROM Mode 1:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode, 0x01)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,048 (Data)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
4 (Error detection)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
8 (Reserved, zero)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM Mode 2:
CD-ROM Mode 2:
Format
CD-ROM Mode 2:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode, 0x02)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,336 (Data)
Format
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
CD digital audio:
2,352 (Digital audio)
CD-ROM Mode 1:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode, 0x01)
2,048 (Data)
4 (Error detection)
8 (Reserved, zero)
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM Mode 2:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode, 0x02)
2,336 (Data)
· CD-ROM format › CD-ROM XA extension
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
Format
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
8 (Subheader)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,048 (Data)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
4 (Error detection)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
Format
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
12 (Sync pattern)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
3 (Address)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
1 (Mode)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
8 (Subheader)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
2,324 (Data)
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
4 (Error detection)
Format
← 2,352 byte sector structure →
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 1:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode)
8 (Subheader)
2,048 (Data)
4 (Error detection)
276 (Error correction)
CD-ROM XA Mode 2, Form 2:
12 (Sync pattern)
3 (Address)
1 (Mode)
8 (Subheader)
2,324 (Data)
4 (Error detection)
Capacities of Compact Disc types (90 and 99 minute discs are not standard) · CD-ROM format › Capacity
(MiB)
(MiB)
Type
(MiB)
Sectors
Approx. (1 = 220)
Data (mode 1) max. size
(MiB)
Data (mode 1) max. size
(min)
8 cm
8 cm
Type
8 cm
Sectors
94,500
Data (mode 1) max. size
184
Data (mode 1) max. size
193
Audio max. size
211
Time
21
553 MB
553 MB
Type
553 MB
Sectors
283,500
Data (mode 1) max. size
553
Data (mode 1) max. size
580
Audio max. size
635
Time
63
650 MB
650 MB
Type
650 MB
Sectors
333,000
Data (mode 1) max. size
650
Data (mode 1) max. size
681
Audio max. size
746
Time
74
700 MB
700 MB
Type
700 MB
Sectors
360,000
Data (mode 1) max. size
703
Data (mode 1) max. size
737
Audio max. size
807
Time
80
800 MB
800 MB
Type
800 MB
Sectors
405,000
Data (mode 1) max. size
791
Data (mode 1) max. size
829
Audio max. size
908
Time
90
900 MB
900 MB
Type
900 MB
Sectors
445,500
Data (mode 1) max. size
870
Data (mode 1) max. size
912
Audio max. size
999
Time
99
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Type
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Type
Sectors
Data (mode 1) max. size
Audio max. size
Time
(MiB)
Approx. (1 = 220)
(MiB)
(min)
8 cm
94,500
184
193
211
21
553 MB
283,500
553
580
635
63
650 MB
333,000
650
681
746
74
700 MB
360,000
703
737
807
80
800 MB
405,000
791
829
908
90
900 MB
445,500
870
912
999
99
Mebibyte (MiB) and minute (min) values are exact; (1 = 220) values are approximate.
Common data transfer speeds for CD-ROM drives · CD-ROM drives › Transfer rates › Speed table
1×
1×
Transfer speed
1×
KB/s
150
Mbit/s
1
MB/s
0
RPM (outer to inner edge)
200–530
2×
2×
Transfer speed
2×
KB/s
300
Mbit/s
2
MB/s
0
RPM (outer to inner edge)
400–1,060
4×
4×
Transfer speed
4×
KB/s
600
Mbit/s
4
MB/s
0
RPM (outer to inner edge)
800–2,120
8×
8×
Transfer speed
8×
KB/s
1,200
Mbit/s
9
MB/s
1
RPM (outer to inner edge)
1,600–4,240
10×
10×
Transfer speed
10×
KB/s
1,500
Mbit/s
12
MB/s
1
RPM (outer to inner edge)
2,000–5,300
12×
12×
Transfer speed
12×
KB/s
1,800
Mbit/s
14
MB/s
1
RPM (outer to inner edge)
2,400–6,360
20×
20×
Transfer speed
20×
KB/s
1,200–3,000
Mbit/s
up to 24
MB/s
up to 2
RPM (outer to inner edge)
4,000 (CAV)
24×
24×
Transfer speed
24×
KB/s
1,440–3,600
Mbit/s
up to 29
MB/s
up to 3
RPM (outer to inner edge)
4,800 (CAV)
32×
32×
Transfer speed
32×
KB/s
1,920–4,800
Mbit/s
up to 39
MB/s
up to 4
RPM (outer to inner edge)
6,400 (CAV)
36×
36×
Transfer speed
36×
KB/s
2,160–5,400
Mbit/s
up to 44
MB/s
up to 5
RPM (outer to inner edge)
7,200 (CAV)
40×
40×
Transfer speed
40×
KB/s
2,400–6,000
Mbit/s
up to 49
MB/s
up to 5
RPM (outer to inner edge)
8,000 (CAV)
48×
48×
Transfer speed
48×
KB/s
2,880–7,200
Mbit/s
up to 58
MB/s
up to 7
RPM (outer to inner edge)
9,600 (CAV)
52×
52×
Transfer speed
52×
KB/s
3,120–7,800
Mbit/s
up to 63
MB/s
up to 7
RPM (outer to inner edge)
10,400 (CAV)
56×
56×
Transfer speed
56×
KB/s
3,360–8,400
Mbit/s
up to 68
MB/s
up to 8
RPM (outer to inner edge)
11,200 (CAV)
72×
72×
Transfer speed
72×
KB/s
6,750–10,800
Mbit/s
up to 88
MB/s
up to 10
RPM (outer to inner edge)
2,700 (multi-beam)
Transfer speed
KB/s
Mbit/s
MB/s
RPM (outer to inner edge)
1×
150
1
0
200–530
2×
300
2
0
400–1,060
4×
600
4
0
800–2,120
8×
1,200
9
1
1,600–4,240
10×
1,500
12
1
2,000–5,300
12×
1,800
14
1
2,400–6,360
20×
1,200–3,000
up to 24
up to 2
4,000 (CAV)
24×
1,440–3,600
up to 29
up to 3
4,800 (CAV)
32×
1,920–4,800
up to 39
up to 4
6,400 (CAV)
36×
2,160–5,400
up to 44
up to 5
7,200 (CAV)
40×
2,400–6,000
up to 49
up to 5
8,000 (CAV)
48×
2,880–7,200
up to 58
up to 7
9,600 (CAV)
52×
3,120–7,800
up to 63
up to 7
10,400 (CAV)
56×
3,360–8,400
up to 68
up to 8
11,200 (CAV)
72×
6,750–10,800
up to 88
up to 10
2,700 (multi-beam)

References

  1. The CIRC error correction system used in the CD audio format has two interleaved layers.
  2. To three significant figures.
  3. "ISO/IEC 10149:1995 – Information technology – Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM)"
    https://iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25869
  4. mediatechnics
    https://mediatechnics.com/yellowbook.htm
  5. targetstudy
    https://targetstudy.com/knowledge/invention/19/optical-disc.html
  6. exp-math
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150318132453/http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/beethoven.htm
  7. "Videodisc Update, Volumes 1–3"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=RTwQAQAAMAAJ
  8. "InfoWorld Vol. 16, No. 23"
    https://books.google.com/books?id=hzgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA88
  9. computerhistory
    https://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1983/
  10. Japanese PCs (1985) (14:20), Computer Chronicles
    https://archive.org/details/Japanese1985
  11. Electronics Weekly
    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A637926/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=13d4d1ab
  12. Computer Technology Review
    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A57603724/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=bookmark-GPS&xid=fb4a60ed
  13. The Sage Encyclopedia of Economics and Society
    https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_SAGE_Encyclopedia_of_Economics_and_S/g3xZDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Philips%22+%22CM+100%22+%22the+first%22&pg=PA316&printsec=frontcover
  14. "A Slow-Motion Revolution"
    https://www.filfre.net/2016/09/a-slow-motion-revolution/
  15. RePlay
    https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-16-issue-no.-6-march-1991-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2016%2C%20Issue%20No.%206%20-%20March%201991%20%28Compressed%29/page/n2
  16. RePlay
    https://archive.org/details/re-play-volume-14-issue-no.-5-february-1990-600dpi/RePlay%20-%20Volume%2014%2C%20Issue%20No.%205%20-%20February%201990/page/48
  17. PC Magazine
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AghQgqwUzgUC&pg=PA111
  18. PC Week
    https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A16260892/GPS?sid=wikipedia
  19. Standard ECMA-130 2nd Edition – June 1996 – Data interchange on read-only 120 mm optical data disks (CD-ROM) – 22 Settin
    https://www.ecma-international.org:443/wp-content/uploads/ECMA-130_2nd_edition_june_1996.pdf
  20. IEC 60908-1999 Audio Recording – Compact Disc Digital Audio System – 17 Channel Q
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230807214532if_/https://zexwoo.blog/posts/knowledge/audio-media-history/IEC%2060908-1999%20Audio%20Recording%20-%20Compact%20Disc%20Digital%20Audio%20System.pdf
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