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Buffalo, New York

Updated: Wikipedia source

Buffalo, New York

Buffalo is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It lies in Western New York at the eastern end of Lake Erie and at the head of the Niagara River on the Canada–United States border. It is the second-most populous city in New York, with a population of 278,349 at the 2020 census. The Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area, with over 1.16 million residents, is the 51st-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Buffalo is the county seat of Erie County. Before the 17th century, the region was inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians who were succeeded by the Neutral, Erie, and Iroquois nations. In the early 17th century, the French began to explore the region. In the 18th century, Iroquois land surrounding Buffalo Creek was ceded through the Holland Land Purchase, and a small village was established at its headwaters. Buffalo was selected as the terminus of the Erie Canal in 1825, which led to its incorporation in 1832 and stimulated its growth as the primary inland port between the Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean. Transshipment made Buffalo the world's largest grain port in that era. After the coming of railroads greatly reduced the canal's importance, the city became the second-largest railway hub (after Chicago), and the city came to be dominated by steel production by the 20th century. Later, deindustrialization and the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway saw the city's economy decline and diversify. It developed its service industries, such as health care, retail, tourism, logistics, and education, while retaining some manufacturing. In 2019, the gross domestic product of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area was $53 billion (~$64 billion in 2024). The city's cultural landmarks include the oldest urban parks system in the United States, the Buffalo AKG Art Museum, the Buffalo History Museum, the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra, Shea's Performing Arts Center, the Buffalo Museum of Science, and several annual festivals. Its educational institutions include the University at Buffalo, Buffalo State University, Canisius University, and D'Youville University. Buffalo is also known for its winter weather, Buffalo wings, and two major-league sports teams: the National Football League's Buffalo Bills and the National Hockey League's Buffalo Sabres.

Infobox

Country
United States
State
New York
Region
Western New York
Metro
Buffalo–Niagara Falls
County
Erie
First settled (village)
1789; 236 years ago (1789)
Founded
1801; 224 years ago (1801)
Incorporated (city)
1832; 193 years ago (1832)
Named after
Buffalo River
• Type
Strong mayor-council
• Body
Buffalo Common Council
• Mayor
Christopher Scanlon (D) (acting)
• Deputy Mayor
Brian Gould (D)
• State Senators
April Baskin & Sean Ryan (D)
• Assemblymembers
William Conrad III (D), Crystal Peoples-Stokes (D), Patrick Burke (D), Patrick Chludzinski (R), & Jon Rivera (D)
• U.S. Rep.
Tim Kennedy (D)
• City
278,349
• Land
40.38 sq mi (104.58 km2)
• Water
12.10 sq mi (31.34 km2)
Elevation
600 ft (180 m)
• Rank
US: 80th NY: 2nd
• Density
6,893.5/sq mi (2,661.58/km2)
• Urban
948,864 (US: 50th)
• Urban density
2,787/sq mi (1,075.9/km2)
• Metro
$90.716 billion (2023)
Demonyms
Buffalonian
Time zone
UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−04:00 (EDT)
ZIP code
142XX
Area codes
716, 624
FIPS code
36-11000
GNIS feature ID
0973345
Website
buffalony.gov

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Month
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Jan
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Feb
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Mar
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Apr
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
May
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Jun
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Jul
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Aug
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Sep
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Oct
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Nov
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Dec
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Year
Record high °F (°C)
Record high °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Record high °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
72(22)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
71(22)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
82(28)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
94(34)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
94(34)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
97(36)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
98(37)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
99(37)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
98(37)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
92(33)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
80(27)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
74(23)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
99(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Mean maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
56.4(13.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
54.5(12.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
66.0(18.9)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
77.9(25.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
84.3(29.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
88.1(31.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
89.5(31.9)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
88.5(31.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
86.4(30.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
77.9(25.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
67.4(19.7)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
56.8(13.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
91.5(33.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
32.1(0.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
33.3(0.7)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
41.8(5.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
54.7(12.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
67.4(19.7)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
75.6(24.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
80.2(26.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
79.0(26.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
72.3(22.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
59.6(15.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
47.8(8.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
37.2(2.9)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
56.8(13.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Daily mean °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Daily mean °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
25.5(−3.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
26.4(−3.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
34.1(1.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
45.6(7.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
57.9(14.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
66.9(19.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
71.7(22.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
70.4(21.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
63.4(17.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
51.7(10.9)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
41.0(5.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
31.4(−0.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
48.8(9.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
19.0(−7.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
19.5(−6.9)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
26.4(−3.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
36.5(2.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
48.3(9.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
58.1(14.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
63.1(17.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
61.7(16.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
54.5(12.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
43.9(6.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
34.2(1.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
25.6(−3.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
40.9(4.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Mean minimum °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.8(−17.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
1.7(−16.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
9.3(−12.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
24.6(−4.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
35.6(2.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
45.6(7.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
52.8(11.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
51.0(10.6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
41.0(5.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
30.7(−0.7)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
20.4(−6.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
8.5(−13.1)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
−2.8(−19.3)
Record low °F (°C)
Record low °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Record low °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
−16(−27)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
−20(−29)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
−7(−22)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
5(−15)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
25(−4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
35(2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
43(6)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
38(3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
32(0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
20(−7)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2(−17)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
−10(−23)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
−20(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average precipitation inches (mm)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.35(85)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2.49(63)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2.89(73)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.37(86)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.37(86)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.37(86)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.23(82)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.23(82)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
4.10(104)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
4.03(102)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.50(89)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.75(95)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
40.68(1,033)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average snowfall inches (cm)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
26.7(68)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
18.1(46)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
14.1(36)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2.5(6.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.9(2.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
7.8(20)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
25.3(64)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
95.4(242)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
10.8(27)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
8.4(21)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
7.6(19)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
1.0(2.5)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0(0.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.1(0.25)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.7(9.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
9.0(23)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
15.5(39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
19.2
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
15.8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
14.8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
13.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
12.8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
11.9
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
10.8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
10.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
10.9
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
14.1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
14.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
17.7
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
165.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
16.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
13.5
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
9.1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
3.2
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
0.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
4.7
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
12.2
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
59.5
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
76.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
75.9
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
73.3
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
67.8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
67.2
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
68.6
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
68.1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
72.1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
74.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
72.9
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
75.8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
77.6
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
72.4
Average dew point °F (°C)
Average dew point °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average dew point °F (°C)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
16.9(−8.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
17.6(−8.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
25.2(−3.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
33.4(0.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
44.2(6.8)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
54.1(12.3)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
59.0(15.0)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
58.8(14.9)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
52.5(11.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
41.7(5.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
32.7(0.4)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
22.6(−5.2)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
38.2(3.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
91.3
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
108.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
163.7
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
204.7
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
258.3
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
287.1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
306.7
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
266.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
207.6
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
159.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
84.4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
69.0
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2,206.6
Percentage possible sunshine
Percentage possible sunshine
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Percentage possible sunshine
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
31
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
37
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
44
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
51
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
57
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
63
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
66
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
62
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
55
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
47
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
29
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
25
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
49
Average ultraviolet index
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
6
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
7
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
8
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
6
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
4
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
2
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
1
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas
Source 2: Weather Atlas
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Source 2: Weather Atlas
Climate data for Buffalo (Buffalo Niagara International Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1871–present
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
72(22)
71(22)
82(28)
94(34)
94(34)
97(36)
98(37)
99(37)
98(37)
92(33)
80(27)
74(23)
99(37)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
56.4(13.6)
54.5(12.5)
66.0(18.9)
77.9(25.5)
84.3(29.1)
88.1(31.2)
89.5(31.9)
88.5(31.4)
86.4(30.2)
77.9(25.5)
67.4(19.7)
56.8(13.8)
91.5(33.1)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
32.1(0.1)
33.3(0.7)
41.8(5.4)
54.7(12.6)
67.4(19.7)
75.6(24.2)
80.2(26.8)
79.0(26.1)
72.3(22.4)
59.6(15.3)
47.8(8.8)
37.2(2.9)
56.8(13.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)
25.5(−3.6)
26.4(−3.1)
34.1(1.2)
45.6(7.6)
57.9(14.4)
66.9(19.4)
71.7(22.1)
70.4(21.3)
63.4(17.4)
51.7(10.9)
41.0(5.0)
31.4(−0.3)
48.8(9.3)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
19.0(−7.2)
19.5(−6.9)
26.4(−3.1)
36.5(2.5)
48.3(9.1)
58.1(14.5)
63.1(17.3)
61.7(16.5)
54.5(12.5)
43.9(6.6)
34.2(1.2)
25.6(−3.6)
40.9(4.9)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
0.8(−17.3)
1.7(−16.8)
9.3(−12.6)
24.6(−4.1)
35.6(2.0)
45.6(7.6)
52.8(11.6)
51.0(10.6)
41.0(5.0)
30.7(−0.7)
20.4(−6.4)
8.5(−13.1)
−2.8(−19.3)
Record low °F (°C)
−16(−27)
−20(−29)
−7(−22)
5(−15)
25(−4)
35(2)
43(6)
38(3)
32(0)
20(−7)
2(−17)
−10(−23)
−20(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.35(85)
2.49(63)
2.89(73)
3.37(86)
3.37(86)
3.37(86)
3.23(82)
3.23(82)
4.10(104)
4.03(102)
3.50(89)
3.75(95)
40.68(1,033)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
26.7(68)
18.1(46)
14.1(36)
2.5(6.4)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.9(2.3)
7.8(20)
25.3(64)
95.4(242)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm)
10.8(27)
8.4(21)
7.6(19)
1.0(2.5)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.1(0.25)
3.7(9.4)
9.0(23)
15.5(39)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
19.2
15.8
14.8
13.4
12.8
11.9
10.8
10.0
10.9
14.1
14.4
17.7
165.8
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
16.4
13.5
9.1
3.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.4
4.7
12.2
59.5
Average relative humidity (%)
76.0
75.9
73.3
67.8
67.2
68.6
68.1
72.1
74.0
72.9
75.8
77.6
72.4
Average dew point °F (°C)
16.9(−8.4)
17.6(−8.0)
25.2(−3.8)
33.4(0.8)
44.2(6.8)
54.1(12.3)
59.0(15.0)
58.8(14.9)
52.5(11.4)
41.7(5.4)
32.7(0.4)
22.6(−5.2)
38.2(3.5)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
91.3
108.0
163.7
204.7
258.3
287.1
306.7
266.4
207.6
159.4
84.4
69.0
2,206.6
Percentage possible sunshine
31
37
44
51
57
63
66
62
55
47
29
25
49
Average ultraviolet index
1
2
4
6
7
8
8
8
6
4
2
1
5
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)
Source 2: Weather Atlas
· Demographics
White
White
Historical Racial composition
White
2020
41.9%
2010
50.4%
1990
64.7%
1970
78.7%
1940
96.8%
—Non-Hispanic
—Non-Hispanic
Historical Racial composition
—Non-Hispanic
2020
39.0%
2010
45.8%
1990
63.1%
1970
n/a
1940
n/a
African Americans
African Americans
Historical Racial composition
African Americans
2020
36.9%
2010
38.6%
1990
30.7%
1970
20.4%
1940
3.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
Historical Racial composition
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
2020
12.8%
2010
10.5%
1990
4.9%
1970
1.6%
1940
n/a
Asian Americans
Asian Americans
Historical Racial composition
Asian Americans
2020
7.6%
2010
3.2%
1990
1.0%
1970
0.2%
1940
n/a
Other race
Other race
Historical Racial composition
Other race
2020
5.3%
2010
3.1%
1990
2.8%
1970
0.2%
1940
n/a
Historical Racial composition
2020
2010
1990
1970
1940
White
41.9%
50.4%
64.7%
78.7%
96.8%
—Non-Hispanic
39.0%
45.8%
63.1%
n/a
n/a
African Americans
36.9%
38.6%
30.7%
20.4%
3.1%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)
12.8%
10.5%
4.9%
1.6%
n/a
Asian Americans
7.6%
3.2%
1.0%
0.2%
n/a
Other race
5.3%
3.1%
2.8%
0.2%
n/a
Top private-sector Buffalo area employers, 2020Source: Invest Buffalo Niagara[131] · Economy
1
1
Rank
1
Employer
Kaleida Health
Employees
8,359
2
2
Rank
2
Employer
Catholic Health
Employees
7,623
3
3
Rank
3
Employer
M&T Bank
Employees
7,400
4
4
Rank
4
Employer
Tops Friendly Markets
Employees
5,374
5
5
Rank
5
Employer
Seneca Gaming Corp.
Employees
3,402
6
6
Rank
6
Employer
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
Employees
3,328
7
7
Rank
7
Employer
GEICO
Employees
3,250
8
8
Rank
8
Employer
Wegmans
Employees
3,102
9
9
Rank
9
Employer
HSBC Bank USA
Employees
3,000
10
10
Rank
10
Employer
General Motors
Employees
2,981
Rank
Employer
Employees
1
Kaleida Health
8,359
2
Catholic Health
7,623
3
M&T Bank
7,400
4
Tops Friendly Markets
5,374
5
Seneca Gaming Corp.
3,402
6
Roswell Park Cancer Institute
3,328
7
GEICO
3,250
8
Wegmans
3,102
9
HSBC Bank USA
3,000
10
General Motors
2,981
Professional sports teams in Buffalo · Sports
Buffalo Bills
Buffalo Bills
Team
Buffalo Bills
Sport
American football
League
NFL
Founded
1959
Venue (capacity)
Highmark Stadium (71,608)
Championships
1964 and 1965
Buffalo Bisons
Buffalo Bisons
Team
Buffalo Bisons
Sport
Baseball
League
IL
Founded
1979
Venue (capacity)
Sahlen Field (16,600)
Championships
1997, 1998, 2004
Buffalo Sabres
Buffalo Sabres
Team
Buffalo Sabres
Sport
Ice hockey
League
NHL
Founded
1970
Venue (capacity)
KeyBank Center (19,070)
Buffalo Bandits
Buffalo Bandits
Team
Buffalo Bandits
Sport
Lacrosse
League
NLL
Founded
1992
Venue (capacity)
KeyBank Center (19,070)
Championships
1992, 1993, 1996, 2008, 2023, 2024, 2025
Buffalo Pro Soccer
Buffalo Pro Soccer
Team
Buffalo Pro Soccer
Sport
Soccer
League
USLC
Founded
2024
Venue (capacity)
TBD
Team
Sport
League
Founded
Venue (capacity)
Championships
Buffalo Bills
American football
NFL
1959
Highmark Stadium (71,608)
1964 and 1965
Buffalo Bisons
Baseball
IL
1979
Sahlen Field (16,600)
1997, 1998, 2004
Buffalo Sabres
Ice hockey
NHL
1970
KeyBank Center (19,070)
Buffalo Bandits
Lacrosse
NLL
1992
KeyBank Center (19,070)
1992, 1993, 1996, 2008, 2023, 2024, 2025
Buffalo Pro Soccer
Soccer
USLC
2024
TBD

References

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  2. Sources disagree on the creek's etymology. Although its name possibly originated from French fur traders and Native Amer
  3. When traveling with an ox and wagon team.
  4. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year o
  5. Official records for Buffalo kept January 1871 to June 1943 at downtown and at Buffalo Niagara Int'l since July 1943. Fo
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  6. From a 15-percent sample.
  7. An exception before the mid-20th century was Jewish residents of the East Side during the 1920s, although they left the
  8. The Buffalo Bills' championships in 1964 and 1965 were with the American Football League, prior to the AFL-NFL Merger
  9. The New York Jets and the New York Giants play at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.
  10. Average annual daily traffic, 2019.
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  234. News 4 Buffalo
    https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/buffalo/chris-scanlon-assumes-role-as-acting-mayor-of-buffalo-an-incredible-responsibility/
  235. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local-gop-cant-go-it-alone/article_26988633-5fd8-5127-aec0-600f7fbe5461.html
  236. Partnership for the Public Good
    https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/government/local_government_bodies/buffalo_common_council_2019.pdf
  237. News 4 Buffalo
    https://www.wivb.com/news/local-news/buffalo/councilman-bryan-bollman-ready-to-become-buffalo-common-council-president/
  238. Erie County Board of Elections
    https://elections.erie.gov/MapPdf/CNTY-LEG-24X30_2017.pdf
  239. NYCOURTS.gov
    http://ww2.nycourts.gov/courts/8jd/structure.shtml
  240. "FBI Buffalo Division"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110310043306/http://buffalo.fbi.gov/
  241. City of Buffalo
    https://www.buffalony.gov/1306/2020-21-Adopted-Budget
  242. Investigative Post
    https://www.investigativepost.org/2024/10/15/brown-resigns-addition-by-subtraction/
  243. New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services
    http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/crimnet/ojsa/greenbook.pdf
  244. City of Buffalo
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  245. Encyclopedia of Street Crime in America
  246. Attorney General of New York
    https://ag.ny.gov/press-release/2019/attorney-general-james-provides-funds-police-body-worn-cameras-buffalo-niagara
  247. Partership for the Public Good
    https://ppgbuffalo.org/buffalo-commons/library/resource:building-a-safer-buffalo-invest-in-communities-divest-from-police/
  248. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/04/14/cariol-horne-pension-ruling/
  249. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/05/us/buffalo-police-suspension-shoving-man-trnd/index.html
  250. Buffalo Business First
    https://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/news/2019/11/13/amrs-tim-frost-is-connecting-emergency-services.html
  251. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/28-new-firefighters-bring-buffalo-fire-department-to-full-staff/article_b9d1a650-9c59-528d-a418-1e7cca3d2905.html
  252. City of Buffalo Charter
    https://ecode360.com/13552038
  253. WBFO
    https://news.wbfo.org/post/all-aboard-cotter-special-family-reunion
  254. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/13/nyregion/13vacant.html
  255. Partnership for the Public Good
    https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/housing_neighborhoods/housing_conditions_and_repairs/housingneighborhoods-_buffalos_demolition_strategy.pdf
  256. "The youngest of the 10 people killed in the Buffalo shooting was laid to rest"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220523131309/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/21/1100560941/the-youngest-of-the-10-buffalo-shooting-victims-was-laid-to-rest
  257. Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/ten-killed-in-mass-shooting-at-jefferson-avenue-supermarket-shooter-in-custody/article_6e8132fa-d3b7-11ec-a714-2b3fbeaf848c.html
  258. Investigative Post
    https://www.investigativepost.org/2023/10/09/further-decline-at-the-buffalo-news/
  259. Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalo-news-plans-to-close-downtown-production-facility-move-printing-to-cleveland/article_94ee0dca-b12c-11ed-a16a-73c8d722aade.html
  260. Editor and Publisher
    https://www.editorandpublisher.com/stories/buffalo-news-plans-to-close-downtown-production-facility-move-printing-to-cleveland,242390
  261. The Record
    https://buffstaterecord.com/about/
  262. The Spectrum
    https://www.ubspectrum.com/page/about
  263. University at Buffalo Research Library (Lockwood)
    https://research.lib.buffalo.edu/c.php?g=540390&p=3702822
  264. Investigative Post
    https://www.investigativepost.org/about-us/
  265. buffalospree.com
    https://www.buffalospree.com/wny_life/city_buzz/media-watch-hate-him-if-you-want/article_98b894a9-87c8-55ad-80aa-482eee4c57dc.html
  266. www.radiolineup.com
    https://www.radiolineup.com/locate/Buffalo-NY
  267. radio-locator.com
    https://radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/locate?select=city&city=Buffalo&state=NY
  268. WNED-TV
    https://www.wned.org/about/commitment-to-canada/
  269. Nielsen
    https://www.nielsen.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2019/09/2019-20-dma-ranker.pdf
  270. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/buffalos-star-turn/article_c7cfb11d-973f-5d32-b596-a4e798e09cc2.html
  271. WKBW-TV
    https://www.wkbw.com/news/marshall-isnt-the-first-movie-to-be-filmed-in-buffalo
  272. WIVB-TV
    http://wivb.com/2015/04/15/buffalo-opens-up-for-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-2-but-shuts-down-some-roads/
  273. WBFO
    http://news.wbfo.org/post/locally-shot-american-side-premiere-buffalo
  274. NYup.com
    https://www.newyorkupstate.com/buffalo/2018/01/the_first_purge_movie_poster_trump.html
  275. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/movies/buffalo-is-magical-in-true-adventures-of-wolfboy/article_2adefa76-2442-11eb-af31-bbf290f8a363.html
  276. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/could-a-quiet-place-2-surpass-the-natural-in-buffalo-film-history/article_f2990cfe-6244-5c13-a40e-0a23701e25c5.html
  277. The Buffalo News
    https://www.buffalonews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?aid=/20130112/cityandregion/130119679/1153
  278. NYup.com
    https://www.newyorkupstate.com/buffalo/2021/02/hollywood-in-western-ny-buffalo-to-get-two-new-major-motion-picture-film-studios.html
  279. Buffalo Business First
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  280. Buffalo Public Schools
    https://www.buffaloschools.org/Domain/18
  281. Statistical Highlights 2016-17
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  282. New York State Senate
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  283. Buffalo City School District
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  284. New York State Education Department Data Site
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  285. U.S. News & World Report, 2021 Best U.S. High Schools
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  286. Buffalo Public Schools
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  287. Buffalo Business First
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  288. Carnegie Classifications
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  289. University at Buffalo
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  290. University at Buffalo
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  291. University at Buffalo
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  292. U.S. News & World Report
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  293. A Selection of Works on the History of Buffalo State College
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  294. The Buffalo News
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  295. Buffalo and Erie County Public Library
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  296. Buffalo and Erie County Public Library
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  297. The Buffalo News
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  298. Buffalo and Erie County Public Library
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  299. New York State Office of Mental Health - Buffalo Psychiatric Center
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  300. Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus
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  301. University at Buffalo School of Medicine, Department of Neurology
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  302. U.S. News & World Report
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  303. Joseph Ellicott and the Holland Land Company
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  304. City on the Lake: The Challenge of Change in Buffalo, New York
  305. Google Maps
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  306. New York State Department of Transportation
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  307. Google Maps
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  308. Google Maps
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  309. The Buffalo News
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  310. Google Maps
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  311. Google Maps
    https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.8969348,-78.8140088/2046-2036+NY-130,+Buffalo,+NY+14212/@42.8996083,-78.8639415,13.28z/data=!4m9!4m8!1m0!1m5!1m1!1s0x89d30d06c4238bb9:0xf3d5d311895f9d32!2m2!1d-78.7995607!2d42.8987313!3e0
  312. Google Maps
    https://www.google.com/maps/dir/42.9566426,-78.9120174/42.8928545,-78.8842519/@42.9248086,-78.9330377,13z/am=t/data=!3m1!4b1!4m24!4m23!1m20!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9079506!2d42.9471277!3s0x89d36cb50c75e383:0xdc81f2ed8e28d708!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9047975!2d42.9394796!3s0x89d31336724a44c9:0x8d9b9aa4e9ac3d0b!3m4!1m2!1d-78.9019593!2d42.9339801!3s0x89d31339de4ff315:0x33e064d09dfadf10!3m4!1m2!1d-78.8902903!2d42.8992906!3s0x89d313aeb4597201:0x861f6afba08a398f!1m0!3e0
  313. Governing
    http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html
  314. Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
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  315. Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority
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  316. American Public Transport Association
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  317. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/will-amherst-embrace-metro-rail-extension-this-time/article_69c9b40a-a670-5e56-a765-64f543d8963f.html
  318. Buffalo Niagara International Airport
    https://www.buffaloairport.com/about-the-airport/airport-history
  319. Port Authority of NY & NJ
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  320. The Buffalo News
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  321. WIVB
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  322. Partnership for the Public Good
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  323. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/buffalos-new-downtown-train-station-draws-rave-reviews-its-gorgeous/article_e8f29a02-2485-11eb-ab09-671d46b378cf.html
  324. The Historical Guide to North American Railroads: Histories, Figures, and Features of more than 160 Railroads Abandoned or Merged since 1930
  325. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/nfta-says-moving-bus-terminal-to-train-station-would-come-with-high-cost/article_88d0e35d-489a-5d1a-8e68-5f421dbb25db.html
  326. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
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  327. Buffalo Rising
    https://www.buffalorising.com/2020/07/niagara-street-now-other-streets-next/
  328. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/entertainment/can-buffalo-niagara-boost-its-walkability/article_212fad0c-c1c6-5d93-83af-d1daddccaacd.html
  329. Buffalo Water, managed by Veolia
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  330. Buffalo Business First
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  331. United States Environmental Protection Agency
    https://echo.epa.gov/biosolids-facility-report?id=NYL028410
  332. Buffalo Police Department Manual of Procedures
    https://www.buffalony.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7562/CHAPTER-14---COOPERATION-WITH-OTHER-AGENCIESpdf
  333. The Buffalo News
    https://buffalonews.com/news/local/as-buffalos-internet-speeds-rank-among-slowest-in-u-s-consumers-cant-do-much/article_86a2ab2b-bccf-54fa-bd6e-aa1e29cd6c44.html
  334. City of Buffalo
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  335. City of Buffalo
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  336. WBFO
    https://news.wbfo.org/post/blizzard-warning-driving-ban-state-emergency-buffalo
  337. WGRZ-TV
    https://www.wgrz.com/article/news/local/buffalo-residents-urged-to-stay-home-as-crews-clear-city-streets/71-d2f739fa-2c98-423f-b964-146782933bf6
  338. Manual of Procedures
    https://www.buffalony.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7575/CHAPTER-7---TRAFFICpdf
  339. International Joint Commission
    https://www.ijc.org/en/nbc/lake-erie-niagara-river-ice-boom-installation-2020
  340. International Joint Commission
    https://www.ijc.org/en/nbc/watershed/faq/6
  341. "Lake Erie-Niagara River ICE BOOM"
    https://legacyfiles.ijc.org/tinymce/uploaded/INBC/ice_glace-info_e.pdf
  342. Performance of the Lake Erie Ice Boom, Eight Years After Major Design Modifications in 1997
    https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.498.4173
  343. City of Buffalo
    https://www.buffalony.gov/645/Buffalo-Sister-Cities
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