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Brooklyn Bridge

Updated: Wikipedia source

Brooklyn Bridge

The Brooklyn Bridge is a cable-stayed suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River. It was also the longest suspension bridge in the world when opened, with a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m) and a deck 127 ft (38.7 m) above mean high water. The span was originally called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge but was officially renamed the Brooklyn Bridge in 1915. Proposals for a bridge connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn were first made in the early 19th century; these plans evolved into what is now the Brooklyn Bridge, designed by John A. Roebling. The project's chief engineer, his son Washington Roebling, contributed further design work, assisted by the latter's wife, Emily Warren Roebling. Construction started in 1870 and was overseen by the New York Bridge Company, which in turn was controlled by the Tammany Hall political machine. Numerous controversies and the novelty of the design prolonged the project over thirteen years. After opening, the Brooklyn Bridge underwent several reconfigurations, having carried horse-drawn vehicles and elevated railway lines until 1950. To alleviate increasing traffic flows, additional bridges and tunnels were built across the East River. Due to gradual deterioration, the Brooklyn Bridge was renovated several times, including in the 1950s, 1980s, and 2010s. The Brooklyn Bridge is the southernmost of five vehicular bridges connecting Manhattan Island and Long Island, with the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (formerly known as the Triborough Bridge) to the north. Only passenger vehicles and pedestrian and bicycle traffic are permitted. A major tourist attraction since it opened, the Brooklyn Bridge has become an icon of New York City. Over the years, the bridge has been used for stunts and performances, as well as several crimes, attacks and vandalism. The Brooklyn Bridge is designated a National Historic Landmark, a New York City landmark, and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark.

Infobox

Coordinates
mw- 40°42′21″N 73°59′47″W / 40.7057°N 73.9964°W / 40.7057; -73.9964
Carries
5 lanes of roadway Elevated trains (until 1944) Streetcars (until 1950) Pedestrians and bicycles
Crosses
East River
Locale
New York City (Civic Center, Manhattan – Dumbo/Brooklyn Heights, Brooklyn)
Maintained by
New York City Department of Transportation
ID number
22400119
Design
Cable-stayed suspension bridge
Total length
6,016 ft (1,833.7 m; 1.1 mi)[a]
Width
85 ft (25.9 m)
Height
272 ft (82.9 m) (towers)
Longest span
1,595.5 ft (486.3 m)
Clearance below
127 ft (38.7 m) above mean high water
Designer
John Augustus Roebling
Constructed by
New York Bridge Company
Opened
May 24, 1883; 142 years ago (1883-05-24)
Daily traffic
121,930 (2019)
Toll
Free (Manhattan-bound to FDR Drive north, and Brooklyn-bound)Variable congestion charge (Manhattan-bound to all other exits)
Built
1869–1883
Architectural style
Gothic Revival
NRHP reference No.
66000523
NYSRHP No.
06101.001644
NYCL No.
0098
Added to NRHP
October 15, 1966
Designated NHL
January 29, 1964
Designated NYSRHP
June 23, 1980
Designated NYCL
August 24, 1967

Tables

· Usage › Vehicular traffic › Exit list
Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Borough
Brooklyn
Location
Brooklyn Heights
mi
0.0
km
0.0
Destinations
Tillary Street / Adams Street south
Notes
Pedestrian and bicycle path
0.4
0.4
Borough
0.4
Location
0.64
mi
I-278 east (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway)
km
Northbound entrance only; exit 28B on I-278
Cadman Plaza West to I-278 (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway)
Cadman Plaza West to I-278 (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway)
Borough
Cadman Plaza West to I-278 (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway)
Location
Southbound exit only; access to I-278 via Old Fulton/Prospect Streets
East River
East River
Borough
East River
Location
0.7–1.0
mi
1.1–1.6
km
Suspension span
Manhattan
Manhattan
Borough
Manhattan
Location
Financial District
mi
1.2
km
1.9
Destinations
Park Row north
Notes
Northbound exit only; closed to regular traffic since the September 11 terrorist attacks
1.3
1.3
Borough
1.3
Location
2.1
mi
FDR Drive / Pearl Street
km
Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 2 on FDR Drive
1.4
1.4
Borough
1.4
Location
2.3
mi
Park Row south
km
Northbound exit and southbound entrance; pedestrian staircase
1.5
1.5
Borough
1.5
Location
2.4
mi
Chambers Street / Centre Street to NY 9A (West Street) / Church Street
km
Pedestrian and bicycle path
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Borough
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Borough
Location
mi
km
Destinations
Notes
Brooklyn
Brooklyn Heights
0.0
0.0
Tillary Street / Adams Street south
Pedestrian and bicycle path
0.4
0.64
I-278 east (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway)
Northbound entrance only; exit 28B on I-278
Cadman Plaza West to I-278 (Brooklyn–Queens Expressway)
Southbound exit only; access to I-278 via Old Fulton/Prospect Streets
East River
0.7–1.0
1.1–1.6
Suspension span
Manhattan
Financial District
1.2
1.9
Park Row north
Northbound exit only; closed to regular traffic since the September 11 terrorist attacks
1.3
2.1
FDR Drive / Pearl Street
Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 2 on FDR Drive
1.4
2.3
Park Row south
Northbound exit and southbound entrance; pedestrian staircase
1.5
2.4
Chambers Street / Centre Street to NY 9A (West Street) / Church Street
Pedestrian and bicycle path
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References

  1. Sources disagree on whether the length of the Brooklyn Bridge is 6,016 feet (1,834 m) or 5,989 feet (1,825 m).
  2. Together with the Clifton Suspension Bridge of 1864
  3. The largest eyebars, which carry more stress, are located furthest away from the anchor plates. The eyebars closer to th
  4. By 1880, Haigh was incarcerated in Sing Sing prison for an unrelated crime.
  5. Under the plan, drivers traveling westbound from the bridge to FDR Drive north, or from FDR Drive to the bridge eastboun
  6. "NYC DOT Bridges & Tunnels Annual Condition Report 2015"
    https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/dot_bridgereport15.pdf
  7. "Brooklyn Bridge"
    https://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0098.pdf
  8. The World Almanac & Book of Facts
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  9. Brooklyn Citizen Almanac
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  10. National Park Service 1966, p. 2.
  11. Barnes 1883, p. 28.
  12. McCullough 1972, pp. 29–31.
  13. New-York Tribune
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  14. "NOAA National Ocean Service Coast Survey Navigational Chart #12335: Hudson and East Rivers, Governors Island to 67th Street"
    https://charts.noaa.gov/PDFs/12335.pdf
  15. "Brooklyn Bridge Facts, History and Information"
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  16. "NYC DOT – Data Feeds (NYC Bridge & Screenline Traffic Volumes Dashboard)"
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  17. "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)"
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  18. National Register of Historic Places
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  20. Federal Highway Administration
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  21. Talbot 2011, p. 1.
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  30. The Washington Post
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  31. The New York Times
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  32. A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges: Their Design, Construction and Erection
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  33. Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center
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  35. The New York Times
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  36. National Park Service 1966, p. 7.
  37. Engineering Record, Building Record and Sanitary Engineer
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  39. Brooklyn Bridge Promenade 2016, pp. 26–27.
  40. Brooklyn Bridge Promenade Recommendation Report 2016, p. 10.
  41. am New York
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  42. Hartford Courant
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  43. History of Bronx Borough, City of New York
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  44. nyc.gov
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  46. The New York Times
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  47. The New York Times
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  48. Skate Newswire
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  49. The New York Times
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  50. Time Out New York
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  51. Gothamist
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  52. McCullough 1972, pp. 350–351.
  53. The New York Sun
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  54. The New York Times
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  55. The New York Times
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  56. New York Daily News
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  57. The Morning Call
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  58. McCullough 1972, p. 308.
  59. National Park Service 1966, p. 5.
  60. The New York Times
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  61. NPR.org
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  62. The New York Times
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  63. New York
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  64. The New York Times
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  65. "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Ligonier Point Historic District"
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  66. Islands of the Mid-Maine Coast
  67. New York Daily News
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  68. McCullough 1972, p. 564.
  69. National Park Service 1966, pp. 2, 5.
  70. Island Time: An Illustrated History of St. Simons Island, Georgia
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  71. Structure magazine
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  73. New York Daily Herald
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  75. The New York Times
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  76. The New York Times
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  77. "John Augustus Roebling"
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  79. An Act to Incorporate the New York Bridge Company, For the Purpose of Constructing and Maintaining a Bridge over the East River, Between the Cities of New York and Brooklyn
    https://archive.org/details/ldpd_11290456_000
  80. The New York Times
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  81. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
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  82. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/4203536/
  83. The New York Times
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  85. McCullough 1972, pp. 26–28.
  86. McCullough 1972, pp. 35–38.
  87. McCullough 1972, pp. 85–89.
  88. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
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  89. McCullough 1972, pp. 90–91.
  90. The New York Times
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  91. Wagner 2017, p. 15.
  92. McCullough 1972, pp. 128–129.
  93. "Brooklyn Bridge"
    https://historicbridges.org/bridges/browser/?bridgebrowser=newyork/brooklyn/
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  95. The American Promise: A History of the United States
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  96. Pneumatic Tower Foundations of the East River Suspension Bridge
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  97. McCullough 1972, p. 196.
  98. The New York Times
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  99. New York Herald
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  100. McCullough 1972, pp. 242–245.
  101. McCullough 1972, pp. 202–203.
  102. Talbot 2011, p. 3.
  103. New York Daily Herald
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  104. The New York Times
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  105. Engineering Timelines
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  106. The New York Times
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  107. The Physiological, Pathological and Therapeutical Effects of Compressed Air
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  108. South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal
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  109. McCullough 1972, p. 294.
  110. Brooklyn Union
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  111. Undersea Hyperb Med
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  112. McCullough 1972, pp. 297–298.
  113. "Emily Warren Roebling"
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  114. The New York Times
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  115. McCullough 1972, p. 333.
  116. New York Daily Herald
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33025080/
  117. The New York Times
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  118. The New York Times
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  119. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
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  120. McCullough 1972, p. 325.
  121. McCullough 1972, p. 338.
  122. McCullough 1972, pp. 335–336.
  123. designboom.com
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  124. Barnes 1883, p. 16.
  125. McCullough 1972, p. 307.
  126. Brooklyn Times Union
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  127. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/33025598/
  128. National Park Service 1966, p. 6.
  129. Brooklyn Times-Union
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33026059/
  130. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1877/09/11/archives/the-suspension-bridge-progress-of-the-great-work-the-archways-east.html
  131. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1876/08/15/archives/the-east-river-bridge-the-first-wires-stretched-between-the-newyork.html
  132. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/50368739/
  133. McCullough 1972, pp. 358–359.
  134. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1876/08/30/archives/local-miscellany-work-on-the-east-river-bridge-another-wire-carried.html
  135. McCullough 1972, p. 360.
  136. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1876/08/26/archives/a-ride-over-east-river-the-bridge-machinery-working-the-traveler.html
  137. New-York Tribune
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33127318/
  138. McCullough 1972, p. 397.
  139. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1876/12/28/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-opening-of-the-bids-for-the-wire-for-the-main.html
  140. McCullough 1972, p. 369.
  141. McCullough 1972, p. 381.
  142. McCullough 1972, p. 393.
  143. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1877/01/16/archives/the-east-river-bridge-decision-of-the-trustees-in-favor-of-the-use.html
  144. McCullough 1972, p. 396.
  145. McCullough 1972, pp. 400–401.
  146. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1877/07/07/archives/the-east-river-bridge-satisfactory-progress-of-the-work-how-the.html
  147. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1877/05/27/archives/the-east-river-bridge-slow-but-satisfactory-work-placing-the-great.html
  148. McCullough 1972, pp. 405–408.
  149. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/33132897/
  150. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1877/10/02/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-first-fall-meeting-of-the-trustees-a-discussion.html
  151. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1878/05/21/archives/work-on-the-east-river-bridge-the-main-cables-more-than-twothirds.html
  152. McCullough 1972, pp. 438–440.
  153. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1878/06/15/archives/killed-by-a-cable-strand-fatal-crash-at-the-brooklyn-bridge-the.html
  154. Brooklyn Times Union
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33133201/
  155. New York Daily Herald
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43118341/
  156. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge
  157. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/19592569/brooklyn_daily_eagle_the_bridge/
  158. Bridges of New York
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868273040
  159. McCullough 1972, pp. 443–444, 447.
  160. In the Shadow of Genius: The Brooklyn Bridge and Its Creators
    https://books.google.com/books?id=8L-IDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114
  161. McCullough 1972, p. 451.
  162. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1879/07/02/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-will-the-trustees-get-good-or-bad-steel-for-the.html
  163. The Daily Gazette
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/40735704/
  164. Brooklyn Times-Union
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33162797/
  165. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1879/07/08/archives/controller-steinmetzs-letter-hon-henry-o-murphy-president-board.html
  166. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1880/02/03/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-an-important-steel-contract-discussed-salaries.html
  167. New-York Tribune
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33192926/
  168. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1881/11/09/archives/steel-for-the-brooklyn-bridge.html
  169. McCullough 1972, p. 485.
  170. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1882/06/25/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-again.html
  171. McCullough 1972, pp. 494–495.
  172. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1882/08/24/archives/progress-of-the-brooklyn-bridge.html
  173. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/02/13/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-bids-for-lighting-the-structure-by-electricity.html
  174. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/03/13/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-a-schedule-of-tolls-reportedthe-future-control.html
  175. McCullough 1972, p. 424.
  176. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/11/07/archives/the-big-brooklyn-bridge-the-supreme-court-asked-to-call-it-an.html
  177. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1879/03/21/archives/city-and-suburban-news-newyork-brooklyn-newjersey.html
  178. The Evening Post
    https://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fultonhistory.com%2FNewspaper%252010%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201879%2520Grayscale%2FNew%2520York%2520NY%2520Evening%2520Post%25201879%2520Grayscale%2520-%25200262.pdf
  179. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/11/27/archives/the-brooklyn-bridge-suit-the-united-states-supreme-court-decides.html
  180. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/3967942/
  181. "Brooklyn Daily Eagle Timeline"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20071114135249/http://eagle.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/Archive/skins/BE/NavigationSites/what.htm
  182. Gentleman Boss
    https://archive.org/details/gentlemanbosslif00reev/page/359
  183. Encyclopædia Britannica
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hewitt,_Abram_Stevens
  184. Haw 2005, pp. 30–32.
  185. Hewitt 1883, p. 297.
  186. Poughkeepsie Eagle-News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27693615/
  187. Buffalo Commercial
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33260522/
  188. How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
    https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf
  189. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1956/11/03/archives/city-pays-off-brooklyn-bridge-of-1883-interest-was-double-cost-of.html
  190. Bridges of Dublin
    http://www.bridgesofdublin.ie/bridge-building/famous-bridges/brooklyn-bridge-1883
  191. New York City Firsts: Big Apple Innovations That Changed the Nation and the World
    https://books.google.com/books?id=E6JvEAAAQBAJ
  192. Niagara Falls Info
    https://www.niagarafallsinfo.com/niagara-falls-history/niagara-falls-municipal-history/historic-bridges-in-niagara/the-first-falls-view-suspension-bridge/
  193. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/07/04/archives/finishing-the-bridge-the-railroad-the-sandsstreet-entrances-and-the.html
  194. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/05/31/archives/dead-on-the-new-bridge-fatal-crush-at-the-western-approach.html
  195. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/06/03/archives/work-on-the-bridge-precautions-to-be-taken-to-prevent-future.html
  196. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/07/10/archives/managing-the-bridge-the-trustees-adopt-a-plan-for-protection.html
  197. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1883/09/25/archives/the-grip-begins-its-work-by-cable-over-the-brooklyn-bridge-many.html
  198. Small 1957, p. 5.
  199. Twenty-One Elephants
    https://archive.org/details/twentyoneelephan00phil
  200. Twenty-One Elephants and Still Standing
  201. McCullough 1972, pp. 546–547.
  202. Small 1957, pp. 10–11.
  203. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1893/05/25/archives/brooklyn-bridge-anniversary-statistics-as-to-its-work-and-income.html
  204. Art of the Brooklyn Bridge: A Visual History
    https://books.google.com/books?id=ungu-NmjQNgC&dq=Linda+Gilbert&pg=PA90
  205. Small 1957, p. 14.
  206. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1898/02/17/archives/trolleys-on-the-bridge-cars-of-five-brooklyn-lines-cross-the.html
  207. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1902/03/16/archives/doubledeck-plan-for-brooklyn-bridge-mr-hildenbrand-criticises.html
  208. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1901/07/25/archives/big-break-alarms-vast-bridge-crowd-twelye-suspension-rods-on-the.html
  209. New-York Tribune
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33420836/
  210. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1902/08/13/archives/inspection-of-the-brooklyn-bridge-commissioner-lindenthal-says-it.html
  211. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1907/08/25/archives/safeguarding-the-brooklyn-bridge.html
  212. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1890/01/07/archives/the-second-brooklyn-bridge.html
  213. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/12/20/105070115.pdf
  214. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/03/31/101873802.pdf
  215. The New York Times
    https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/01/01/104915453.pdf
  216. McCullough 1972, p. 551.
  217. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/19/archives/prize-fund-for-atwood-talk-of-one-after-washington-commerce-chamber.html
  218. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/33421526/
  219. Brooklyn by Name: How the Neighborhoods, Streets, Parks, Bridges, And More .
    https://books.google.com/books?id=xdCL5VWmM4MC&pg=PA41
  220. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1922/07/07/archives/brooklyn-bridge-closed-to-motor-traffic-manhattan-bridge-to.html
  221. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1922/07/29/archives/brooklyn-bridge-safe-but-rebuild-it-whalen-advises-two-big-cables.html
  222. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1922/07/30/archives/wants-new-bridge-at-twentythird-st-whalen-would-build-another-span.html
  223. The Christian Science Monitor
    https://www.proquest.com/docview/511453785
  224. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1924/12/18/archives/may-1-to-see-autos-on-brooklyn-bridge-passenger-traffic-will-be.html
  225. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1925/05/12/archives/to-reopen-brooklyn-bridge-to-passenger-autos-today.html
  226. The Hartford Courant
    https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-4153
  227. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gripes-ended-1/138813792/
  228. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1948/09/04/archives/brooklyn-bridge-to-be-modernized-as-highway-for-6000-cars-an-hour.html
  229. Poughkeepsie Journal
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33294890/
  230. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1949/01/16/archives/brooklyn-bridge-to-carry-6-lanes-steel-mesh-roadway-ready-in-1950.html
  231. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1951/07/23/archives/new-approaches-to-speed-brooklyn-bridge-traffic.html
  232. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1950/01/23/archives/as-brooklyn-brdge-was-closed-completely-for-first-time-since.html
  233. Small 1957, p. 20.
  234. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1950/03/03/archives/brooklyn-bridge-traffic-will-undergo-changes.html
  235. Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33455201/
  236. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/03/archives/brooklyn-bridge-gets-a-new-lane-new-threelane-road-opened-on.html
  237. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1953/10/01/archives/new-threelane-north-roadway-of-brooklyn-bridge-opened-to-traffic.html
  238. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/04/archives/brooklyn-bridge-back-in-full-use-strollers-and-drivers-happy-as.html
  239. National Geographic News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060411045054/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/03/0324_060324_brooklyn.html
  240. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1951/04/11/archives/war-barricades-set-up-on-bridges-city-prepares-to-protect-its.html
  241. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1944/06/05/archives/planning-to-give-the-city-a-clearer-view-of-its-famed-brooklyn.html
  242. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1954/06/23/archives/3level-road-link-in-brooklyn-open-downtown-congestion-eased-by.html
  243. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/11/archives/new-entrance-ready-for-brooklyn-bridge.html
  244. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33508031/
  245. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/07/archives/new-traffic-link-in-the-heart-of-brooklyn-is-opened.html
  246. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1954/11/05/archives/wide-bridge-link-set-for-brooklyn-fulton-streetatlantic-ave-stretch.html
  247. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1959/01/04/archives/brooklyn-to-open-new-courthouse-mayor-and-judges-to-speak-tomorrow.html
  248. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/24/archives/brooklyn-bridge-marks-75th-year-once-hailed-as-8th-wonder-of-world.html
  249. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1959/07/23/archives/brooklyn-repairs-bridge-anchorage.html
  250. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1953/01/08/archives/plan-marks-doom-of-world-building-commission-approves-wagners.html
  251. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33508590/
  252. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1956/12/18/archives/plaza-job-started-at-brooklyn-bridge.html
  253. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1966/10/21/archives/work-is-starting-on-brooklyn-bridge-southwest-a-total-renewal.html
  254. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1965/09/04/archives/brooklyn-bridge-will-get-ramps-2year-project-designed-to-ease.html
  255. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1968/04/17/archives/brooklyn-bridge-ramp-opened.html
  256. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1969/06/22/archives/brooklyn-bridge-getting-ramp-to-fdr-drive-1500foot-exit-is-latest.html
  257. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33566928/
  258. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33567609/
  259. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/17/nyregion/bridge-troubles-provide-a-case-study-of-neglect.html
  260. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1974/01/27/archives/newspaper-vans-lose-right-to-use-brooklyn-bridge.html
  261. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/27/archives/new-jersey-pages-new-york-bridges-arent-falling-but-some-are.html
  262. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/30/nyregion/brooklyn-bridge-to-get-new-set-of-steel-cables.html
  263. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33568240/
  264. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1981/06/29/nyregion/2-steel-cables-snap-on-brooklyn-bridge.html
  265. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32995318/
  266. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32995219/
  267. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/04/nyregion/the-city-bridge-entrance-shut-in-brooklyn.html
  268. Brooklyn Bridge Promenade Recommendation Report 2016, p. 5.
  269. New York Daily News
    https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32995466/
  270. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/02/nyregion/high-lead-levels-found-near-3-east-river-bridges.html
  271. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/05/nyregion/as-concrete-falls-city-moves-to-fix-brooklyn-bridge.html
  272. New York Daily News
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  273. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/24/nyregion/24police.html
  274. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/24/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-waterfront-east-river-bridges-are-missing-strings.html
  275. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/01/nyregion/bridges-necklace-lights-to-return.html
  276. City Room
    https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/08/02/brooklyn-bridge-is-one-of-3-with-poor-rating/
  277. City Room
    https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/09/17/brooklyn-bridge-is-safe-city-insists/
  278. New York Daily News
    https://web.archive.org/web/20121029041915/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-08-14/local/27072576_1_brooklyn-bridge-lanes-manhattan-bridge
  279. Brooklyn Paper
    https://www.brooklynpaper.com/paint-fumes-from-brooklyn-bridge-have-locals-breathing-uneasy/
  280. "Rebuilding the Bridge"
    http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/bridges/brooklyn_bridge.shtml
  281. "Rebuilding the Bridge — Brochure"
    http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/brooklyn_bridge_brochure.pdf
  282. "Brooklyn Bridge Rehabilitation Spring 2014 Newsletter"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210121092151/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2014-spring-brooklyn-bridge-newsletter.pdf
  283. Curbed NY
    https://ny.curbed.com/2016/11/11/13598192/brooklyn-bridge-repairs-cost-increase
  284. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/09/nyregion/brooklyn-bridge-expansion.html
  285. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/09/nyregion/brooklyn-bridge-makeover.html
  286. The Villager
    https://www.thevillager.com/2016/05/no-sleep-until-2022-work-on-brooklyn-bridge-begun-in-2010-will-continue-until-2022/
  287. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2018/07/10/landmarks-preservation-commission-approves-brooklyn-bridge-archway-renovations/
  288. am New York
    https://www.amny.com/news/brooklyn-bridge-rehabilitation-1.24461240
  289. The Villager
    https://www.thevillager.com/2019/08/brooklyn-bridge-renovations-to-start-this-fall/
  290. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/04/16/nyregion/brooklyn-bridge-restoration.html
  291. The Wall Street Journal
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/can-a-design-contest-fix-the-brooklyn-bridge-cyclists-hope-so-11581377140
  292. Brooklyn Eagle
    https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2020/02/11/the-brooklyn-bridge-is-crowded-a-new-contest-could-change-that/
  293. Gothamist
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210128221624/https://gothamist.com/news/brooklyn-bridge-will-finally-get-its-own-bike-lane
  294. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/28/nyregion/bike-brooklyn-bridge-de-blasio.html
  295. Gothamist
    http://gothamist.com/news/brooklyn-bridge-bike-lane-construction-starts-june-21st
  296. The New York Times
    https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/18/nyregion/bike-lane-brooklyn-bridge.html
  297. Gothamist
    https://gothamist.com/news/long-awaited-bike-lane-opens-brooklyn-bridge
  298. Curbed
    https://www.curbed.com/2023/01/brooklyn-bridge-overcrowding-street-vendors-pedestrian-plan.html
  299. Brooklyn Eagle
    https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2023/07/25/brooklyn-bridge-vendors-may-soon-be-banned/
  300. ABC7 New York
    https://abc7ny.com/brooklyn-bridge-vendors-ban-nyc/14262934/
  301. ABC7 New York
    https://abc7ny.com/post/key-bridge-collapse-nyc-bridges-among-68-us-recommended-vulnerability-assessments-ntsb-says/16059419/
  302. Curbed
    https://www.curbed.com/2021/09/brooklyn-bridge-new-protected-bike-lane.html
  303. "Brooklyn Bridge's New Bike Lane Draws Praise From Some, Criticism From Others"
    https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2021/09/20/brooklyn-bridge-bicycle-lane-city-hall-park/
  304. www1.nyc.gov
    https://www1.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/motorist/parkway-restrictions.shtml
  305. The Drive
    https://www.thedrive.com/new-cars/1720/8-cars-that-legally-cant-cross-the-brooklyn-bridge
  306. Google Maps
    https://www.google.com/maps/dir/40.6961848,-73.9886764/40.7129455,-74.0042667/@40.7045879,-74.0051564,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!4m1!3e0
  307. Small 1957, pp. 4–5.
  308. Small 1957, p. 9.
  309. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1885/05/12/archives/brooklyn-bridge-extension.html
  310. Brooklyn Daily Eagle
    https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/33325555/
  311. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1895/10/29/archives/brooklyn-bridge-and-electric-power-steps-taken-which-may-result-in.html
  312. Small 1957, p. 12.
  313. Small 1957, p. 15.
  314. Small 1957, pp. 16–17.
  315. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1902/07/02/archives/great-city-building-for-bridge-entrance-rapid-transit-board.html
  316. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1915/08/04/archives/city-has-an-idle-tunnel-unused-tube-connects-two-subway-lines-and.html
  317. Small 1957, p. 18.
  318. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1929/05/08/archives/reopens-under-pass-at-brooklyn-bridge-walker-at-ceremony-clearing.html
  319. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1895/07/24/archives/bridge-terminals-and-trolleys-mayor-schieren-presents-to-trustees-a.html
  320. The New York Times
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  321. Cudahy 2009, pp. 221–222.
  322. Brooklyn Bridge: 1883--1933
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  323. Cudahy 2009, p. 168
  324. Brooklyn Bridge Promenade 2016, pp. 16–19.
  325. Brooklyn Bridge Promenade 2016, pp. 18, 22–23.
  326. The New York Times
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  327. The New York Times
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  328. Brooklyn Bridge Promenade 2016, pp. 15–16.
  329. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1980/04/02/archives/koch-faces-day-ebulliently-he-looks-well-rested.html
  330. The New York Times
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  331. The New York Times
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  332. The New York Times
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  333. The New York Times
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  334. The New York Times
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  335. The Village Voice
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  336. Strogatz 2003, pp. 174–175, 312, 320.
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  337. The New York Times
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  338. The New York Times
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  339. The New York Times
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  340. The New York Times
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  341. Newsday
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  342. New York Daily News
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  343. The New York Times
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  344. The New York Times
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  345. NBC New York
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  346. Gothamist
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  347. The New York Times
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  348. The Life and Adventures of Prof. Robert Emmet Odlum, Containing an Account of His Splendid Natatorium at the National Capital
    https://archive.org/details/lifeadventuresof00odlurich
  349. Raising More Hell and Fewer Dahlias: The Public Life of Charlotte Smith, 1840–1917
  350. The New York Times
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  351. The New York Times
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  352. Warren Sheaf
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  353. The New York Times
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  354. The New York Times
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  355. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-Seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, The British Two-Seater Fighter Observer Aces, And the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian And Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918
  356. "Frenchman Hung up on Lady Liberty: 'I Love America' – August 25, 2001"
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  357. The New York Times
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  358. The New York Times
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  359. The New York Times
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  360. New York Daily News
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  361. The New York Times
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  362. The New York Times
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  363. The New York Times
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  364. The New York Times
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  365. "John Halpern"
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  366. "Art Corporation of America Incorporated BRIDGING 1977"
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  369. "700 Arrested After Protest On Brooklyn Bridge"
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  370. The Guardian
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  371. The Atlantic
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  372. WNBC News
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  373. BBC News
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  374. WNBC News
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  375. WNBC News
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  376. Daily Beast
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  377. BBC News
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  378. WNBC New
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  380. The New York Times
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  381. The New York Times
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  382. New York Daily News
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  383. The New York Times
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  384. The New York Times
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  385. Inc.
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  386. New York Daily News
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  387. "Brooklyn Bridge 125th Anniversary Celebration"
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  389. The New York Times
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  390. Intelligencer
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  392. The New York Times
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  393. The New York Times
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  394. CBS News
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  395. Associated Press News
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  396. "The View from the Brooklyn Bridge In Response to 'The Five Imperatives for Electronic Trade'"
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  398. National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination
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  399. "Brooklyn Bridge"
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  400. "Brooklyn Bridge"
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  401. The New York Times
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  402. New York Sun
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  405. The New York Times
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  406. Haw 2005, p. 145.
  407. The New York Times
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  408. Curbed NY
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  409. Brooklyn Eagle
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  412. The New York Times
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  413. The New York Times
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  414. Chicago Tribune
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  415. McCullough 1972, pp. 548–549.
  416. Brooklyn Bridge: Fact and Symbol
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  417. The Bridge As A Monument
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  418. McCullough 1972, p. 550.
  419. Studies in the History of Art
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  420. Haw 2005, p. 60.
  421. For bibliographical information about the book, see McCullough 1972.
  422. Brooklyn Bridge
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  423. "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World, The Brooklyn Bridge"
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  424. The New York Times
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