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Brian Mulroney

Updated: Wikipedia source

Brian Mulroney

Martin Brian Mulroney (March 20, 1939 – February 29, 2024) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, and politician who served as the 18th prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993 as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Born in the eastern Quebec city of Baie-Comeau, Mulroney studied political science and law. He then moved to Montreal and gained prominence as a labour lawyer. He ran for leader of the Progressive Conservative party in 1976, placing third. In 1977, he was appointed as president of the Iron Ore Company of Canada. He held that post until 1983, when he became leader of the Progressive Conservative Party. Mulroney led the party to a landslide victory in the 1984 federal election, winning the second-largest percentage of seats in Canadian history (at 74.8%) and receiving over 50% of the popular vote. He and his party won a second majority government in 1988. Mulroney's tenure as prime minister was marked by the introduction of major economic reforms, such as the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the goods and services tax (GST) that was created to replace the manufacturers' sales tax, and the privatization of 23 of 61 of Canada's Crown corporations, including Air Canada and Petro-Canada. Mulroney attempted to secure Quebec's endorsement of the 1982 constitutional amendments through the Meech Lake Accord and then the Charlottetown Accord. Both proposed recognizing Quebec as a distinct society, extending provincial powers, and extensively changing the Canadian constitution; however, the accords failed to be ratified, and the Meech Lake Accord's demise revived Quebec separatism and resulted in the formation of the Bloc Québécois. Mulroney's government also faced criticism for its response to the Air India Flight 182 bombing, the largest mass killing in Canadian history. It later signed the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement following a referendum, which led to the creation of the territory of Nunavut. In foreign policy, Mulroney strengthened Canada's ties with the United States, ordered military intervention in the Gulf War, and took a leading role in mobilizing Commonwealth sanctions against the apartheid regime in South Africa. Mulroney made environmental protection a priority by securing a treaty with the United States on acid rain, making Canada the first developed country to ratify the Convention on Biological Diversity, adding eight national parks, and enacting legislation, including the 1988 Environmental Protection Act and the 1992 Environmental Assessment Act. The unpopularity of the GST and the controversy surrounding its passage in the Senate, combined with the early 1990s recession, the prevalence of Canada's chronic budget deficit, the collapse of the Charlottetown Accord, and the rise of the Bloc and the Reform Party (the latter a result of growing Western alienation), caused a stark decline in Mulroney's popularity. He resigned in June 1993 and was replaced by his cabinet minister Kim Campbell. In the election later that year, the Progressive Conservatives were reduced from a parliamentary caucus of 156 to two, with its support being eroded by the Bloc and Reform parties. In his retirement, Mulroney served as an international business consultant and sat on the board of directors of multiple corporations. Although he places above average in rankings of Canadian prime ministers, his legacy remains controversial. He was criticized for his role in the resurgence of Quebec nationalism and accused of corruption in the Airbus affair, a scandal which came to light only several years after he left office.

Infobox

Monarch
Elizabeth II
Governors General
mw- Jeanne SauvéRay Hnatyshyn
Deputy
Erik NielsenDon Mazankowski
Preceded by
Elmer MacKay
Succeeded by
Elmer MacKay
Constituency
Central Nova (1983–1984)Manicouagan (1984–1988)Charlevoix (1988–1993)
Born
Martin Brian Mulroney(1939-03-20)March 20, 1939Baie-Comeau, Quebec, Canada
Died
February 29, 2024(2024-02-29) (aged 84)Palm Beach, Florida, U.S.
Resting place
Notre Dame des Neiges Cemetery, Montreal, Quebec
Political party
Progressive Conservative (1955–2003)Conservative (from 2003)
Spouse
mw- Mila Pivnički (m. 1973)
Children
4, including Caroline and Ben
Relatives
Jessica Mulroney (daughter-in-law)
Education
St. Francis Xavier University (BA)Dalhousie University (no degree)Laval University (LLB)
House of Commons constituencies
House of Commons constituencies Member of Parliamentfor CharlevoixIn officeNovember 21, 1988 – October 25, 1993Preceded byCharles-André HamelinSucceeded byGérard AsselinMember of Parliamentfor ManicouaganIn officeSeptember 4, 1984 – November 21, 1988Preceded byAndré MaltaisSucceeded byCharles LangloisMember of Parliamentfor Central NovaIn officeAugust 29, 1983 – September 4, 1984Preceded byElmer MacKaySucceeded byElmer MacKay
Party
Progressive Conservative (1955–2003)Conservative (from 2003)

Tables

List of budgets passed by the Mulroney government $ represent Canadian billions of unadjusted dollars · Prime Minister (1984–1993) › Economic policy › Deficit
Deficit
Deficit
Budget
Deficit
1985
$33.389
1986
$29.842
1987
$29.017
1988
$27.947
1989
$29.143
1990
$33.899
1991
$32.319
1992
$39.019
1993
$38.5
Budget
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Deficit
$33.389
$29.842
$29.017
$27.947
$29.143
$33.899
$32.319
$39.019
$38.5
· Honours
Ribbon
Description
Notes
Ref
Grand Cross of the National Order of Honour and Merit (Haiti)
Awarded 1994 For "highest recognition for his leadership in vital matters affecting the nation" of Haiti.
Companion of the Order of Canada (C.C.)
Awarded on May 6, 1998 Invested on October 22, 1998
Grand Officer of the Ordre national du Québec
2002 Honouring "Quebec residents for conspicuous achievement in any field".
125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal
1993 As the Prime Minister of Canada and an elected Member of the House of Commons of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney would be awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal for Canada
2002 As a former Prime Minister of Canada and having been awarded the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney was awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal for Canada
2012 As a former Prime Minister of Canada and having been awarded the Order of Canada, the Right Honourable Brian Mulroney was awarded the medal as a member of the Canadian order of precedence.
Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Kniaz Yaroslav the Wise (Ukraine)
2007 Awarded to Mulroney for cementing Canada as the first Western Nation to legitimize Ukrainian independence, only a day after declaration, in 1991.
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (Japan)
2011 Awarded for Mulroney's signing of The Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement, acknowledging the Canadian government's wrongful actions against the Japanese during World War Two. Mulroney's actions to strengthen Japanese-Canadian relations business-wise in the 2000s further complimented the previous reason.
Supreme Companion of O. R. Tambo (Gold) (South Africa)
2015 Awarded for exceptional contribution to the liberation movement of South Africa (aiding to eliminate apartheid and free Nelson Mandela) as well as contributing to a non-racist, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous South Africa.
Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour (France)
2016 Awarded for having served France of the ideals it upholds. The reward was made specifically for French nationals, but is occasionally given to "foreign nationals".
· Honours › Honorary degrees
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador
Location
Newfoundland and Labrador
Date
October 1980
School
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Maryland
Maryland
Location
Maryland
Date
May 21, 1992
School
Johns Hopkins University
Degree
Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)
Connecticut
Connecticut
Location
Connecticut
Date
April 26, 1994
School
Central Connecticut State University
Degree
Doctor of Social Science (D.S.Sc)
Israel
Israel
Location
Israel
Date
1994
School
Tel Aviv University
Degree
Honorary Doctor of Philosophy
Missouri
Missouri
Location
Missouri
Date
May 1998
School
University of Missouri–St. Louis
Degree
Doctor of Laws(LL.D)
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
December 2005
School
Concordia University
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Location
Massachusetts
Date
May 21, 2007
School
Boston College
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
June 15, 2007
School
University of Western Ontario
Degree
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
Quebec
Location
Quebec
Date
June 16, 2007
School
Université Laval
June 3, 2016
June 3, 2016
Location
June 3, 2016
Date
Université de Montréal
School
Unspecified Doctorate (PhD)
June 6, 2017
June 6, 2017
Location
June 6, 2017
Date
McGill University
School
Doctor of Laws
New Brunswick
New Brunswick
Location
New Brunswick
Date
May 15, 2018
School
St. Thomas University
Degree
Unspecified Doctorate
Ontario
Ontario
Location
Ontario
Date
June 25, 2021
School
Ontario Tech University
Degree
Doctor of Laws
Location
Date
School
Degree
Newfoundland and Labrador
October 1980
Memorial University of Newfoundland
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Maryland
May 21, 1992
Johns Hopkins University
Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)
Connecticut
April 26, 1994
Central Connecticut State University
Doctor of Social Science (D.S.Sc)
Israel
1994
Tel Aviv University
Honorary Doctor of Philosophy
Missouri
May 1998
University of Missouri–St. Louis
Doctor of Laws(LL.D)
Quebec
December 2005
Concordia University
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Massachusetts
May 21, 2007
Boston College
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Ontario
June 15, 2007
University of Western Ontario
Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
Quebec
June 16, 2007
Université Laval
June 3, 2016
Université de Montréal
Unspecified Doctorate (PhD)
June 6, 2017
McGill University
Doctor of Laws
New Brunswick
May 15, 2018
St. Thomas University
Unspecified Doctorate
Ontario
June 25, 2021
Ontario Tech University
Doctor of Laws
Coat of arms of Brian Mulroney · Coat of arms
Crest On a helmet mantled Azure doubled Or within a wreath of these colours issuant from a coronet érablé and flory Or a stone palace gate embattled comprising two Roman arches Azure and charged on the lintel with scales of justice Or. Escutcheon Azure on a pale Argent between four coronets érablé Or two and two a dexter hand appaumé and a maple leaf conjoined Gules the hand pointing towards chief the leaf towards base on a canton the Mark of the Prime Ministership of Canada (Argent four maple leaves conjoined in cross at the stem Gules). Supporters Two stallions Or crined and unguled Azure gorged with collars treflé on both edges Vert. Compartment On a grassy mound set with pine cones Or forming a bay rising above barry wavy Argent and Azure. Motto Multum In Amore Patriae Fides Multum Constantia

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