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BrahMos

Updated: Wikipedia source

BrahMos

The BrahMos (also designated as PJ-10) is a long-range, ramjet-powered supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, fighter aircraft or TEL. It is a joint venture between India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Russian Federation's NPO Mashinostroyeniya, who together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is based on P-800 Oniks. The name BrahMos is a portmanteau formed from the names of two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia. Land-launched, ship-launched as well as air-launched versions have been inducted across the services of the Indian Armed Forces. The missile guidance has been developed by BrahMos Aerospace. In 2016, after India joined the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the range of the missile was gradually enhanced. In 2022, the CEO of BrahMos Aerospace, Atul Rane, stated that a future hypersonic missile, designated as the BrahMos-II and based on the 3M22 Zircon, could be developed.

Infobox

Type
Cruise missileAir-launched cruise missileAnti-ship missileLand-attack missileSurface-to-surface missileSubmarine-launched cruise missile
Place of origin
India Russia
In service
21 June 2007 – present
Used by
Indian ArmyIndian NavyIndian Air ForcePhilippine Marine Corps
Wars
mw- li 2025 India–Pakistan conflict
Designer
Defence Research and Development Organisation NPO Mashinostroyeniya
Manufacturer
BrahMos Aerospace Limited
Unit cost
BrahMos: US$ 3.5 million BrahMos-ER: US$ 4.85 million
Variants
Ship-launched Land-launched Submarine-launched Air-launchedBrahMos-ER BrahMos-NG BrahMos-II
Mass
BrahMos: 3,000 kg (6,600 lb)BrahMos-A: 2,500 kg (5,500 lb)BrahMos-NG: 1,200–1,500 kg (2,600–3,300 lb)
Length
BrahMos: 8.4 m (28 ft)BrahMos-NG: 6 m (20 ft)
Diameter
BrahMos: 0.6 m (2.0 ft)BrahMos-NG: 0.5 m (1.6 ft)
Warhead
200–300 kg (440–660 lb) nuclear conventional semi-armour-piercing warhead
Engine
1st Stage: Solid rocket booster [EEL] 2nd Stage: Liquid rocket ramjet [NPO]
Propellant
1st Stage: Solid fuel 2nd Stage: Liquid fuel
Operationalrange
Ship or Land platform : 800–900 km (500–560 mi) Air platform : 450–500 km (280–310 mi) Export : 290 km (180 mi)
Flight ceiling
15 km (49,000 ft)
Flight altitude
Sea skimming, as low as 3 to 10 meters
mw- Maximum speed
Mach 3 (3,700 km/h; 2,300 mph; 1.0 km/s)
Guidancesystem
Mid-course: INS multi-GNSSTerminal: ARH
Accuracy
1 m CEP
Launchplatform
Warship Land-based TEL Submarine Fighter Aircraft

Tables

List of tests across all variants · Testing
1
1
No
1
Date
12 Jun 2001
Variant tested
SSM – Block I
Result
Success
Location
Integrated Test Range
Comments
Tested in vertical configuration
2
2
No
2
Date
28 Apr 2002
Variant tested
SSM – Block I
Result
Integrated Test Range
Platform
Tested on an inclined plane
3
3
No
3
Date
12 February 2003
Variant tested
ASM
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
INS Rajput
4
4
No
4
Date
29 Oct 2003
Variant tested
SSM – Block I
Result
Integrated Test Range
5
5
No
5
Date
9 Nov 2003
Variant tested
SSM – Block I
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
6
6
No
6
Date
23 Nov 2003
Variant tested
ASM
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
INS Rajput
Platform
Fired from a moving ship at a decommissioned vessel
7
7
No
7
Date
13 Jun 2004
Variant tested
SSM – Block I
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
First production missile integrated at BrahMos Integration Complex, Hyderabad
8
8
No
8
Date
3 Nov 2004
Variant tested
ASM
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
INS Rajput
9
9
No
9
Date
21 Dec 2004
Variant tested
SSM
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
First test of land-attack version
10
10
No
10
Date
15 Apr 2005
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Arabian Sea
Location
INS Rajput
11
11
No
11
Date
30 Nov 2005
Variant tested
SSM
User
Indian Army
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
12
12
No
12
Date
31 May 2006
Variant tested
Pokhran Test Range
User
Mobile launcher
13
13
No
13
Date
16 Apr 2007
Variant tested
Integrated Test Range
User
Mobile launcher
Result
First test with the "S" maneuver
14
14
No
14
Date
22 Apr 2007
Variant tested
Integrated Test Range
User
Mobile launcher
15
15
No
15
Date
5 March 2008
Variant tested
LACM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Location
INS Rajput
Platform
First test of the land attack variant
16
16
No
16
Date
18 Dec 2008
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
INS Ranvir
Platform
First test from a VLS
17
17
No
17
Date
20 January 2009
Variant tested
SSM – Block II
User
Indian Army
Result
Failure
Location
Pokhran Test Range
Platform
Mobile launcher
Comments
Failed to correctly discriminate target located within a cluster
18
18
No
18
Date
4 Mar 2009
Variant tested
Success
User
First successful test in a target discriminatory role
19
19
No
19
Date
29 Mar 2009
20
20
No
20
Date
29 Jul 2009
21
21
No
21
Date
21 Mar 2010
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Orissa
Location
INS Ranvir
Platform
Tested on decommissioned INS Meen
22
22
No
22
Date
5 Sep 2010
Variant tested
SSM – Block II
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
23
23
No
23
Date
2 Dec 2010
Variant tested
SSM – Block III
User
Indian Army
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
24
24
No
24
Date
12 Aug 2011
Variant tested
SSM – Block III
User
Indian Army
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
25
25
No
25
Date
4 Mar 2012
Variant tested
SSM – Block II
User
Indian Army
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Operational test of the second army regiment
26
26
No
26
Date
28 Mar 2012
Variant tested
SSM – Block III
User
Indian Army
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
27
27
No
27
Date
30 Mar 2012
User
DRDO
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
28
28
No
28
Date
29 Jul 2012
User
DRDO
Result
Failure
Location
Integrated Test Range
Platform
Mobile launcher
Comments
Developmental flight test with 25 new subsystems and components
29
29
No
29
Date
7 Oct 2012
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Success
Location
Arabian Sea
Platform
INS Teg
Comments
Tested with a GLONASS navigation system derived from Kh-101
30
30
No
30
Date
9 January 2013
Variant tested
Bay of Bengal
User
Naval ship
Result
Tested with double maneuver in "S" form
31
31
No
31
Date
20 Mar 2013
Variant tested
SLCM
User
DRDO
Result
Visakhapatnam
Location
Underwater pontoon
Platform
First test from a submerged platform
32
32
No
32
Date
22 May 2013
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Goa
Location
INS Tarkash
Platform
Acceptance Test Firing
33
33
No
33
Date
18 Nov 2013
Variant tested
SSM – Block III
User
Indian Army
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Destroyed a hardened target
34
34
No
34
Date
7 February 2014
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Arabian Sea
Location
INS Trikand
Platform
2 missiles test fired in salvo mode
35
35
No
35
Date
7 Apr 2014
Variant tested
SSM – Block III
User
Indian Army
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Tested in steep dive-cum-target discrimination mode
36
36
No
36
Date
9 Jun 2014
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Karwar
Location
INS Kolkata
37
37
No
37
Date
8 Jul 2014
Variant tested
SSM
User
Indian Army
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
First test with advanced guidance system and indigenously built software algorithm
38
38
No
38
Date
1 Nov 2014
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Arabian Sea
Location
INS Kochi
39
39
No
39
Date
14 February 2015
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Goa
Location
INS Kolkata
40
40
No
40
Date
9 Apr 2015
Variant tested
SSM
User
Indian Army
Result
Failure
Location
Car Nicobar
Platform
Mobile launcher
41
41
No
41
Date
8 May 2015
Variant tested
Success
42
42
No
42
Date
7 Nov 2015
Variant tested
SSM
User
Indian Army
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
43
43
No
43
Date
6 February 2017
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Arabian Sea
Location
INS Chennai
44
44
No
44
Date
11 Mar 2017
Variant tested
Extended range
User
–
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
–
Platform
First test of the extended range
45
45
No
45
Date
21 Apr 2017
Variant tested
LACM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
INS Teg
46
46
No
46
Date
2–3 May 2017
Variant tested
SSM – Block III
User
Indian Army
Result
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
2 missiles tested in top attack configuration
47
47
No
47
Date
22 Nov 2017
Variant tested
ALCM
User
Indian Air Force / DRDO
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
Su-30MKI
Platform
First test of the air launched variant
48
48
No
48
Date
22 Mar 2018
Variant tested
SSM
User
Indian Army
Result
Pokhran Test Range
Location
–
Platform
First test with indigenous seeker
49
49
No
49
Date
21 May 2018
Variant tested
SSM
User
DRDO
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Validated "life extension" technologies
50
50
No
50
Date
22 May 2018
Variant tested
SSM
User
Tested Indian fuel management system and a few non-metallic airframe components
51
51
No
51
Date
16 Jul 2018
Variant tested
SSM
User
DRDO / Indian Army
Result
Tested to validate service life extension of the missile under extreme weather conditions
52
52
No
52
Date
7 Jul 2019
Variant tested
Block-II
User
DRDO
Result
–
Location
–
Platform
Tested the vertical steep dive version.
53
53
No
53
Date
30 Sep 2019
Variant tested
SSM
User
Integrated Test Range
Result
Mobile launcher
Location
Tested with India-developed propulsion system, airframe and power supply.
54
54
No
54
Date
21-21 Oct 2019
Variant tested
SSM
User
IAF
Result
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Location
Mobile Launcher
Platform
Twin firings was carried out as a part of the routine operational training. The missile engaged the designated mock targets close to 300 km away with a direct hit on the ground target in both cases with pinpoint accuracy from a mobile platform.
55
55
No
55
Date
17 Dec 2019
Variant tested
LACM
User
DRDO
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Launch Complex 3 (8:30 am)
56
56
No
56
Date
ALCM
Variant tested
IAF
User
Kalaikunda AFS/Bay of Bengal
Result
Su-30MKI
57
57
No
57
Date
8 Dec 2021
Variant tested
ALCM
User
IAF
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Su-30MKI
Platform
Validated structural integrity and functional performance. Cleared for serial production.
58
58
No
58
Date
11 January 2022
Variant tested
ASM
User
Indian Navy
Location
INS Visakhapatnam (D66)
Platform
Certifies the accuracy of the ship's combat system and armament complex and also validates a new capability of the missile.
59
59
No
59
Date
20 January 2022
User
DRDO
Result
Integrated Test Range
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Improved variant with more indigenous content
60
60
No
60
Date
1 February 2022
Variant tested
AShM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Platform
[citation needed]
61
61
No
61
Date
18 February 2022
Variant tested
AShM
User
Bay of Bengal
Result
INS Visakhapatnam
62
62
No
62
Date
5 Mar 2022
Variant tested
SSM
Result
INS Chennai
Location
Extended-range land-attack BrahMos variant tested.
63
63
No
63
Date
23 Mar 2022
Variant tested
SSM
User
Andaman and Nicobar command
Result
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Extended range version tested.
64
64
No
64
Date
19 Apr 2022
Variant tested
ASM and ALCM
User
IAF and Indian Navy
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
Su-30MKI and INS Delhi
Platform
Air-launched version fired at a decommissioned ship. SSM version tested from INS Delhi from an upgraded modular launcher.
65
65
No
65
Date
27 Apr 2022
Variant tested
AShM
User
Indian Navy and A&N command
Result
A&N Island
Location
Mobile launcher
66
66
No
66
Date
12 May 2022
Variant tested
ALCM
User
IAF and DRDO
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
Sukhoi Su-30MKI
Platform
IAF and DRDO tested extended range version of BrahMos missile from Su-30 MKI, hit the target precisely.
67
67
No
67
Date
29 Nov 2022
Variant tested
SSM
User
Indian Army
Result
A&N Island
Location
Mobile launcher
68
68
No
68
Date
29 Dec 2022
Variant tested
ALCM; AShM
User
IAF
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
Su-30MKI
Platform
ER Version of BrahMos Air Launched missile against a Ship Target
69
69
No
69
Date
5 Mar 2023
Variant tested
AShM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Arabian Sea
Location
Naval Ship
70
70
No
70
Date
14 May 2023
Variant tested
AShM
Result
INS Mormugao (D67)
71
71
No
71
Date
18 Oct 2023
Variant tested
ALCM
User
IAF
Result
A&N Island
Location
Su-30MKI
72
72
No
72
Date
22 Nov 2023
Variant tested
ER-AShM
User
Indian Navy
Result
Arabian Sea
Location
INS Imphal (D68)
73
73
No
73
Date
24 January 2024
Variant tested
ER-LACM
User
Indian Navy and BAPL
Result
Bay of Bengal
Location
INS Ranvir or INS Ranvijay
74
74
No
74
Date
2 April 2024
Variant tested
ER-LACM
User
Indian Army
Result
A&N Island
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Conducted by Eastern Command
75
75
No
75
Date
17 January 2025
Variant tested
ER-LACM
User
Indian Army
Result
A&N Island
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Conducted by XXI Corps, Southern Command
76
76
No
76
Date
1 December 2025
Variant tested
ER-LACM
User
Indian Army
Result
A&N Island
Location
Mobile launcher
Platform
Conducted by a BrahMos unit under the Southern Command and elements of Andaman and Nicobar Command.
No
Date
Variant tested
User
Result
Location
Platform
Comments
Reference
1
12 Jun 2001
SSM – Block I
Success
Integrated Test Range
Tested in vertical configuration
2
28 Apr 2002
SSM – Block I
Integrated Test Range
Tested on an inclined plane
3
12 February 2003
ASM
Bay of Bengal
INS Rajput
4
29 Oct 2003
SSM – Block I
Integrated Test Range
5
9 Nov 2003
SSM – Block I
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
6
23 Nov 2003
ASM
Bay of Bengal
INS Rajput
Fired from a moving ship at a decommissioned vessel
7
13 Jun 2004
SSM – Block I
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
First production missile integrated at BrahMos Integration Complex, Hyderabad
8
3 Nov 2004
ASM
Bay of Bengal
INS Rajput
9
21 Dec 2004
SSM
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
First test of land-attack version
10
15 Apr 2005
ASM
Indian Navy
Arabian Sea
INS Rajput
11
30 Nov 2005
SSM
Indian Army
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
12
31 May 2006
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
13
16 Apr 2007
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
First test with the "S" maneuver
14
22 Apr 2007
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
15
5 March 2008
LACM
Indian Navy
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
INS Rajput
First test of the land attack variant
16
18 Dec 2008
ASM
Indian Navy
Bay of Bengal
INS Ranvir
First test from a VLS
17
20 January 2009
SSM – Block II
Indian Army
Failure
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
Failed to correctly discriminate target located within a cluster
18
4 Mar 2009
Success
First successful test in a target discriminatory role
19
29 Mar 2009
20
29 Jul 2009
21
21 Mar 2010
ASM
Indian Navy
Orissa
INS Ranvir
Tested on decommissioned INS Meen
22
5 Sep 2010
SSM – Block II
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
23
2 Dec 2010
SSM – Block III
Indian Army
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
24
12 Aug 2011
SSM – Block III
Indian Army
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
25
4 Mar 2012
SSM – Block II
Indian Army
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
Operational test of the second army regiment
26
28 Mar 2012
SSM – Block III
Indian Army
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
27
30 Mar 2012
DRDO
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
28
29 Jul 2012
DRDO
Failure
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
Developmental flight test with 25 new subsystems and components
29
7 Oct 2012
ASM
Indian Navy
Success
Arabian Sea
INS Teg
Tested with a GLONASS navigation system derived from Kh-101
30
9 January 2013
Bay of Bengal
Naval ship
Tested with double maneuver in "S" form
31
20 Mar 2013
SLCM
DRDO
Visakhapatnam
Underwater pontoon
First test from a submerged platform
32
22 May 2013
ASM
Indian Navy
Goa
INS Tarkash
Acceptance Test Firing
33
18 Nov 2013
SSM – Block III
Indian Army
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
Destroyed a hardened target
34
7 February 2014
ASM
Indian Navy
Arabian Sea
INS Trikand
2 missiles test fired in salvo mode
35
7 Apr 2014
SSM – Block III
Indian Army
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
Tested in steep dive-cum-target discrimination mode
36
9 Jun 2014
ASM
Indian Navy
Karwar
INS Kolkata
37
8 Jul 2014
SSM
Indian Army
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
First test with advanced guidance system and indigenously built software algorithm
38
1 Nov 2014
ASM
Indian Navy
Arabian Sea
INS Kochi
39
14 February 2015
ASM
Indian Navy
Goa
INS Kolkata
40
9 Apr 2015
SSM
Indian Army
Failure
Car Nicobar
Mobile launcher
41
8 May 2015
Success
42
7 Nov 2015
SSM
Indian Army
Pokhran Test Range
Mobile launcher
43
6 February 2017
ASM
Indian Navy
Arabian Sea
INS Chennai
44
11 Mar 2017
Extended range
–
Integrated Test Range
–
First test of the extended range
45
21 Apr 2017
LACM
Indian Navy
Bay of Bengal
INS Teg
46
2–3 May 2017
SSM – Block III
Indian Army
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Mobile launcher
2 missiles tested in top attack configuration
47
22 Nov 2017
ALCM
Indian Air Force / DRDO
Bay of Bengal
Su-30MKI
First test of the air launched variant
48
22 Mar 2018
SSM
Indian Army
Pokhran Test Range
–
First test with indigenous seeker
49
21 May 2018
SSM
DRDO
Integrated Test Range
Mobile launcher
Validated "life extension" technologies

References

  1. BrahMos.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130805213356/http://brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=10
  2. thediplomat.com
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  3. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/first-made-in-india-boosters-for-brahmos-missile-delivered/articleshow/94462201.cms
  4. "Big boost to 'Make in India'; Indian Navy all set to buy 220 BrahMos extended-range missiles"
    https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/big-boost-to-make-in-india-indian-navy-all-set-to-buy-220-brahmos-extended-range-missiles/videoshow/107905912.cms
  5. "Indian Navy Tests BrahMos Missile With 'Enhanced Range' of 900 km"
    https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/02/indian-navy-tests-brahmos-missile-with-enhanced-range-of-900-km/
  6. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-successfully-tests-extended-range-version-of-brahmos-missile-from-sukhoi-jet/articleshow/96597158.cms
  7. Hindustan Times
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/game-changer-india-tests-extended-range-brahmos-missile-from-su-30-fighter-101652363919577.html
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    https://www.brahmos.com/content.php?id=10&sid=10
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    https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/vayu-issue-Vayu-Issue-III-May-June-2017.pdf
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    https://www.vayuaerospace.in/Issue/vayu-issue-Vayu-Issue-III-May-June-2017.pdf
  12. Eurasia Review
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    https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/india-developing-brahmos-ng-missile-for-project-75i-submarines/
  14. India Displays Big Missiles at Defense Show Archived 5 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Aviation International News. 19
    https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2018-04-19/india-displays-big-missiles-defense-show
  15. "Products and Technologies | Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India"
    https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/technology-cluster-links/technologies-products-detail/802/81
  16. The Indian Express
    https://indianexpress.com/article/india/brahmos-air-launch-completes-indias-supersonic-cruise-missile-triad-five-things-you-need-to-know-4949540/
  17. Aviation Week
    https://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_03_04_2013_p70-549011.xml&p=1
  18. www.thehansindia.com
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  20. janes.com
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  21. "armed with brahmos, INS Teg inducted into Indian Navy"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130107063409/http://www.brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=159
  22. ThePrint
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  305. The Times of India
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  306. WION
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  307. India Today
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  308. The Times of India
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  309. m.economictimes.com
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  310. The New Indian Express
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  311. India Today
    https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-indonesia-brahmos-missile-final-stage-negotiations-2665186-2025-01-15?_gl=1*3o92l9*_ga*NmJtUnh6N1d6dmhYSXpJOVVETnJPTUlzdUZpdUZZZXpDSFB2Z3dnRlRya2RFZlA1NC1Ra1ljbDFuM2ZJakVGaw..*_ga_6PTEQ0MXGP*MTczNzE4MzE2OC4xMjAuMS4xNzM3MTg0NDA2LjAuMC4w
  312. The Economic Times
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  313. Firstpost
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  314. The Times of India
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  315. The Times of India
    https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/brahmos-deal-soon-india-may-extend-line-of-credit-to-indonesia-for-sale-of-brahmos-missiles/articleshow/117598163.cms
  316. ANI News
    https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-indonesia-move-closer-towards-signing-brahmos-cruise-missile-deal20251104210328/
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  318. Russia Beyond
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  319. SP's Aviation
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  320. Business Standard
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  321. mint
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  322. The Indian Express
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  323. "Ship-based weapon complex system"
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  325. "Russia floats out first frigate for Indian Navy"
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  326. South China Morning Post
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  327. Caspian News
    https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/armenia-intensifies-shelling-of-azerbaijani-positions-amid-ongoing-military-buildup-2025-3-20-0/
  328. Defence News India
    https://defence.in/threads/armenia-may-consider-buying-india-made-su-30mki-jets-with-brahmos-and-astra-missiles-to-counter-azerbaijans-jf-17-thunder-purchase.14464/
  329. India Today
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  330. Philippine News Agency
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  331. India Today
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  332. Frontline
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  334. Express Tribune
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  335. Dawn News
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1679289
  336. Dawn News
    https://www.dawn.com/news/1679289
  337. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-60711653
  338. France 24
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  339. The Print
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  340. Times of India
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  341. The Print
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