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Bosnian War

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Bosnian War

The Bosnian War (Serbo-Croatian: Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following several earlier violent incidents, the war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992 when the newly independent Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was internationally recognized. It ended on 21 November 1995 when the Dayton Accords were initialed. The main belligerents were the forces of the government of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and those of the breakaway proto-states of the Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the Republika Srpska which were led and supplied by Croatia and Serbia, respectively. The war was part of the breakup of Yugoslavia. Following the Slovenian and Croatian secessions from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1991, the multi-ethnic Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina – which was inhabited by mainly Muslim Bosniaks (44%), Orthodox Serbs (32.5%) and Catholic Croats (17%) – passed a referendum for independence on 29 February 1992. Political representatives of the Bosnian Serbs boycotted the referendum and rejected its outcome. Anticipating the outcome of the referendum, the Bosnian Serb leadership proclaimed the ”Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina” on 9 January 1992 (Republika srpskoga naroda Bosne i Hercegovine), effectively laying the foundation of today's Republika Srpska. Following the independence declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 1 March 1992, the Bosnian Serbs, led by Radovan Karadžić and supported by the government of Slobodan Milošević while supplied by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), mobilized their forces inside Bosnia and Herzegovina and over the following months seized control of approximately 70% of the country's territory in a campaign characterized by widespread ethnic cleansing of Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks. The conflict was initially between Yugoslav Army units in Bosnia which later transformed into the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) on the one side, and the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH), predominantly composed of Bosniaks, and the Croat forces in the Croatian Defence Council (HVO) on the other side. Tensions between Croats and Bosniaks increased throughout late 1992, resulting in the escalation of the Croat–Bosniak War in early 1993. The Bosnian War was characterised by bitter fighting, indiscriminate shelling of cities and towns, ethnic cleansing, and systematic mass rape, mainly perpetrated by Serb, and to a lesser extent, Croat and Bosniak forces. Events such as the siege of Sarajevo and the July 1995 Srebrenica massacre later became iconic of the conflict. The massacre of over 8,000 Bosniak males by Serb forces in Srebrenica is the only incident in Europe to have been recognized as a genocide since World War II. The Serbs, although initially militarily superior due to the weapons and resources provided by the JNA, eventually lost momentum as the Bosniaks and Croats allied against the Republika Srpska in 1994 with the creation of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina following the Washington Agreement. Pakistan ignored the UN's ban on the supply of arms and airlifted anti-tank missiles to the Bosnian Muslims, while after the Srebrenica and Markale massacres, NATO intervened in 1995 with Operation Deliberate Force, targeting the positions of the Army of the Republika Srpska, which proved key in ending the war. After cease-fires had previously been agreed on September 14 and October 5, 1995, peace negotiations were held in Dayton, Ohio, and the war ended when the Dayton Accords were initialed on 21 November 1995. By early 2008, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia had convicted forty-five Serbs, twelve Croats, and four Bosniaks of war crimes in connection with the war in Bosnia. Estimates suggest over 100,000 people were killed during the war. Over 2.2 million people were displaced, making it, at the time, the most violent conflict in Europe since the end of World War II. In addition, an estimated 12,000–50,000 women were raped, mainly carried out by Serb forces, with most of the victims being Bosniak women.

Infobox

Date
6 April 1992 – 21 November 1995 (3 years, 7 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)
Location
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Result
mw- li Military stalemate Dayton agreement Over 101,000 dead, largely Bosniaks. Deployment of NATO-led forces to oversee the peace agreement. Establishment of the Office of the High Representative to oversee the civilian implementation of the peace agreement.
Territorialchanges
International recognition of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign state Internal partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to the Dayton Accords. Republika Srpska is recognised as one of two entities that form Bosnia and Herzegovina

Tables

Dead or disappeared figures according to RDC(as reported in June 2012)[11] · Casualties › RDC figures
Serbs
Serbs
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Serbs
Bosniaks
24,953
62,013
24.7%
Croats
Croats
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Croats
Bosniaks
8,403
62,013
8.3%
Other ethnicities
Other ethnicities
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Other ethnicities
Bosniaks
571
62,013
0.6%
Civilians38,239(percentages are of civilian dead)
Civilians38,239(percentages are of civilian dead)
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Civilians38,239(percentages are of civilian dead)
Bosniaks
Bosniaks
62,013
31,107
61.4%
81.3%
Serbs
Serbs
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Serbs
Bosniaks
4,178
62,013
10.9%
Croats
Croats
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Croats
Bosniaks
2,484
62,013
6.5%
Other ethnicities
Other ethnicities
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Other ethnicities
Bosniaks
470
62,013
1.2%
Soldiers57,701(percentages are of military dead)
Soldiers57,701(percentages are of military dead)
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Soldiers57,701(percentages are of military dead)
Bosniaks
Bosniaks
62,013
30,906
61.4%
53.6%
Serbs
Serbs
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Serbs
Bosniaks
20,775
62,013
36%
Croats
Croats
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Croats
Bosniaks
5,919
62,013
10.3%
Other ethnicities
Other ethnicities
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Other ethnicities
Bosniaks
101
62,013
0.2%
Unknown status(percentage is of all dead or disappeared)
Unknown status(percentage is of all dead or disappeared)
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Unknown status(percentage is of all dead or disappeared)
Bosniaks
Ethnicity unstated
62,013
5,100
61.4%
5%
Total dead or disappeared101,040(total includes unknown status below, percentages ignore "unknowns")
Bosniaks
62,013
61.4%
Serbs
24,953
24.7%
Croats
8,403
8.3%
Other ethnicities
571
0.6%
Civilians38,239(percentages are of civilian dead)
Bosniaks
31,107
81.3%
Serbs
4,178
10.9%
Croats
2,484
6.5%
Other ethnicities
470
1.2%
Soldiers57,701(percentages are of military dead)
Bosniaks
30,906
53.6%
Serbs
20,775
36%
Croats
5,919
10.3%
Other ethnicities
101
0.2%
Unknown status(percentage is of all dead or disappeared)
Ethnicity unstated
5,100
5%
ICTY death estimates[120](issued by the Demographic Unit in 2010) · Casualties › ICTY figures
Serbs
Serbs
Total killed104,732
Serbs
Bosniaks
22,779
Croats
Croats
Total killed104,732
Croats
Bosniaks
8,858
Others
Others
Total killed104,732
Others
Bosniaks
4,995
Civilians killed36,700
Civilians killed36,700
Total killed104,732
Civilians killed36,700
Bosniaks
Bosniaks
68,101
25,609
Serbs
Serbs
Total killed104,732
Serbs
Bosniaks
7,480
Croats
Croats
Total killed104,732
Croats
Bosniaks
1,675
Others
Others
Total killed104,732
Others
Bosniaks
1,935
Soldiers killed68,031(includes Police)
Soldiers killed68,031(includes Police)
Total killed104,732
Soldiers killed68,031(includes Police)
Bosniaks
Bosniaks
68,101
42,492
Serbs
Serbs
Total killed104,732
Serbs
Bosniaks
15,298
Croats
Croats
Total killed104,732
Croats
Bosniaks
7,182
Others
Others
Total killed104,732
Others
Bosniaks
3,058
Total killed104,732
Bosniaks
68,101
Serbs
22,779
Croats
8,858
Others
4,995
Civilians killed36,700
Bosniaks
25,609
Serbs
7,480
Croats
1,675
Others
1,935
Soldiers killed68,031(includes Police)
Bosniaks
42,492
Serbs
15,298
Croats
7,182
Others
3,058

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