Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Russian politician and statesman who served as President of Russia from 1991 to 1999. He was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from 1961 to 1990. He later stood as a political independent, during which time he was viewed as being ideologically aligned with liberalism. Yeltsin was born in Butka, Ural Oblast. Growing up in Kazan and Berezniki, he worked in construction after studying at the Ural State Technical University. After joining the Communist Party, he rose through its ranks, and in 1976, he became First Secretary of the party's Sverdlovsk Oblast committee. Yeltsin was initially a supporter of the perestroika reforms of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He later criticized the reforms as being too moderate and called for a transition to a multi-party representative democracy. In 1987, he was the first person to resign from the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which established his popularity as an anti-establishment figure and after which he earned the reputation of the leader of the anti-communist movement. In 1990, he was elected chair of the Russian Supreme Soviet and in 1991 was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), becoming the first popularly-elected head of state in Russian history. Yeltsin allied with various non-Russian nationalist leaders and was instrumental in the formal dissolution of the Soviet Union in December of that year. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the RSFSR became the Russian Federation, an independent state. Through that transition, Yeltsin remained in office as president. He was later re-elected in the 1996 Russian presidential election, which critics assert was rigged. Yeltsin oversaw the transition of Russia's command economy into a capitalist market economy by implementing economic shock therapy, market exchange rate of the ruble, nationwide privatization, and lifting of price controls. Economic downturn, volatility, and inflation ensued. Amid the economic shift, a small number of oligarchs obtained most of the national property and wealth, while international monopolies dominated the market. A constitutional crisis emerged in 1993 after Yeltsin ordered the unconstitutional dissolution of the Russian parliament, leading parliament to impeach him. The crisis ended after troops loyal to Yeltsin stormed the parliament building and stopped an armed uprising; he then introduced a new constitution which significantly expanded the powers of the president. After the crisis, Yeltsin governed the country in a rule by decree until 1994, as the Supreme Soviet of Russia was absent. Secessionist sentiment in the Russian Caucasus led to the First Chechen War, War of Dagestan, and Second Chechen War between 1994 and 1999. Internationally, Yeltsin promoted renewed collaboration with Europe and signed arms control agreements with the United States. Amid growing internal pressure, he resigned by the end of 1999 and was succeeded as president by his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin, whom he had appointed prime minister a few months earlier. After leaving office, he kept a low profile and was accorded a state funeral upon his death in 2007. Domestically, Yeltsin was highly popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. However, his reputation was severely damaged by the economic and political crises of his presidency, and he left office widely unpopular with the Russian population. He has received praise and criticism for his role in dismantling the Soviet Union, transforming Russia into a representative democracy, and introducing new freedoms to the country. Conversely, he has been criticized of economic mismanagement, abuse of presidential power, autocratic behavior, corruption, and of undermining Russia's standing as a major world power.

Infobox

Prime Minister

Ivan Silayev Oleg Lobov (acting) Himself (de facto)

Vice President

Alexander Rutskoy (1991–1993)

Preceded by

Viktor Grishin

Succeeded by

Lev Zaykov

President

Himself

Deputy

Alexander ShokhinViktor ChernomyrdinSergey ShakhrayMikhail PoltoraninValery MakharadzeGeorgy KhizhaAnatoly ChubaisBoris Saltykov

First Deputy

Gennady BurbulisYegor GaidarVladimir Shumeyko

Born

(1931-02-01)1 February 1931Butka, Ural Oblast, Soviet Union

Died

23 April 2007(2007-04-23) (aged 76)Moscow, Russia

Resting place

Novodevichy Cemetery

Political party

CPSU (1961–1990) Independent (after 1990)

Spouse

mw- Naina Girina (m. 1956)

Children

2, including Tatyana Yumasheva

Alma mater

Ural State Technical University

Party

CPSU (1961–1990) Independent (after 1990)