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Blue Origin

Updated: 12/11/2025, 5:17:47 AM Wikipedia source

Blue Origin Enterprises, L.P. is a private American space technology company headquartered in Kent, Washington. The company operates the suborbital New Shepard rocket and the heavy-lift New Glenn rocket. In addition to producing engines for its own rockets, Blue Origin supplies engines for other vehicles, including United Launch Alliance's Vulcan Centaur. It is also working on the Blue Moon human lunar lander for NASA's Artemis program, the Blue Ring spacecraft platform, and the Orbital Reef space station in partnership with other organizations. Founded in 2000 by Jeff Bezos, Blue Origin initially operated with a very low profile, funded by Bezos's private investments. In 2015, the company achieved a significant milestone with the first uncrewed launch and landing of the New Shepard and announced plans for New Glenn. In 2021, New Shepard completed its first crewed mission with Bezos himself on board, crossing the Kármán line, the conventional definition of the edge of space, 100 kilometers (62 mi) above sea level. Another key achievement came in January 2023 when the company delivered its first BE-4 rocket engine to United Launch Alliance. Despite these milestones, Blue Origin has faced criticism for its perceived slow progress, particularly when compared to SpaceX. Addressing these challenges, the company underwent a leadership change in September 2023, appointing Dave Limp as CEO to succeed Bob Smith. On January 16, 2025, Blue Origin reached orbit with the first launch of the New Glenn vehicle. On April 14, 2025, Blue Origin completed its 11th human spaceflight and its 31st spaceflight for the New Shepard Program with an all-female crew of six.

Infobox

Company type
Private
Industry
Space
Founded
September 8, 2000; 25 years ago (2000-09-08)
Founder
Jeff Bezos
Headquarters
Kent, Washington, United States
Number of locations
11 (4 production facilities & 7 field offices)
Area served
United States
Key people
Dave Limp (CEO)
Products
New ShepardNew GlennBlue MoonBlue RingOrbital Reef
Owner
Jeff Bezos
Number of employees
11,000 (2023)
Subsidiaries
Honeybee Robotics
ASN
55244
Website
blueorigin.com

Tables

New Shepard and test vehicle flight data · Blue Origin flights before 2025
1
1
Flight No.
1
Date
March 5, 2005
Vehicle
Charon
Apogee
315 ft (0.05 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Test Flight
2
2
Flight No.
2
Date
November 13, 2006
Vehicle
Goddard
Apogee
279 ft (0.05 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
First rocket-powered test flight
3
3
Flight No.
3
Date
March 22, 2007
Vehicle
Goddard ♺
Apogee
N/A
Outcome
Success
Notes
Test Flight
4
4
Flight No.
4
Date
April 19, 2007
Vehicle
Goddard ♺
Apogee
N/A
Outcome
Success
Notes
Test Flight
5
5
Flight No.
5
Date
May 6, 2011
Vehicle
PM2 (Propulsion Module)
Apogee
N/A
Outcome
Success
Notes
Test Flight
6
6
Flight No.
6
Date
August 24, 2011
Vehicle
PM2 (Propulsion Module) ♺
Apogee
N/A
Outcome
Failure
Notes
Test Flight
7
7
Flight No.
7
Date
October 19, 2012
Vehicle
New Shepard capsule
Apogee
N/A
Outcome
Success
Notes
Pad escape test flight
8
8
Flight No.
8
Date
April 29, 2015
Vehicle
New Shepard 1
Apogee
307,000 ft (58 mi)
Outcome
Partial success
Notes
Flight to altitude 93.5 km, capsule recovered, booster crashed on landing
9
9
Flight No.
9
Date
November 23, 2015
Vehicle
New Shepard 2
Apogee
329,839 ft (62 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing
10
10
Flight No.
10
Date
January 22, 2016
Vehicle
New Shepard 2 ♺
Apogee
333,582 ft (63 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster
11
11
Flight No.
11
Date
April 2, 2016
Vehicle
New Shepard 2 ♺
Apogee
339,178 ft (64 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster
12
12
Flight No.
12
Date
June 19, 2016
Vehicle
New Shepard 2 ♺
Apogee
331,501 ft (63 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster: The fourth launch and landing of the same rocket. The company published a live webcast of the takeoff and landing.
13
13
Flight No.
13
Date
October 5, 2016
Vehicle
New Shepard 2 ♺
Apogee
Booster: 307,458 ft (58 mi) Capsule: 23,269 ft (4 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster. Successful test of the in-flight abort system. The fifth and final launch and landing of the same rocket (NS2).
14
14
Flight No.
14
Date
December 12, 2017
Vehicle
New Shepard 3
Apogee
Booster: 322,032 ft (61 mi) Capsule: 322,405 ft (61 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Flight to just under 100 km and landing. The first launch of NS3 and a new Crew Capsule 2.0.
15
15
Flight No.
15
Date
April 29, 2018
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
351,000 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster.
16
16
Flight No.
16
Date
July 18, 2018
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
389,846 ft (74 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster, with the Crew Capsule 2.0–1 RSS H.G.Wells, carrying a mannequin. Successful test of the in-flight abort system at high altitude. Flight duration was 11 minutes.
17
17
Flight No.
17
Date
January 23, 2019
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
351,000 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital flight, delayed from December 18, 2018. Eight NASA research and technology payloads were flown.
18
18
Flight No.
18
Date
May 2, 2019
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
346,000 ft (65 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital flight. Max Ascent Velocity: 2,217 mph (3,568 km/h), duration: 10 minutes, 10 seconds. Payload: 38 microgravity research payloads (nine sponsored by NASA).
19
19
Flight No.
19
Date
December 11, 2019
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
343,000 ft (64 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Sub-orbital flight, Payload: Multiple commercial, research (8 sponsored by NASA) and educational payloads, including postcards from Club for the Future.
20
20
Flight No.
20
Date
October 13, 2020
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
346,000 ft (65 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
7th flight of the same capsule/booster. Onboard 12 payloads include Space Lab Technologies, Southwest Research Institute, postcards and seeds for Club for the Future, and multiple payloads for NASA including SPLICE to test future lunar landing technologies in support of the Artemis program
21
21
Flight No.
21
Date
January 14, 2021
Vehicle
New Shepard 4
Apogee
350,858 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
Uncrewed qualification flight for NS4 rocket and "RSS First Step" capsule and maiden flight for NS4.
22
22
Flight No.
22
Date
April 14, 2021
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
348,753 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-15. 2nd flight of NS4 with Astronaut Rehearsal. Gary Lai, Susan Knapp, Clay Mowry, and Audrey Powers, all Blue Origin personnel, are "stand-in astronauts". Lai and Powers briefly get in.
23
23
Flight No.
23
Date
July 20, 2021
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
351,210 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-16. First crewed flight. Crew: Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk, and Oliver Daemen.
24
24
Flight No.
24
Date
August 26, 2021
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
347,434 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-17. Payload mission consisting of 18 commercial payloads inside the crew capsule, a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration installed on the exterior of the booster and an art installation installed on the exterior of the crew capsule.
25
25
Flight No.
25
Date
October 13, 2021
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
341,434 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-18. Second crewed flight. Crew: Audrey Powers, Chris Boshuizen, Glen de Vries, and William Shatner.
26
26
Flight No.
26
Date
December 11, 2021
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-19. Third crewed flight. Crew: Laura Shepard Churchley, Michael Strahan, Dylan Taylor, Evan Dick, Lane Bess, and Cameron Bess.
27
27
Flight No.
27
Date
March 31, 2022
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-20. Fourth crewed flight. Crew: Marty Allen, Sharon Hagle, Marc Hagle, Jim Kitchen, George Nield, and Gary Lai.
28
28
Flight No.
28
Date
June 4, 2022
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-21. Fifth crewed flight. Crew: Evan Dick, Katya Echazarreta, Hamish Harding, Victor Correa Hespanha, Jaison Robinson, and Victor Vescovo.
29
29
Flight No.
29
Date
August 4, 2022
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-22. Sixth crewed flight. Crew: Coby Cotton, Mário Ferreira, Vanessa O'Brien, Clint Kelly III, Sara Sabry, and Steve Young.
30
30
Flight No.
30
Date
September 12, 2022
Vehicle
New Shepard 3 ♺
Apogee
37,402 ft (7 mi)
Outcome
Failure
Notes
NS-23. Uncrewed flight with commercial payloads onboard. A booster failure triggered the launch escape system during flight, and the capsule landed successfully. The Blue Origin incident investigation found that a thermal-structural failure occurred on the BE-3 nozzle leading to the launch failure.
31
31
Flight No.
31
Date
December 19, 2023
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
107.060 km (66.5242 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-24. Successful return to flight mission following failure of NS-23 more than a year prior. 33 payloads and 38,000 Club for the Future postcards from students around the world.
32
32
Flight No.
32
Date
19 May 2024
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
c. 106 km
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-25. Seventh crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: Kenneth Hess, Sylvain Chiron, Mason Angel, Ed Dwight, Carol Schaller, Gopi Thotakura
33
33
Flight No.
33
Date
29 August 2024
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
Capsule 105.3 km (65.4 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-26. Eighth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: Ephraim Rabin, Nicolina Elrick, Eugene Grin, Rob Ferl, Karsen Kitchen, Eiman Jahangir
34
34
Flight No.
34
Date
23 October 2024
Vehicle
New Shepard 5
Apogee
Capsule 101 km (63 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-27. First flight of Propulsion Module NS5 and capsule RSS Kármán Line. 12 payloads and tens of thousands of Club for the Future postcards.
35
35
Flight No.
35
Date
22 November 2024
Vehicle
New Shepard 4 ♺
Apogee
Capsule 105.3 km (65.4 mi)
Outcome
Success
Notes
NS-28. Ninth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: Emily Calandrelli, Sharon Hagle, Marc Hagle, Austin Litteral, James (J.D.) Russell, Henry (Hank) Wolfond
Flight No.
Date
Vehicle
Apogee
Outcome
Notes
1
March 5, 2005
Charon
315 ft (0.05 mi)
Success
Test Flight
2
November 13, 2006
Goddard
279 ft (0.05 mi)
Success
First rocket-powered test flight
3
March 22, 2007
Goddard ♺
N/A
Success
Test Flight
4
April 19, 2007
Goddard ♺
N/A
Success
Test Flight
5
May 6, 2011
PM2 (Propulsion Module)
N/A
Success
Test Flight
6
August 24, 2011
PM2 (Propulsion Module) ♺
N/A
Failure
Test Flight
7
October 19, 2012
New Shepard capsule
N/A
Success
Pad escape test flight
8
April 29, 2015
New Shepard 1
307,000 ft (58 mi)
Partial success
Flight to altitude 93.5 km, capsule recovered, booster crashed on landing
9
November 23, 2015
New Shepard 2
329,839 ft (62 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing
10
January 22, 2016
New Shepard 2 ♺
333,582 ft (63 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster
11
April 2, 2016
New Shepard 2 ♺
339,178 ft (64 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster
12
June 19, 2016
New Shepard 2 ♺
331,501 ft (63 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster: The fourth launch and landing of the same rocket. The company published a live webcast of the takeoff and landing.
13
October 5, 2016
New Shepard 2 ♺
Booster: 307,458 ft (58 mi) Capsule: 23,269 ft (4 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster. Successful test of the in-flight abort system. The fifth and final launch and landing of the same rocket (NS2).
14
December 12, 2017
New Shepard 3
Booster: 322,032 ft (61 mi) Capsule: 322,405 ft (61 mi)
Success
Flight to just under 100 km and landing. The first launch of NS3 and a new Crew Capsule 2.0.
15
April 29, 2018
New Shepard 3 ♺
351,000 ft (66 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster.
16
July 18, 2018
New Shepard 3 ♺
389,846 ft (74 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster, with the Crew Capsule 2.0–1 RSS H.G.Wells, carrying a mannequin. Successful test of the in-flight abort system at high altitude. Flight duration was 11 minutes.
17
January 23, 2019
New Shepard 3 ♺
351,000 ft (66 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital flight, delayed from December 18, 2018. Eight NASA research and technology payloads were flown.
18
May 2, 2019
New Shepard 3 ♺
346,000 ft (65 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital flight. Max Ascent Velocity: 2,217 mph (3,568 km/h), duration: 10 minutes, 10 seconds. Payload: 38 microgravity research payloads (nine sponsored by NASA).
19
December 11, 2019
New Shepard 3 ♺
343,000 ft (64 mi)
Success
Sub-orbital flight, Payload: Multiple commercial, research (8 sponsored by NASA) and educational payloads, including postcards from Club for the Future.
20
October 13, 2020
New Shepard 3 ♺
346,000 ft (65 mi)
Success
7th flight of the same capsule/booster. Onboard 12 payloads include Space Lab Technologies, Southwest Research Institute, postcards and seeds for Club for the Future, and multiple payloads for NASA including SPLICE to test future lunar landing technologies in support of the Artemis program
21
January 14, 2021
New Shepard 4
350,858 ft (66 mi)
Success
Uncrewed qualification flight for NS4 rocket and "RSS First Step" capsule and maiden flight for NS4.
22
April 14, 2021
New Shepard 4 ♺
348,753 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-15. 2nd flight of NS4 with Astronaut Rehearsal. Gary Lai, Susan Knapp, Clay Mowry, and Audrey Powers, all Blue Origin personnel, are "stand-in astronauts". Lai and Powers briefly get in.
23
July 20, 2021
New Shepard 4 ♺
351,210 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-16. First crewed flight. Crew: Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk, and Oliver Daemen.
24
August 26, 2021
New Shepard 3 ♺
347,434 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-17. Payload mission consisting of 18 commercial payloads inside the crew capsule, a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration installed on the exterior of the booster and an art installation installed on the exterior of the crew capsule.
25
October 13, 2021
New Shepard 4 ♺
341,434 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-18. Second crewed flight. Crew: Audrey Powers, Chris Boshuizen, Glen de Vries, and William Shatner.
26
December 11, 2021
New Shepard 4 ♺
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-19. Third crewed flight. Crew: Laura Shepard Churchley, Michael Strahan, Dylan Taylor, Evan Dick, Lane Bess, and Cameron Bess.
27
March 31, 2022
New Shepard 4 ♺
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-20. Fourth crewed flight. Crew: Marty Allen, Sharon Hagle, Marc Hagle, Jim Kitchen, George Nield, and Gary Lai.
28
June 4, 2022
New Shepard 4 ♺
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-21. Fifth crewed flight. Crew: Evan Dick, Katya Echazarreta, Hamish Harding, Victor Correa Hespanha, Jaison Robinson, and Victor Vescovo.
29
August 4, 2022
New Shepard 4 ♺
351,050 ft (66 mi)
Success
NS-22. Sixth crewed flight. Crew: Coby Cotton, Mário Ferreira, Vanessa O'Brien, Clint Kelly III, Sara Sabry, and Steve Young.
30
September 12, 2022
New Shepard 3 ♺
37,402 ft (7 mi)
Failure
NS-23. Uncrewed flight with commercial payloads onboard. A booster failure triggered the launch escape system during flight, and the capsule landed successfully. The Blue Origin incident investigation found that a thermal-structural failure occurred on the BE-3 nozzle leading to the launch failure.
31
December 19, 2023
New Shepard 4 ♺
107.060 km (66.5242 mi)
Success
NS-24. Successful return to flight mission following failure of NS-23 more than a year prior. 33 payloads and 38,000 Club for the Future postcards from students around the world.
32
19 May 2024
New Shepard 4 ♺
c. 106 km
Success
NS-25. Seventh crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: Kenneth Hess, Sylvain Chiron, Mason Angel, Ed Dwight, Carol Schaller, Gopi Thotakura
33
29 August 2024
New Shepard 4 ♺
Capsule 105.3 km (65.4 mi)
Success
NS-26. Eighth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: Ephraim Rabin, Nicolina Elrick, Eugene Grin, Rob Ferl, Karsen Kitchen, Eiman Jahangir
34
23 October 2024
New Shepard 5
Capsule 101 km (63 mi)
Success
NS-27. First flight of Propulsion Module NS5 and capsule RSS Kármán Line. 12 payloads and tens of thousands of Club for the Future postcards.
35
22 November 2024
New Shepard 4 ♺
Capsule 105.3 km (65.4 mi)
Success
NS-28. Ninth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included: Emily Calandrelli, Sharon Hagle, Marc Hagle, Austin Litteral, James (J.D.) Russell, Henry (Hank) Wolfond

References

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    https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-a328067
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  3. Ars Technica
    https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/bob-smith-is-finally-gone-from-blue-origin-his-replacement-comes-from-amazon/?comments-page=1#comments
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    https://apnews.com/article/blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-jeff-bezos-2466fb0e114a09d88a46f71a1e647d50
  5. ABC News
    https://abcnews.go.com/US/blue-origin-rocket-female-crew-including-katy-perry/story?id=120779187
  6. Kent Reporter
    https://www.kentreporter.com/business/kents-blue-origin-racks-up-another-successful-new-shepard-launch-into-space/
  7. Ars Technica
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  9. "Jeff Bezos finally got rid of Bob Smith at Blue Origin"
    https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/09/bob-smith-is-finally-gone-from-blue-origin-his-replacement-comes-from-amazon/
  10. "Departing Amazon exec Dave Limp to become Blue Origin CEO"
    https://www.geekwire.com/2023/departing-amazon-exec-dave-limp-will-take-over-from-blue-origin-ceo-bob-smith/
  11. New Space Economy
    https://newspaceeconomy.ca/2023/03/03/blue-origin-a-short-history/
  12. YouTube
    https://youtube.com/watch?v=MJvDNs7_NZI
  13. space.skyrocket.de
    https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sat/new-shepard_history.htm
  14. "Blue Origin NS-21 Mission Nears Launch"
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  15. "ULA test-fires first Vulcan rocket at Cape Canaveral – Spaceflight Now"
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  16. SpaceNews
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  17. The Wall Street Journal
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  18. www.cbsnews.com
    https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blue-origin-launches-six-thrill-seekers-to-the-edge-of-space/
  19. Quartz
    https://qz.com/1174480/blue-origins-new-shepard-and-virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-put-science-in-space-for-three-minutes-and-thats-a-game-changer
  20. Watch Blue Origin New Shepard-22 Launch! (Full Flight)
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbFXy30hUmA
  21. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/us-approves-blue-origin-license-human-space-travel-ahead-bezos-flight-2021-07-12/
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  25. NASASpaceFlight.com
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  28. YouTube
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  32. "Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket deploys Mars satellites, sticks booster landing"
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  34. CNBC
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  35. Spaceflight Now
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  36. "NASA Selects Blue Origin as Second Artemis Lunar Lander Provider"
    https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-blue-origin-as-second-artemis-lunar-lander-provider
  37. CNBC
    https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/19/nasa-awards-blue-origin-sld-crew-lunar-lander-contract.html
  38. "More and more hardware is arriving – paving our way to the Moon. Our gaseous hydrogen/oxygen reaction control system thrusters have completed acceptance testing ahead of installation on MK1, our first lunar lander. Our RCS thrusters enable different thrust levels for precision attitude control and are an important step toward humanity's sustained presence on the Moon. These will help us land anywhere on the Moon's surface, and best of all, they use propellants that can be manufactured from resources on the lunar surface!"
    https://x.com/blueorigin/status/1788254387934052763
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    https://web.archive.org/web/20180110171630/https://www.blueorigin.com/technology
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