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Benito Mussolini

Updated: Wikipedia source

Benito Mussolini

Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (29 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who was the dictator of Italy during the Fascist period, which lasted from the March on Rome in 1922 until his overthrow in 1943. He founded the National Fascist Party (PNF) and served as Prime Minister of Italy from 1922, later adopting the title Duce ("leader") of Italian fascism. Mussolini first organized the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (lit. 'Italian Fasces of Combat') in 1919, which evolved into the PNF that established a totalitarian regime. As the founder of fascism, Mussolini was a key inspiration and contributor to the rise of similar movements across Europe during the interwar period. Mussolini was originally a socialist journalist at the Avanti! newspaper. In 1912, he became a member of the National Directorate of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), but was expelled for advocating military intervention in the First World War. In 1914, Mussolini founded a newspaper, Il Popolo d'Italia, and served in the Royal Italian Army until he was wounded and discharged in 1917. He eventually denounced the PSI, his views pivoting to focus on Italian nationalism, and founded the fascist movement which opposed egalitarianism and class conflict, instead advocating "revolutionary nationalism" transcending class lines. In October 1922, following the March on Rome, he was appointed prime minister by King Victor Emmanuel III. After removing opposition through his secret police and outlawing labour strikes, Mussolini and his followers consolidated power through laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years, he established dictatorial authority by legal and illegal means and aspired to create a totalitarian state. In 1929, he signed the Lateran Treaty to establish Vatican City. Mussolini's foreign policy was based on the fascist doctrine of spazio vitale (lit. 'living space'), which aimed to expand Italian possessions and have an Italian sphere of influence in southeastern Europe. In the 1920s, he ordered the Pacification of Libya, the bombing of Corfu over an incident with Greece, and his government annexed Fiume after a treaty with Yugoslavia. In 1936, Ethiopia was conquered following the Second Italo-Ethiopian War and merged into Italian East Africa (AOI) with Eritrea and Somalia. In 1939, Italian forces annexed Albania. Between 1936 and 1939, Mussolini ordered an intervention in Spain in favour of Francisco Franco, during the Spanish Civil War. Mussolini took part in the Treaty of Lausanne, Four-Power Pact and Stresa Front. However, he alienated the democratic powers as tensions grew in the League of Nations, which he left in 1937. Now hostile to France and Britain, Italy formed the Axis powers with Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. The wars of the 1930s cost Italy enormous resources, leaving it unprepared for the Second World War; Mussolini initially declared Italy's non-belligerence. However, in June 1940, believing Allied defeat imminent, he joined the war on Germany's side, to share the spoils. After the tide turned, and the Allied invasion of Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini as head of government and placed him in custody in July 1943. After the king agreed to an armistice with the Allies in September 1943, Mussolini was rescued by Germany in the Gran Sasso raid. Adolf Hitler made Mussolini the figurehead of a puppet state in German-occupied north Italy, the Italian Social Republic, which served as a collaborationist regime of the Germans. With Allied victory imminent, Mussolini and mistress Clara Petacci attempted to flee to Switzerland, but were captured by communist partisans and executed on 28 April 1945.

Infobox

Monarch
Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by
Paolino Taddei
Succeeded by
Luigi Federzoni
Other positions
Other positions Minister of Foreign AffairsIn office5 February 1943 – 25 July 1943Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byGaleazzo CianoSucceeded byRaffaele GuarigliaIn office20 July 1932 – 9 June 1936Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byDino GrandiSucceeded byGaleazzo CianoIn office30 October 1922 – 12 September 1929Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byCarlo SchanzerSucceeded byDino GrandiMinister of the ColoniesIn office20 November 1937 – 31 October 1939Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byAlessandro LessonaSucceeded byAttilio TeruzziIn office17 January 1935 – 11 June 1936Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byEmilio De BonoSucceeded byAlessandro LessonaIn office18 December 1928 – 12 September 1929Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byLuigi FederzoniSucceeded byEmilio De BonoMinister of WarIn office22 July 1933 – 25 July 1943Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byPietro GazzeraSucceeded byAntonio SoriceIn office4 April 1925 – 12 September 1929Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byAntonino Di GiorgioSucceeded byPietro GazzeraMinister of CorporationsIn office20 July 1932 – 11 June 1936Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byGiuseppe BottaiSucceeded byFerruccio LantiniMinister of the InteriorIn office6 November 1926 – 25 July 1943Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byLuigi FederzoniSucceeded byBruno FornaciariIn office31 October 1922 – 17 June 1924Prime MinisterHimselfPreceded byPaolino TaddeiSucceeded byLuigi FederzoniMember of the Chamber of Fasces and CorporationsIn office23 March 1939 – 2 August 1943Member of the Chamber of DeputiesIn office11 June 1921 – 22 March 1939
Prime Minister
Himself
Born
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini(1883-07-29)29 July 1883Dovia di Predappio, Forlì, Italy
Died
28 April 1945(1945-04-28) (aged 61)Giulino di Mezzegra, Como, Italy
Cause of death
Summary execution by shooting
Resting place
San Cassiano cemetery, Predappio
Political party
PNF (1921–1943)
Other politicalaffiliations
mw- PSI (1901–1914) FAR (1914–1919) FIC (1919–1921) PFR (1943–1945)
Spouses
mw- Ida Dalser (m. 1914; 1915)
Domestic partners
Margherita Sarfatti (1911–1931) Clara Petacci (1933–1945)
Children
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Benito AlbinoEddaVittorioBrunoRomanoAnna Maria
Parents
Alessandro MussoliniRosa Maltoni
Relatives
Mussolini family
Allegiance
mw- li Kingdom of Italy
Branch/service
Royal Italian Army
Years of service
1915–1917 (active)
Rank
First Marshal of the Empire Corporal
Unit
11th Bersaglieri Regiment
Battles/wars
World War I Second Italo-Senussi War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Spanish Civil War Italian invasion of Albania World War II
Party
PNF (1921–1943)

Tables

· External links
Preceded byLuigi Facta
Preceded byLuigi Facta
Political offices
Preceded byLuigi Facta
Political offices
Prime Minister of Italy 1922–1943
Political offices
Succeeded byPietro Badoglio
Preceded byPaolino TaddeiLuigi Federzoni
Preceded byPaolino TaddeiLuigi Federzoni
Political offices
Preceded byPaolino TaddeiLuigi Federzoni
Political offices
Minister of the Interior 1922–19241926–1943
Political offices
Succeeded byLuigi FederzoniBruno Fornaciari
Preceded byAntonino Di GiorgioPietro Gazzera
Preceded byAntonino Di GiorgioPietro Gazzera
Political offices
Preceded byAntonino Di GiorgioPietro Gazzera
Political offices
Minister of War 1925–19291933–1943
Political offices
Succeeded byPietro GazzeraAntonio Sorice
Preceded byPaolo Thaon di RevelGiuseppe Sirianni
Preceded byPaolo Thaon di RevelGiuseppe Sirianni
Political offices
Preceded byPaolo Thaon di RevelGiuseppe Sirianni
Political offices
Minister of the Navy 1925–19291933–1943
Political offices
Succeeded byGiuseppe SirianniRaffaele de Courten
Preceded byNew titleItalo Balbo
Preceded byNew titleItalo Balbo
Political offices
Preceded byNew titleItalo Balbo
Political offices
Minister of Aeronautics 1925–19291933–1943
Political offices
Succeeded byItalo BalboRenato Sandalli
Preceded byLuigi FederzoniEmilio De BonoAlessandro Lessona
Preceded byLuigi FederzoniEmilio De BonoAlessandro Lessona
Political offices
Preceded byLuigi FederzoniEmilio De BonoAlessandro Lessona
Political offices
Minister of the Italian Africa 1928–19291935–19361937–1939
Political offices
Succeeded byEmilio De BonoAlessandro LessonaAttilio Teruzzi
Preceded byCarlo SchanzerDino GrandiGaleazzo Ciano
Preceded byCarlo SchanzerDino GrandiGaleazzo Ciano
Political offices
Preceded byCarlo SchanzerDino GrandiGaleazzo Ciano
Political offices
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1922–19291932–19361943
Political offices
Succeeded byDino GrandiGaleazzo CianoRaffaele Guariglia
New title
New title
Political offices
New title
Political offices
Duce of the Italian Social Republic 1943–1945
Political offices
Abolished
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1943–1945
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1943–1945
Political offices
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1943–1945
Party political offices
Party political offices
Political offices
Party political offices
New title
New title
Political offices
New title
Political offices
Duce of Fascism 1919–1943
Political offices
Abolished
Duce of the Republican Fascist Party 1943–1945
Duce of the Republican Fascist Party 1943–1945
Political offices
Duce of the Republican Fascist Party 1943–1945
Military offices
Military offices
Political offices
Military offices
New title
New title
Political offices
New title
Political offices
First Marshal of the Empire 1938–1943
Political offices
Abolished
Political offices
Preceded byLuigi Facta
Prime Minister of Italy 1922–1943
Succeeded byPietro Badoglio
Preceded byPaolino TaddeiLuigi Federzoni
Minister of the Interior 1922–19241926–1943
Succeeded byLuigi FederzoniBruno Fornaciari
Preceded byAntonino Di GiorgioPietro Gazzera
Minister of War 1925–19291933–1943
Succeeded byPietro GazzeraAntonio Sorice
Preceded byPaolo Thaon di RevelGiuseppe Sirianni
Minister of the Navy 1925–19291933–1943
Succeeded byGiuseppe SirianniRaffaele de Courten
Preceded byNew titleItalo Balbo
Minister of Aeronautics 1925–19291933–1943
Succeeded byItalo BalboRenato Sandalli
Preceded byLuigi FederzoniEmilio De BonoAlessandro Lessona
Minister of the Italian Africa 1928–19291935–19361937–1939
Succeeded byEmilio De BonoAlessandro LessonaAttilio Teruzzi
Preceded byCarlo SchanzerDino GrandiGaleazzo Ciano
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1922–19291932–19361943
Succeeded byDino GrandiGaleazzo CianoRaffaele Guariglia
New title
Duce of the Italian Social Republic 1943–1945
Abolished
Minister of Foreign Affairs 1943–1945
Party political offices
New title
Duce of Fascism 1919–1943
Abolished
Duce of the Republican Fascist Party 1943–1945
Military offices
New title
First Marshal of the Empire 1938–1943
Abolished

References

  1. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- UK: /ˌmʊsəˈliːni, ˌmʌs-/, US: /ˌmuːs-/; Italian: [beˈniːto aˈmil
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