Topzle Topzle

Belt and Road Initiative

Updated: 12/11/2025, 4:18:27 PM Wikipedia source

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI or B&R), also known as the One Belt One Road (Chinese: 一带一路; pinyin: Yīdài Yīlù) and sometimes called the New Silk Road, is a global infrastructure and economic development strategy of the government of the People's Republic of China. The initiative was launched by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) General Secretary Xi Jinping in 2013 while visiting Kazakhstan. It aims to invest in over 150 countries and international organizations through six overland economic corridors and the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. The BRI is central to Chinese foreign policy, promoting trade connectivity and China's leadership role in global affairs. As of 2024, participating countries account for nearly 75% of the world's population and over half of global GDP. Supporters highlight its potential to boost global trade and growth, particularly in developing countries, while critics raise concerns over environmental impact, human rights, and debt-related dependence.

Infobox

Abbreviation
BRI
Formation
2013; 12 years ago (2013) (Inception)2017; 8 years ago (2017) (Forum) 2019; 6 years ago (2019) (Forum) 2023; 2 years ago (2023) (Forum)
Founder
People's Republic of China (PRC)
Legal status
Active
Purpose
Promote economic development and inter-regional connectivity
Headquarters
Beijing, China
Location
mw- Worldwide
CCP General Secretary and PRC President[a]
Xi Jinping
PRC Premier
Li Qiang
Main organ
Belt and Road Construction Leadership GroupNational Development and Reform Commission
Website
www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn

Tables

Countries; Signature, Date of Exit, and Status; & Income Level and Region[62] · Membership › Current and previous members
Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Country
Afghanistan
Date of Signature
1 May 2023
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
South Asia
Albania
Albania
Country
Albania
Date of Signature
1 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Algeria
Algeria
Country
Algeria
Date of Signature
10 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Angola
Angola
Country
Angola
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda
Country
Antigua and Barbuda
Date of Signature
1 June 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Argentina
Argentina
Country
Argentina
Date of Signature
6 February 2022
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Armenia
Armenia
Country
Armenia
Date of Signature
1 December 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Austria
Austria
Country
Austria
Date of Signature
—
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Unclear
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan
Country
Azerbaijan
Date of Signature
1 December 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Bahrain
Bahrain
Country
Bahrain
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Country
Bangladesh
Date of Signature
1 March 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
South Asia
Barbados
Barbados
Country
Barbados
Date of Signature
1 February 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Belarus
Belarus
Country
Belarus
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Benin
Benin
Country
Benin
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Bolivia
Bolivia
Country
Bolivia
Date of Signature
1 June 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Country
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Date of Signature
1 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Botswana
Botswana
Country
Botswana
Date of Signature
7 January 2021
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Brunei
Brunei
Country
Brunei
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Country
Bulgaria
Date of Signature
1 November 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Burundi
Burundi
Country
Burundi
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cabo Verde
Cabo Verde
Country
Cabo Verde
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cambodia
Cambodia
Country
Cambodia
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Cameroon
Cameroon
Country
Cameroon
Date of Signature
1 August 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Central African Republic
Central African Republic
Country
Central African Republic
Date of Signature
1 November 2021
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Chad
Chad
Country
Chad
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Chile
Chile
Country
Chile
Date of Signature
6 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
China
China
Country
China
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Colombia
Colombia
Country
Colombia
Date of Signature
14 May 2025
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Comoros
Comoros
Country
Comoros
Date of Signature
1 December 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Country
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Date of Signature
6 January 2021
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Country
Republic of the Congo
Date of Signature
—
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Unclear
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cook Islands
Cook Islands
Country
Cook Islands
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Country
Costa Rica
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire
Country
Côte d'Ivoire
Date of Signature
23 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Croatia
Croatia
Country
Croatia
Date of Signature
1 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Cuba
Cuba
Country
Cuba
Date of Signature
20 June 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Cyprus
Cyprus
Country
Cyprus
Date of Signature
1 April 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Country
Czech Republic
Date of Signature
1 November 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Djibouti
Djibouti
Country
Djibouti
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Dominica
Dominica
Country
Dominica
Date of Signature
13 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
Country
Dominican Republic
Date of Signature
1 December 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Ecuador
Ecuador
Country
Ecuador
Date of Signature
1 December 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Egypt
Egypt
Country
Egypt
Date of Signature
1 January 2016
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
El Salvador
El Salvador
Country
El Salvador
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinea
Country
Equatorial Guinea
Date of Signature
1 April 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Eritrea
Eritrea
Country
Eritrea
Date of Signature
25 November 2021
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Estonia
Estonia
Country
Estonia
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
11 November 2022
Member Status
Exited (de facto from leaving 17+1 and MoU expiration)
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Country
Ethiopia
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Fiji
Fiji
Country
Fiji
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Gabon
Gabon
Country
Gabon
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
The Gambia
The Gambia
Country
The Gambia
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Georgia
Georgia
Country
Georgia
Date of Signature
1 December 2016
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Ghana
Ghana
Country
Ghana
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Greece
Greece
Country
Greece
Date of Signature
1 August 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Grenada
Grenada
Country
Grenada
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Guinea
Guinea
Country
Guinea
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau
Country
Guinea-Bissau
Date of Signature
24 November 2021
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Guyana
Guyana
Country
Guyana
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Honduras
Honduras
Country
Honduras
Date of Signature
18 October 2023
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Hungary
Hungary
Country
Hungary
Date of Signature
1 June 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Indonesia
Indonesia
Country
Indonesia
Date of Signature
1 March 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Iran
Iran
Country
Iran
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Iraq
Iraq
Country
Iraq
Date of Signature
1 December 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Italy
Italy
Country
Italy
Date of Signature
1 March 2019
Date of Exit
6 December 2023
Member Status
Exited (de facto from MoU expiration)
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Jamaica
Jamaica
Country
Jamaica
Date of Signature
1 April 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Jordan
Jordan
Country
Jordan
Date of Signature
2 December 2023
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper Middle Income
Region
Middle East
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan
Country
Kazakhstan
Date of Signature
1 August 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Kenya
Kenya
Country
Kenya
Date of Signature
1 June 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Kiribati
Kiribati
Country
Kiribati
Date of Signature
1 January 2020
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
South Korea
South Korea
Country
South Korea
Date of Signature
1 May 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Kuwait
Kuwait
Country
Kuwait
Date of Signature
1 May 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan
Country
Kyrgyzstan
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Laos
Laos
Country
Laos
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Latvia
Latvia
Country
Latvia
Date of Signature
1 November 2016
Date of Exit
11 November 2022
Member Status
Exited (de facto from leaving 17+1and MoU expiration)
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Lebanon
Lebanon
Country
Lebanon
Date of Signature
1 September 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Lesotho
Lesotho
Country
Lesotho
Date of Signature
1 June 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Liberia
Liberia
Country
Liberia
Date of Signature
1 April 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Libya
Libya
Country
Libya
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Lithuania
Lithuania
Country
Lithuania
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
2 March 2021
Member Status
Exited (de facto from leaving 17+1 and MoU expiration)
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Country
Luxembourg
Date of Signature
1 March 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Madagascar
Madagascar
Country
Madagascar
Date of Signature
1 March 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Malawi
Malawi
Country
Malawi
Date of Signature
24 March 2022
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Malaysia
Malaysia
Country
Malaysia
Date of Signature
1 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Maldives
Maldives
Country
Maldives
Date of Signature
1 August 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
South Asia
Mali
Mali
Country
Mali
Date of Signature
26 July 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Malta
Malta
Country
Malta
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Mauritania
Mauritania
Country
Mauritania
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Micronesia
Micronesia
Country
Micronesia
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Moldova
Moldova
Country
Moldova
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Mongolia
Mongolia
Country
Mongolia
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Montenegro
Montenegro
Country
Montenegro
Date of Signature
1 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Morocco
Morocco
Country
Morocco
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Mozambique
Mozambique
Country
Mozambique
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Myanmar
Myanmar
Country
Myanmar
Date of Signature
1 August 2016
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Namibia
Namibia
Country
Namibia
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Nepal
Nepal
Country
Nepal
Date of Signature
1 May 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
South Asia
New Zealand
New Zealand
Country
New Zealand
Date of Signature
1 March 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Nicaragua
Nicaragua
Country
Nicaragua
Date of Signature
6 January 2022
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Niger
Niger
Country
Niger
Date of Signature
—
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Unclear
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Nigeria
Nigeria
Country
Nigeria
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Niue
Niue
Country
Niue
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
North Macedonia
North Macedonia
Country
North Macedonia
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Oman
Oman
Country
Oman
Date of Signature
1 May 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Pakistan
Pakistan
Country
Pakistan
Date of Signature
1 December 2013
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
South Asia
Panama
Panama
Country
Panama
Date of Signature
1 June 2017
Date of Exit
3 February 2025
Member Status
Exited (de facto from Panamanian desire to decrease Panama-China ties and MoU expiration)
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea
Country
Papua New Guinea
Date of Signature
1 July 2016
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Peru
Peru
Country
Peru
Date of Signature
1 May 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Philippines
Philippines
Country
Philippines
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
2 November 2023
Member Status
Exited (de facto from rising tensions and MoU expiration)
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Poland
Poland
Country
Poland
Date of Signature
1 November 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Portugal
Portugal
Country
Portugal
Date of Signature
1 December 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Qatar
Qatar
Country
Qatar
Date of Signature
1 January 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Romania
Romania
Country
Romania
Date of Signature
1 June 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Russia
Russia
Country
Russia
Date of Signature
—
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Unclear
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Rwanda
Rwanda
Country
Rwanda
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Samoa
Samoa
Country
Samoa
Date of Signature
1 October 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
Country
Saudi Arabia
Date of Signature
1 August 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Senegal
Senegal
Country
Senegal
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Serbia
Serbia
Country
Serbia
Date of Signature
1 November 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Seychelles
Seychelles
Country
Seychelles
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone
Country
Sierra Leone
Date of Signature
1 August 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Singapore
Singapore
Country
Singapore
Date of Signature
1 April 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Slovakia
Slovakia
Country
Slovakia
Date of Signature
1 November 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Slovenia
Slovenia
Country
Slovenia
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands
Country
Solomon Islands
Date of Signature
1 October 2019
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Somalia
Somalia
Country
Somalia
Date of Signature
1 August 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Africa
South Africa
Country
South Africa
Date of Signature
1 December 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Sudan
South Sudan
Country
South Sudan
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Country
Sri Lanka
Date of Signature
1 April 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
South Asia
Sudan
Sudan
Country
Sudan
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Suriname
Suriname
Country
Suriname
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Syria
Syria
Country
Syria
Date of Signature
6 January 2022
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Tajikistan
Tajikistan
Country
Tajikistan
Date of Signature
1 October 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Tanzania
Tanzania
Country
Tanzania
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Thailand
Thailand
Country
Thailand
Date of Signature
1 December 2014
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Timor-Leste
Timor-Leste
Country
Timor-Leste
Date of Signature
1 April 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Togo
Togo
Country
Togo
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Tonga
Tonga
Country
Tonga
Date of Signature
1 March 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago
Country
Trinidad and Tobago
Date of Signature
1 May 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Tunisia
Tunisia
Country
Tunisia
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Turkey
Turkey
Country
Turkey
Date of Signature
1 November 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan
Country
Turkmenistan
Date of Signature
1 June 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Uganda
Uganda
Country
Uganda
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Ukraine
Ukraine
Country
Ukraine
Date of Signature
1 December 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Country
United Arab Emirates
Date of Signature
1 July 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Uruguay
Uruguay
Country
Uruguay
Date of Signature
1 February 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
High income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan
Country
Uzbekistan
Date of Signature
1 June 2015
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Europe & Central Asia
Vanuatu
Vanuatu
Country
Vanuatu
Date of Signature
1 November 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Venezuela
Venezuela
Country
Venezuela
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Upper middle income
Region
Latin America & Caribbean
Vietnam
Vietnam
Country
Vietnam
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
East Asia & Pacific
Yemen
Yemen
Country
Yemen
Date of Signature
1 November 2017
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Middle East & North Africa
Zambia
Zambia
Country
Zambia
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Lower middle income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe
Country
Zimbabwe
Date of Signature
1 September 2018
Date of Exit
—
Member Status
Signatory
Income Level
Low income
Region
Sub-Saharan Africa
Country
Date of Signature
Date of Exit
Member Status
Income Level
Region
Afghanistan
1 May 2023
—
Signatory
Low income
South Asia
Albania
1 May 2017
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Europe & Central Asia
Algeria
10 July 2018
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Middle East & North Africa
Angola
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Antigua and Barbuda
1 June 2018
—
Signatory
High income
Latin America & Caribbean
Argentina
6 February 2022
—
Signatory
High income
Latin America & Caribbean
Armenia
1 December 2015
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Europe & Central Asia
Austria
—
—
Unclear
High income
Europe & Central Asia
Azerbaijan
1 December 2015
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Europe & Central Asia
Bahrain
1 July 2018
—
Signatory
High income
Middle East & North Africa
Bangladesh
1 March 2019
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
South Asia
Barbados
1 February 2019
—
Signatory
High income
Latin America & Caribbean
Belarus
1 December 2013
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Europe & Central Asia
Benin
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Bolivia
1 June 2018
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1 May 2017
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Europe & Central Asia
Botswana
7 January 2021
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Brunei
1 November 2018
—
Signatory
High income
East Asia & Pacific
Bulgaria
1 November 2015
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Europe & Central Asia
Burundi
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cabo Verde
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cambodia
1 December 2013
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
East Asia & Pacific
Cameroon
1 August 2015
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Central African Republic
1 November 2021
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Chad
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Chile
6 November 2018
—
Signatory
High income
Latin America & Caribbean
China
1 December 2013
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
East Asia & Pacific
Colombia
14 May 2025
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Comoros
1 December 2015
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
6 January 2021
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Republic of the Congo
—
—
Unclear
Lower middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Cook Islands
1 November 2018
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
East Asia & Pacific
Costa Rica
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Côte d'Ivoire
23 May 2017
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Croatia
1 May 2017
—
Signatory
High income
Europe & Central Asia
Cuba
20 June 2019
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Cyprus
1 April 2019
—
Signatory
High income
Europe & Central Asia
Czech Republic
1 November 2015
—
Signatory
High income
Europe & Central Asia
Djibouti
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Middle East & North Africa
Dominica
13 July 2018
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Dominican Republic
1 December 2019
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Ecuador
1 December 2018
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Egypt
1 January 2016
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Middle East & North Africa
El Salvador
1 November 2018
—
Signatory
Lower middle income
Latin America & Caribbean
Equatorial Guinea
1 April 2019
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Eritrea
25 November 2021
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Estonia
1 November 2017
11 November 2022
Exited (de facto from leaving 17+1 and MoU expiration)
High income
Europe & Central Asia
Ethiopia
1 September 2018
—
Signatory
Low income
Sub-Saharan Africa
Fiji
1 November 2018
—
Signatory
Upper middle income
East Asia & Pacific
BRI investment by country in billion $ from 2014 to 2018[208][209] · Projects › Allegations of human rights violations › Table of BRI investment by country from 2014 to 2018
Pakistan
Pakistan
Country
Pakistan
Construction
31.9
Country
Singapore
Investment
24.3
Nigeria
Nigeria
Country
Nigeria
Construction
23.2
Country
Malaysia
Investment
14.1
Bangladesh
Bangladesh
Country
Bangladesh
Construction
17.5
Country
Russia
Investment
10.4
Indonesia
Indonesia
Country
Indonesia
Construction
16.8
Country
Indonesia
Investment
9.4
Malaysia
Malaysia
Country
Malaysia
Construction
15.8
Country
South Korea
Investment
8.1
Egypt
Egypt
Country
Egypt
Construction
15.3
Country
Israel
Investment
7.9
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Country
United Arab Emirates
Construction
14.7
Country
Pakistan
Investment
7.6
Country
Construction
Country
Investment
Pakistan
31.9
Singapore
24.3
Nigeria
23.2
Malaysia
14.1
Bangladesh
17.5
Russia
10.4
Indonesia
16.8
Indonesia
9.4
Malaysia
15.8
South Korea
8.1
Egypt
15.3
Israel
7.9
United Arab Emirates
14.7
Pakistan
7.6

References

  1. CCP General Secretary is head of the CCP Foreign Affairs Commission, the top foreign affairs decision making body in Chi
  2. Countries join China's Belt and Road Initiative by signing the Memorandum of Understanding.
  3. According to World Bank classifications.
  4. Estonia left the 17+1 agreement on 11 August 2022 and the BRI Memorandum of Understanding expired on 27 August 2022.
  5. Italy announced its intent not to renew the BRI's Memorandum of Understanding of 6 December 2023. The Memorandum was up
  6. International Critical Thought
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2025.2512494
  7. International Politics
    https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-024-00568-7
  8. Marxist Studies
    http://marxism.cass.cn/cgkd/202303/t20230321_5614619.shtml
  9. Journal of Asian and African Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909620927430
  10. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/11/the-cultural-revolution-50-years-on-all-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-political-convulsion
  11. Peking Review
    https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1976/PR1976-05.pdf
  12. news.bbc.co.uk
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/key_people_events/html/8.stm
  13. Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption
  14. China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.15136086
  15. World Bank blog World Pensions & Investments Forum World Pensions Council (WPC)
    http://blogs.worldbank.org/ppps/pension-investment-infrastructure-debt-new-source-capital-project-finance/
  16. Beijing: the Commercial Press
  17. Time
    https://time.com/4776845/china-xi-jinping-belt-road-initiative-obor/
  18. "Just what is this One Belt, One Road thing anyway?"
    https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/11/asia/china-one-belt-one-road-explainer/index.html
  19. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018).
  20. The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.11589102
  21. China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009099028
  22. Transportmetrica A:Transport Science
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23249935.2020.1731008
  23. Christoph He"Wie Amerika Chinas Neue Seidenstraße kontern will" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 11 November 2019.
  24. Harry de Wilt: Is One Belt, One Road a China crisis for North Sea main ports? in World Cargo News, 17 December 2019.
  25. "Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China's Belt and Road dreams take off" in Hellenic Shipping News, 4 Dece
  26. Guido Santevecchi: Di Maio e la Via della Seta: «Faremo i conti nel 2020», siglato accordo su Trieste in Corriere della
  27. "Triest – Ein Welthafen für Bayern" Bayrische Staatszeitung, 30 November 2018.
  28. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018), p 112.
  29. Andrew Wheeler: How Trieste could become the Singapore of the Adriatic in Asia Shipping Media – Splash247, 19 February 2
  30. Nature
    https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-01124-7
  31. Palgrave Communications
    https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41599-018-0077-9
  32. World
    https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fworld4020021
  33. "One Belt One Road"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170713011420/http://www.cbbc.org/cbbc/media/cbbc_media/One-Belt-One-Road-main-body.pdf
  34. War on the Rocks
    https://warontherocks.com/2019/03/jaw-jaw-the-geo-economic-challenge-of-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative/
  35. liia.lv
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170206061842/http://liia.lv/en/analysis/bri-instead-of-obor-china-edits-the-english-name-of-its-most-ambitious-international-project-532
  36. 王毅：着力打造西部陆海新通道 推动高质量共建"一带一路"-新华网
    http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2019-08/18/c_1124890399.htm
  37. "Australia rejects China push on Silk Road strategy"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170408082600/https://www.ft.com/content/e30f3122-0eae-11e7-b030-768954394623
  38. The Diplomat
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190126023844/https://thediplomat.com/2019/01/china-and-the-world-island/
  39. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/12/chinas-global-dreams-are-giving-its-neighbors-nightmares/
  40. Bloomberg News
    https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-06-10/china-and-russia-want-to-control-the-world-island
  41. Sinopsis
    https://sinopsis.cz/en/rolland-bri-influence-operations/
  42. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific
    https://academic.oup.com/irap/article/21/2/167/5549877
  43. The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
  44. armenpress.am
    https://armenpress.am/eng/news/975933.html
  45. China's Changing Role in the Middle East: Filling a Power Vacuum?
    https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003495741
  46. Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-031-16659-4_17
  47. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/china/2023/09/06/the-path-ahead-for-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative
  48. Lowy Institute
    https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-road-more-just-brand
  49. Complexity
    https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2020%2F8820021
  50. CNN
    https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/01/asia/china-navy-overseas-military-bases-intl-hnk-ml/index.html
  51. AidData
    https://www.aiddata.org/publications/harboring-global-ambitions
  52. China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement
  53. Journal of Contemporary China
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2016.1245894
  54. Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
  55. Countering China's Great Game
  56. Journal of Contemporary China
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10670564.2019.1621528
  57. Voice of America
    https://www.voanews.com/a/extremism-watch_chinas-plan-xinjiang-seen-key-factor-uighur-crackdown/6181503.html
  58. Bangkok Post
    https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/1668516/xinjiang-crackdown-at-the-heart-of-chinas-belt-and-road
  59. Hoover Institution
    https://www.hoover.org/research/xinjiang-bridge-or-barrier-xi-jinpings-belt-and-road-initiative
  60. Ifeng
    http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150405/43488218_0.shtml
  61. National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), People's Republic of China
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181127225143/http://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease/201503/t20150330_669367.html
  62. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1CT1H9/
  63. China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.8305946
  64. Belt and Road Portal
    https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/country
  65. "Belt and Road Countries"
    https://en.imsilkroad.com/catlist/500
  66. Green Finance & Development Center
    https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/
  67. "Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center"
    https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/
  68. Global Studies Quarterly
    https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isagsq/ksad049/7276354
  69. World Bank Blogs
    https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/world-bank-country-classifications-by-income-level-for-2024-2025
  70. "Estonia and Latvia withdraws from 17+1 agreement"
    https://www.politico.eu/article/down-to-14-1-estonia-and-latvia-quit-chinas-club-in-eastern-europe/
  71. "China | Välisministeerium"
    https://vm.ee/en/china#economic-cooperation
  72. "Why is Italy Withdrawing from China's Belt and Road Initiative?"
    https://www.cfr.org/blog/why-italy-withdrawing-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative
  73. Center for Strategic & International Studies
    https://www.csis.org/analysis/italy-withdraws-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative
  74. "Lithuania withdraws from 17+1 agreement"
    https://www.politico.eu/article/lithuania-pulls-out-china-17-1-bloc-eastern-central-europe-foreign-minister-gabrielius-landsbergis/
  75. Global Taiwan Institute
    https://globaltaiwan.org/2021/03/lithuanias-turn-away-from-chinas-171-and-towards-taiwan-a-signal-of-policy-recalibration-in-central-and-eastern-europe/
  76. South China Morning Post
    https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3135522/lithuania-quit-171-because-access-chinese-market-did-not
  77. Al Jazeera
    https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/2/7/china-blasts-us-as-panama-quits-belt-and-road-initiative
  78. Brownstein
    https://www.bhfs.com/insight/panama-leaves-china-s-belt-and-road-initiative/
  79. Deutsche Welle
    https://www.dw.com/en/philippines-drops-chinas-belt-and-road-as-tensions-flare/a-67344929
  80. "After Italy, Philippines To Exit China's Belt and Road Initiative"
    https://www.timesnownews.com/world/after-italy-philippines-to-exit-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-article-104955410
  81. China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.15136086
  82. The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The Construction of Power and the Struggle for the East Asian International Order
    https://books.google.com/books?id=PskwCwAAQBAJ
  83. aiib.org
    https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/index.html
  84. Sovereign Funds: How the Communist Party of China Finances its Global Ambitions
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.2915805
  85. The Latecomer's Rise: Policy Banks and the Globalization of China's Development Finance
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/jj.6230186
  86. www.lowyinstitute.org
    https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific
  87. Center For Global Development
    https://www.cgdev.org/blog/chinas-new-debt-sustainability-framework-largely-borrowed-world-bank-and-imf-heres-why-could
  88. Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/06/30/how-will-china-respond-when-low-income-countries-cant-pay-their-debts/
  89. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/04/the-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative
  90. South China Morning Post
    https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3122496/debt-trap-diplomacy-myth-no-evidence-china-pushes-poor-nations
  91. Harvard Business School
    https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=59720
  92. China Incorporated: The Politics of a World Where China is Number One
  93. Peter Wells, Don Weinland, Fitch warns on expected returns from One Belt, One Road Archived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback
    http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001071181
  94. news.com.au
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220822131156/https://www.news.com.au/finance/economy/china-forgives-debt-for-17-african-nations/news-story/28ab7f45440142634ff8efd0360b2fec
  95. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-shifts-developing-worlds-banker-debt-collector-says-lowy-institute-2025-05-26/
  96. NPR
    https://www.npr.org/2025/05/28/nx-s1-5413239/china-loans-developing-world-belt-road
  97. South China Morning Post
    https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3311813/time-chinas-belt-and-road-partners-pony-debt-comes-due-think-tank-finds
  98. Lowy Institute
    https://interactives.lowyinstitute.org/features/peak-repayment-china-global-lending/
  99. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/12/05/the-hidden-cost-of-chinese-loans
  100. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space
    https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2399654420911410a
  101. "Walquist, Hakan. "Albert Herrmann: A missing link in establishing the Silk Road as a concept for Trans-Eurasian network
  102. ARTNeT Working Paper Series, Bangkok, ESCAP
    http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/AWP172.pdf
  103. "Getting lost in 'One Belt, One Road'"
    http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road/
  104. Our bulldozers, our rules Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Economist, 2 July 2016
    https://www.economist.com/news/china/21701505-chinas-foreign-policy-could-reshape-good-part-world-economy-our-bulldozers-our-rules
  105. The Express Tribune
    https://tribune.com.pk/story/1381733/cpec-investment-pushed-55b-62b/
  106. McClatchy News
    http://www.mcclatchydc.com/news/nation-world/world/article24783286.html
  107. Dawn
    http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040
  108. "CPEC: The devil is not in the details"
    http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details
  109. The Express Tribune
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/
  110. Asia Times Online
    https://asiatimes.com/cpec-takes-step-forward-violence-surges-balochistan/?platform=hootsuite
  111. The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy
    https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152
  112. China Daily
    http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015xiattendwwii/2015-05/09/content_20666880.htm
  113. china.org.cn
    http://china.org.cn/business/node_7207419.htm
  114. The Astana Times
    https://astanatimes.com/2013/09/xi-jinping-calls-for-regional-cooperation-via-new-silk-road/
  115. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/cities/ng-interactive/2018/jul/30/what-china-belt-road-initiative-silk-road-explainer
  116. Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
  117. "Integrating #Kazakhstan Nurly Zhol, China's Silk Road economic belt will benefit all, officials say"
    https://www.eureporter.co/frontpage/2016/12/10/integrating-kazakhstan-nurly-zhol-chinas-silk-road-economic-belt-will-benefit-all-officials-say/
  118. "Sri Lanka Supports China's Initiative of a 21st Century Maritime Silk Route"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150511193307/http://www.maritimesun.com/news/sri-lanka-supports-chinas-initiative-of-a-21st-century-maritime-silk-route
  119. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2014/09/china-pushes-maritime-silk-road-in-south-southeast-asia/
  120. "Reflections on Maritime Partnership: Building the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road"
    http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2014-09/15/content_7231376.htm
  121. China Daily
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170302055647/http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013-10/04/content_17008940.htm
  122. Bernhard Simon: Die natürlichen Grenzen der Neuen Seidenstraße. Manager Magazin 5/2019, 2 May 2019; Bernhard Zand: China
  123. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs
    https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1868103420962116
  124. Johnny Erling: Chinas großer Sprung nach Afrika, Die Welt, 3 September 2018; Andreas Eckert: Mit Mao nach Daressalam, Di
  125. Harry G. Broadman "Afrika's Silk Road" (2007), pp 59.
  126. Andreas Eckert: "Mit Mao nach Daressalam" Die Zeit, 28 March 2019, p. 17.
  127. Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa Die Zeit, 8 May 2018.
  128. Andrea Rossini: Venezia, si incaglia la via della Seta. Porto off limits per le navi cinesi in TGR Veneto (RAI), 16 Janu
  129. Chinesen wollen im Hafen Triest investieren. Warenverkehr der Seidenstraße läuft übers Meer Die Presse 16 May 2017
  130. Thomas Fischer: Viele europäische Länder fürchten Chinas Einfluss. Portugal glaubt an die Seidenstrasse in Neue Zürcher
  131. Cosco investiert wieder in große MPP-Flotte. Hansa International Maritime Journal, 20 November 2018.
  132. Wolf D. Hartmann, Wolfgang Maennig, Run Wang: Chinas neue Seidenstraße. Frankfurt am Main 2017, S. 59; Chinesen wollen v
  133. P&O Ferrymasters Launches New Intermodal Services Linking Turkey To Rotterdam And Zeebrugge Hubs Via Trieste. in Helleni
  134. "Hafen Triest nun mit Bahnverbindung nach Nürnberg" Industrie Magazin, 9 November 2020.
  135. stol.it
    https://www.stol.it/artikel/wirtschaft/italien-will-in-schnellere-bahnverbindung-triest-venedig-investieren
  136. Gerald Pohl: Neue Seidenstraße: China drängt es nach Europa Die Presse, 17 September 2019; Hafen Triest auf Wachstumskur
  137. Triest – Ein Welthafen für Bayern, In: Bayrische Staatszeitung 30 November 2018; Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seid
  138. "Trieste, ex Aquila venduta all'ungherese Adria Port" Il Piccolo, 18 December 2020.
  139. Matteo Bressan: Opportunities and challenges for BRI in Europe in Global Time, 2 April 2019; Andreas Deutsch: Verlagerun
  140. "Logistica, il colosso Duisport acquisisce il 15% delle quote dell'Interporto di Trieste" Il Piccolo, 15 December 2020.
  141. Nord Est Economia
    https://nordesteconomia.gelocal.it/infrastrutture/2021/01/31/news/verso-il-colosso-ue-dei-container-amburgo-brema-un-faro-su-trieste-1.39843003
  142. "L'Interporto Cervignano è ora la banchina estesa del Porto di Trieste - TRIESTE.news"
    https://www.triesteallnews.it/2021/05/linterporto-cervignano-e-ora-la-banchina-estesa-del-porto-di-trieste/
  143. "RCG verstärkt Verbindung nach Triest" In: Dispo, 3 February 2021; "Zusätzliche Bahnverbindungen zwischen Triest und Nür
  144. Das Österreichische Industriemagazin
    https://industriemagazin.at/artikel/hafen-triest-nun-mit-bahnverbindung-nach-nuernberg/
  145. www.merkur.de
    https://www.merkur.de/politik/neue-seidenstrasse-china-beteiligte-laender-verlauf-deutschland-kritik-90466338.html
  146. Suokas, J., China, Russia to build ‘Ice Silk Road’ along Northern Sea Route Archived 18 August 2018 at the Wayback Machi
    https://gbtimes.com/china-russia-build-ice-silk-road-along-northern-sea-route
  147. The California Review
    https://calrev.org/2019/07/18/cold-ambition-the-new-geopolitical-faultline/
  148. China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
    https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003352587-18
  149. China and Eurasian powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
    https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003352587-20
  150. Voice of America
    https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-digital-silk-road-exports-internet-technology-controls/7626266.html
  151. China Digital Times
    https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2024/05/chinese-surveillance-technology-expands-at-home-and-abroad/
  152. The Globe and Mail
    https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-leaked-files-show-a-chinese-company-is-exporting-the-great-firewalls/
  153. The Information Society
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01972243.2024.2315875
  154. High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy
    https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780197682258.001.0001
  155. Asian Affairs
    https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03068374.2024.2421501
  156. China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
    https://hal.science/hal-04020081/file/9781003352587_previewpdf.pdf
  157. Asian Affairs
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068374.2024.2421501
  158. Jamestown Foundation
    https://jamestown.org/program/state-goals-private-tools-digital-sovereignty-and-surveillance-along-the-belt-and-road/
  159. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/e808a542-d6c6-11e7-8c9a-d9c0a5c8d5c9
  160. IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
    https://spectrum.ieee.org/chinas-ambitious-plan-to-build-the-worlds-biggest-supergrid
  161. "Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Belt and Road"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085441/http://english.cri.cn/12394/2015/03/29/2941s872030_1.htm
  162. Business Standard
    https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/china-drops-bcim-from-bri-projects-list-119042800540_1.html
  163. "Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – Green Finance & Development Center"
    https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/
  164. BRI Official Website
    http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190208025452/https://www.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/info/iList.jsp?tm_id=126&cat_id=10122&info_id=77298
  165. eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174859/https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/rdxw/69500.htm
  166. www.businesstimes.com.sg
    https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/asean-business/understanding-chinas-bri-in-laos
  167. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/29/magazine/china-globalization-kazakhstan.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/29/magazine/china-globalization-kazakhstan.html
  168. Mercator Institute for China Studies
    https://merics.org/en/analysis/bri-pakistan-chinas-flagship-economic-corridor
  169. The China Quarterly
    https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305741023000966
  170. Journal of Financial Crime
    https://doi.org/10.1108%2FJFC-02-2023-0029
  171. The Social Science Journal
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03623319.2020.1848295
  172. China Brief
    https://jamestown.org/program/organized-crime-on-the-belt-and-road/
  173. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
    https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/bri-crime/
  174. "Organised crime threatening the development of Southeast Asia"
    https://eastasiaforum.org/2017/08/25/organised-crime-threatening-the-development-of-southeast-asia/
  175. thediplomat.com
    https://thediplomat.com/2016/11/transnational-threats-in-southeast-asia/
  176. Frontier Myanmar
    https://web.archive.org/web/20230922102140/https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/scam-city-how-the-coup-brought-shwe-kokko-back-to-life/
  177. Based on 《一帶一路規劃藍圖》 in Nanfang Daily
  178. Financial Times
    https://archive.today/20190719001102/https://www.ft.com/content/a5815e66-a91b-11e9-984c-fac8325aaa04
  179. AidData
    https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road
  180. Nikkei Asia
    https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Belt-and-Road/Botched-Belt-and-Road-project-triggers-political-crisis-in-Serbia
  181. Serbian Monitor
    https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/how-chinese-companies-do-business-in-serbia/
  182. Serbian Monitor
    https://www.serbianmonitor.com/en/who-are-the-chinese-companies-that-are-modernizing-belgrade-budapest-railroad/
  183. Serbian Times
    https://serbiantimes.info/en/do-not-care-about-human-lives-chinese-company-refused-to-check-the-stability-of-the-station-in-novi-sad/
  184. blic.rs
    https://www.blic.rs/vesti/novi-sad/cuvena-lokomotiva-kod-zeleznicke-stanice-dobila-novi-sjaj-sanirana-ostecenja-na-tri/t4t80kr
  185. BBC
    https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2g8v32q30o
  186. "Greening the Belt and Road Initiative"
    https://www.sustainablefinance.hsbc.com/-/media/gbm/reports/sustainable-financing/greening-the-belt-and-road-initiative.pdf
  187. Yale E360
    https://e360.yale.edu/digest/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-could-drive-warming-to-2-7-degrees
  188. Greening the Belt and Road Projects in Central Asia: A Visual Synthesis
    https://zoinet.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/BRI-Layout-WEB.pdf
  189. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/16/serbia-china-bri-coal-copper-dirty-energy-dumping-ground/
  190. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/25/belt-and-road-forum-chinas-project-of-the-century-hits-tough-times
  191. Moving the Green Belt and Road Initiative: From Words to Actions
    https://www.wri.org/research/moving-green-belt-and-road-initiative-words-actions
  192. Marine Policy
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308597X19307675
  193. United Nations Development Programme
    https://www.cn.undp.org/content/china/en/home/library/south-south-cooperation/a-new-means-to-transformative-global-governance-towards-sustaina.html
  194. Environmental Policy and Governance
    https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feet.1901
  195. Joule
    https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2019.06.006
  196. "The Belt and Road Initiative International Green Development Coalition"
    https://www.unenvironment.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/belt-and-road-initiative-international-green
  197. IDDRI
    https://www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/blog-post/greening-belt-and-road-initiative-recent-advances-assessing-scale
  198. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/e00426f4-8ead-11ea-af59-5283fc4c0cb0
  199. www.csis.org
    https://www.csis.org/analysis/greening-or-greenwashing-belt-and-road-initiative
  200. Environmental Policy and Governance
    https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eet.1807
  201. Eurasian Geography and Economics
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15387216.2017.1295876
  202. Resources, Conservation and Recycling
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344919303258
  203. Wang, Christoph Nedopil. “China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023.” Green Finance & Development Cent
  204. Green Finance & Development Center
    https://web.archive.org/web/20240501180948/https://greenfdc.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2023/#:~:text=China%27s%20energy%20related%20engagement%20in%202023%20was%20the%20greenest%20since,6%20billion
  205. "Goldwind will install a factory of wind turbines for wind power in Brazil"
    https://www.evwind.es/2023/03/24/goldwind-will-install-a-factory-of-wind-turbines-for-wind-power-in-brazil/90891
  206. "PLN partners with State Grid Corporation of China and Trina Solar to boost clean energy and develop smart grid"
    https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/risks-opportunities/pln-partners-with-state-grid-corporation-of-china-and-trina-solar-to-boost-clean-energy-and-develop-smart-grid/
  207. China's Changing Role in the Middle East: Filling a Power Vacuum?
  208. Time
    https://time.com/6100439/china-stop-funding-coal-plants/
  209. "300MW coal power plant okayed for Gwadar"
    https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1027065-300mw-coal-power-plant-okayed-for-gwadar
  210. Voice of America
    https://www.voanews.com/a/china-and-the-lessons-learned-from-a-decade-of-the-bri-/7301915.html
  211. China Labor Watch
    https://chinalaborwatch.org/silent-victims-of-labor-trafficking-chinas-belt-and-road-workers-stranded-overseas-amid-covid-19-pandemic/
  212. "劳工组织："一带一路"加剧海外中国劳工被强迫劳动"
    https://www.voachinese.com/a/Forced-labor-Chinese-Worker-Overseas-Belt-Road-Initiative-Indonesia-China-Labor-Watch-20210430/5873308.html
  213. American Enterprise Institute - AEI
    http://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/
  214. The Belt and Road is Overhyped, Commercially
    https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/BRI-Senate-testimony-6.12.19.pdf
  215. President.pl
    https://www.president.pl/en/news/art,191,president-duda-hopes-poland-will-become-chinas-gateway-to-europe.html
  216. Polish Press Agency
    https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/president-duda-sends-sympathy-message-to-president-xi-jinping-10277
  217. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-poland-china-xi/xi-welcomes-chinese-freight-train-to-strategic-partner-poland-idUKKCN0Z6205
  218. East Asia
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09317-7
  219. East Asia
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09315-9
  220. Project Syndicate
    https://www.project-syndicate.org/videos/china-is-the-real-deal
  221. Africa Times
    https://africatimes.com/2019/04/18/china-notes-africas-key-bri-role-ahead-of-forum-in-beijing/
  222. "Is Italy playing with fire when it comes to China?"
    https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/27/italys-joins-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative.html
  223. The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia
  224. CNA
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210720061023/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/mahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-11481782
  225. karaganov.ru
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220412065518/http://karaganov.ru/publications/preview/378
  226. What Is One Belt One Road? A Surplus Recycling Mechanism Approach
    https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2997650
  227. Hong Kong Economic Journal
    http://www.ejinsight.com/20160412-getting-lost-one-belt-one-road/
  228. "Explained: What is the Blue Dot network, on the table during Trump visit to India"
    https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-blue-dot-network-on-the-table-during-trump-visit-to-india-6286524/
  229. ABC News
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-09/blue-dot-network-explainer-us-china-belt-and-road/11682454
  230. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2019/04/advancing-democracy-in-the-us-free-and-open-indo-pacific-strategy/
  231. "Ministry of US Defense. Indo-Pacific Report June 2019"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190626000337/https://media.defense.gov/2019/May/31/2002139210/-1/-1/1/DOD_INDO_PACIFIC_STRATEGY_REPORT_JUNE_2019.PDF
  232. Hindustan Times
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-doesn-t-join-sco-members-in-endorsing-china-s-belt-and-road-project/story-CBH22ODWVImRFpwkkhehWI.html
  233. Hindustan Times
    https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/cpec-route-through-kashmir-could-create-tension-with-india-un-report/story-05fDgjtdFmATT6K13ZJffN.html
  234. "China: Power and Prosperity -- Watch the full documentary"
    https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/JovtmKFxi3c
  235. "'The Belt and Road Initiative is great': Malaysia PM Mahathir"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220419050106/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/mahathir-endorse-belt-and-road-china-889066
  236. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-launched-cia-covert-influence-operation-against-china-2024-03-14/
  237. Foreign Affairs
    https://www.foreignaffairs.com/china/chinas-alternative-order-xi-jinping-elizabeth-economy
  238. East Asia
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09318-6
  239. "Việt Nam, China sign 36 cooperation documents on diplomacy, trade, defence & sea issues"
    https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1637945/viet-nam-china-sign-36-cooperation-documents-on-diplomacy-trade-defence-sea-issues.html
  240. East Asia
    https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12140-019-09310-0
  241. The Korea Times
    https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/world/2024/06/501_237061.html
  242. Henry Kissinger and Graham Allison on the U.S., China, and the Thucydides's Trap
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKI6M2UiCGk
  243. European Views
    https://www.european-views.com/2019/09/japan-and-the-eu-sign-infrastructure-deal-to-rival-chinas-belt-and-road/
  244. The Japan Times
    https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/28/business/japan-eu-vow-infrastructure-cooperation-counter-china/
  245. "Memorandum of Understanding between the state of Victoria in Australia and the People's Republic of China"
    https://www.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-02/Belt-and-Road-Initiative-MOU.pdf
  246. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/25/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-what-is-it-and-why-is-victoria-under-fire-for-its-involvement
  247. SBS News
    https://www.sbs.com.au/news/federal-government-rips-up-victoria-s-controversial-belt-and-road-agreement-with-china
  248. SBS News
    https://www.sbs.com.au/news/turnbull-plays-down-belt-and-road-fears
  249. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/china/2020/06/04/the-pandemic-is-hurting-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative
  250. Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade
    https://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/organisations/wto/wto-disputes/summary-of-australias-involvement-in-disputes-currently-before-the-world-trade-organization
  251. ABC News
    https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-20/wha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost/12265896
  252. Taipei Times
    https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2021/11/14/2003767840
  253. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/australia-abandons-its-neutrality-on-the-south-china-sea-maritime-disputes/
  254. Mint
    https://www.livemint.com/news/brazil-follows-in-indias-footsteps-becomes-second-brics-country-to-reject-bri-in-setback-for-china-11730204408442.html
  255. China Digital Times
    https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2024/10/back-from-brics-summit-brazil-bucks-belt-and-road-initiative/
  256. Daily Maverick
    https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-21-iss-today-lessons-from-sri-lanka-on-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy/
  257. Lowy Institute
    https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/belt-and-road-colonialism-chinese-characteristics
  258. Area Development and Policy
    https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23792949.2019.1689828
  259. The Diplomat
    https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/revisiting-the-resurrected-debate-about-chinese-neocolonialism/
  260. Tanzania President terms China's BRI port project exploitative Archived 7 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine (July 201
    https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/tanzania-president-terms-bri-port-project-exploitative/articleshow/70109612.cms
  261. The Economist
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2019/06/29/china-is-thinking-twice-about-lending-to-africa
  262. The Conversation
    https://theconversation.com/drcs-tshisekedi-has-secured-his-power-base-now-its-time-to-deliver-170282
  263. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/06/27/the-belt-and-road-bubble-is-starting-to-burst/
  264. Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-28/congo-reviews-6-2-billion-china-mining-deal-as-criticism-grows
  265. Bloomberg
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-11-28/africa-s-biggest-data-leak-reveals-china-money-role-in-kabila-s-congo-looting
  266. TheGuardian.com
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/13/pakistan-detains-five-chinese-trawlers-for-alleged-fishing
  267. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/0bd3988d-96d6-47a2-8006-1810cd90c151
  268. Area Development and Policy
    https://doi.org/10.1080/23792949.2019.1689828
  269. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2021/02/china-debt-trap-diplomacy/617953/
  270. China Africa Research Initiative
    http://www.sais-cari.org/s/Briefing-Paper-1-August-2018-Final.pdf
  271. World Mind –American University's undergraduate policy magazine
    https://www.theworldmind.org/home/2019/10/20/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-is-it-truly-neocolonialist
  272. Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank
    https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy
  273. "Ocean of debt? Belt and Road and debt diplomacy in the Pacific"
    https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/ocean-debt-belt-and-road-and-debt-diplomacy-pacific
  274. The Interpreter
    https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/debunking-myth-china-s-debt-trap-diplomacy
  275. Rhodium Group
    https://rhg.com/research/new-data-on-the-debt-trap-question/
  276. The Sydney Morning Herald
    https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/data-doesn-t-support-belt-and-road-debt-trap-claims-20190502-p51jhx.html
  277. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies
    https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS2377740018500240
  278. Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective
    https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf
  279. Quartz
    https://qz.com/1391770/the-anxious-chorus-around-chinese-debt-trap-diplomacy-doesnt-reflect-african-realities/
  280. Voice of America
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210722000028/https://www.voanews.com/africa/china-offers-debt-relief-most-african-countries-borrow-elsewhere
  281. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
    https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/cms/bris-debt-trap-diplomacy-reality-or-myth/?doing_wp_cron=1639831204.9130430221557617187500
  282. China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1353290533
  283. Chinese Global Infrastructure
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009090902/type/element
  284. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-xi-jinping-visit-serbia-anniversary-1999-nato-bombing-2024-05-07/
  285. Politico Europe
    https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-leave-belt-and-road-initiative-china-minister-guido-crosetto/
  286. Financial Times
    https://www.ft.com/content/946636dc-2fa1-4b2b-a83b-84478f804a83
  287. Reuters
    https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-xi-arrives-lima-apec-open-pacific-megaport-2024-11-14/
  288. Belt and Road portal
    https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/qwyw/qwfb/1084.htm
  289. Belt and Road portal
    https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/zchj/qwfb/30277.htm
  290. Eurasian Geography and Economics
    https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1866997
  291. www.chinadaily.com.cn
    http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013xivisitcenterasia/2013-09/08/content_16952228.htm
  292. The Chinese Journal of Comparative Law
    https://academic.oup.com/cjcl/article/8/2/331/5896818
  293. "University collaboration takes the Silk Road route"
    http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20150611130705830
  294. OFNRS
    https://observatoirenrs.com/
  295. Corporate Europe Observatory
    https://corporateeurope.org/en/2019/04/follow-new-silk-road-chinas-growing-trail-think-tanks-and-lobbyists-europe
  296. Annex, Economic corridors and other projects catalyzed and supported by connectivity, 2019 Belt and Road Forum Joint Com
  297. These projects and themes are not listed in the economic corridors list under the 2019 Annex but are frequently associat
  298. The Belt and Road Initiative: Progress, Contributions and Prospects released in April 2019 by the Office of the Leading
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.