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Battle of the Little Bighorn

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Battle of the Little Bighorn

The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, and commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. It took place on June 25–26, 1876, along the Little Bighorn River in the Crow Indian Reservation in southeastern Montana Territory. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. Most battles in the Great Sioux War, including the Battle of the Little Bighorn, were on lands those natives had taken from other tribes since 1851. The Lakotas were there without consent from the local Crow tribe, which had a treaty claim on the area. Already in 1873, Crow chief Blackfoot had called for U.S. military actions against the native intruders. The steady Lakota incursions into treaty areas belonging to the smaller tribes were a direct result of their displacement by the United States in and around Fort Laramie, as well as in reaction to white encroachment into the Black Hills, which the Lakota consider sacred. This pre-existing Indian conflict provided a useful wedge for colonization and ensured the United States a firm Indian alliance with the Arikaras and the Crows during the Lakota Wars. The fight was an overwhelming victory for the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho, who were led by several major war leaders, including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, and had been inspired by the visions of Sitting Bull (Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake). The U.S. 7th Cavalry, a force of 700 men commanded by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (a brevetted major general during the American Civil War), suffered a major defeat. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were wiped out and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, his nephew, and his brother-in-law. The total U.S. casualty count included 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (six died later from their wounds), including four Crow Indian scouts and at least two Arikara Indian scouts. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. Custer's widow Libbie Custer soon began to work to burnish her husband's memory, and during the following decades, Custer and his troops came to be widely considered to be heroic figures in U.S. history. The battle and Custer's actions in particular have been studied extensively by historians. Custer's heroic public image began to tarnish after the death of his widow in 1933 and the publication in 1934 of Glory Hunter - The Life of General Custer by Frederic F. Van de Water, which was the first book to depict Custer in unheroic terms. These two events, combined with the cynicism of an economic depression and historical revisionism, led to a more realistic view of Custer and his defeat on the banks of the Little Bighorn River. Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument honors those who fought on both sides.

Infobox

Date
June 25–26, 1876
Location
Near Little Bighorn River, Crow Indian Reservation, Big Horn County, Montana, U 45°33′54″N 107°25′44″W / 45.56500°N 107.42889°W / 45.56500; -107.42889 (The Battle of Little BigHorn)
Result
Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho victory

Tables

Native Americans · Order of battle
Native Americans
Native Americans
Native Americans
Native Americans
Tribe
Lakota Sioux
Leaders
Hunkpapa: Sitting Bull, Four Horns, Crow King, Chief Gall, Black Moon, Rain-in-the-Face, Moving Robe Women, Spotted Horn Bull, Iron Hawk, One Bull, Bull Head, Chasing Eagle Sihasapa: Crawler, Kill Eagle Minneconjou: Chief Hump, Black Moon, Red Horse, Makes Room, Looks Up, Lame Deer, Dog-with-Horn, Dog Back Bone, White Bull, Feather Earring, Flying By Sans Arc: Spotted Eagle, Red Bear, Long Road, Cloud Man Oglala: Crazy Horse, He Dog, Kicking Bear, Flying Hawk, American Horse the Elder, Chief Long Wolf, Black Elk, White Cow Bull, Running Eagle, Black Fox II Brule: Two Eagles, Hollow Horn Bear, Brave Bird Two Kettles: Runs-the-Enemy
Dakota Sioux
Dakota Sioux
Native Americans
Dakota Sioux
Tribe
Lower Yanktonai: Thunder Bear, Medicine Cloud, Iron Bear, Long Tree Wahpekute: Inkpaduta, Sounds-the-Ground-as-He-Walks, White Eagle, White Tracking Earth
Northern Cheyenne
Northern Cheyenne
Native Americans
Northern Cheyenne
Tribe
Northern Cheyenne: Two Moons, Wooden Leg, Old Bear, Lame White Man †, American Horse, Brave Wolf, Antelope Women, Thunder Bull Big Nose, Yellow Horse, Little Shield, Horse Road, Bob Tail Horse, Yellow Hair, Bear-Walks-on-a-Ridge, Black Hawk, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Crooked Nose, Noisy Walking†
Arapaho
Arapaho
Native Americans
Arapaho
Tribe
Arapahoes: Waterman, Sage, Left Hand, Yellow Eagle, Little Bird
Native Americans
Tribe
Leaders
Native Americans
Lakota Sioux
Hunkpapa: Sitting Bull, Four Horns, Crow King, Chief Gall, Black Moon, Rain-in-the-Face, Moving Robe Women, Spotted Horn Bull, Iron Hawk, One Bull, Bull Head, Chasing Eagle Sihasapa: Crawler, Kill Eagle Minneconjou: Chief Hump, Black Moon, Red Horse, Makes Room, Looks Up, Lame Deer, Dog-with-Horn, Dog Back Bone, White Bull, Feather Earring, Flying By Sans Arc: Spotted Eagle, Red Bear, Long Road, Cloud Man Oglala: Crazy Horse, He Dog, Kicking Bear, Flying Hawk, American Horse the Elder, Chief Long Wolf, Black Elk, White Cow Bull, Running Eagle, Black Fox II Brule: Two Eagles, Hollow Horn Bear, Brave Bird Two Kettles: Runs-the-Enemy
Dakota Sioux
Lower Yanktonai: Thunder Bear, Medicine Cloud, Iron Bear, Long Tree Wahpekute: Inkpaduta, Sounds-the-Ground-as-He-Walks, White Eagle, White Tracking Earth
Northern Cheyenne
Northern Cheyenne: Two Moons, Wooden Leg, Old Bear, Lame White Man †, American Horse, Brave Wolf, Antelope Women, Thunder Bull Big Nose, Yellow Horse, Little Shield, Horse Road, Bob Tail Horse, Yellow Hair, Bear-Walks-on-a-Ridge, Black Hawk, Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Crooked Nose, Noisy Walking†
Arapaho
Arapahoes: Waterman, Sage, Left Hand, Yellow Eagle, Little Bird
United States Army, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, 7th United States Cavalry Regiment, commanding · Order of battle
Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †, commanding
Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †, commanding
7th United States Cavalry regiment
Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †, commanding
Battalion
Custer's Battalion Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †
Companies and others
Company C: Captain Thomas Custer † Company E: First Lieutenant Algernon Smith † Company F: Captain George Yates † Company I: Captain Myles Keogh † Company L: First Lieutenant James Calhoun †
Reno's Battalion Major Marcus Reno
Reno's Battalion Major Marcus Reno
7th United States Cavalry regiment
Reno's Battalion Major Marcus Reno
Battalion
Company A: Captain Myles Moylan Company G: First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh † Company M: Captain Thomas French
Benteen's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen
Benteen's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen
7th United States Cavalry regiment
Benteen's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen
Battalion
Company D: Captain Thomas Weir Company H: Captain Frederick Benteen Company K: First Lieutenant Edward Settle Godfrey
Pack train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey
Pack train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey
7th United States Cavalry regiment
Pack train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey
Battalion
Company B: Captain Thomas McDougall
Scouts and interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum (wounded), Chief of Scouts
Scouts and interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum (wounded), Chief of Scouts
7th United States Cavalry regiment
Scouts and interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum (wounded), Chief of Scouts
Battalion
Bloody Knife †, Charley Reynolds †, Isaiah Dorman †, Mitch Bouyer †, Bob Tailed Bull†, Little Brave†, White Swan (severely wounded), Goose (wounded), Curley, Curling Head, Fred Gerard, Goes Ahead, Boy Chief, Hairy Moccasin, Half Yellow Face (Paints Half His Face Yellow), Little Sioux, One Feather, Owl, Peter Jackson, William Jackson, Red Bear, Red Star, Running Wolf, Sitting Bear, Soldier, Strikes The Lodge, Strikes Two, Two Moons, White Man Runs Him, Young Hawk
7th United States Cavalry regiment
Battalion
Companies and others
Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †, commanding
Custer's Battalion Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer †
Company C: Captain Thomas Custer † Company E: First Lieutenant Algernon Smith † Company F: Captain George Yates † Company I: Captain Myles Keogh † Company L: First Lieutenant James Calhoun †
Reno's Battalion Major Marcus Reno
Company A: Captain Myles Moylan Company G: First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh † Company M: Captain Thomas French
Benteen's Battalion Captain Frederick Benteen
Company D: Captain Thomas Weir Company H: Captain Frederick Benteen Company K: First Lieutenant Edward Settle Godfrey
Pack train First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey
Company B: Captain Thomas McDougall
Scouts and interpreters Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum (wounded), Chief of Scouts
Bloody Knife †, Charley Reynolds †, Isaiah Dorman †, Mitch Bouyer †, Bob Tailed Bull†, Little Brave†, White Swan (severely wounded), Goose (wounded), Curley, Curling Head, Fred Gerard, Goes Ahead, Boy Chief, Hairy Moccasin, Half Yellow Face (Paints Half His Face Yellow), Little Sioux, One Feather, Owl, Peter Jackson, William Jackson, Red Bear, Red Star, Running Wolf, Sitting Bear, Soldier, Strikes The Lodge, Strikes Two, Two Moons, White Man Runs Him, Young Hawk

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  166. Donovan, 2008, p. 163: "The [Gatling gun] and its ammunition...was mostly pulled by two 'condemned' cavalry mounts [p. 1
  167. Sklenar, 2000, p. 72: On Reno's [June 10 to June 18] reconnaissance "the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burden...
  168. Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "The biggest problem with the [Gatling] gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use
  169. Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "...Reno had taken one [Gatling gun] along [on his June reconnaissance], and it had been nothing
  170. Hatch, 1997, pp. 80–81: The Gatling guns "were cumbersome and would cause delays over the traveled route. The guns were
  171. Lawson, 2007, p. 50: "[Custer] turned down General Terry's offer to bring the three Gatling guns, because they would slo
  172. Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Custer knew he had to move quickly to accomplish his objective. That was why he ultimately decl
  173. Sklenar, 2000, p. 79: After the 7th Cavalry's departure up Rosebud Creek, "even Brisbin would acknowledge that everyone
  174. Philbrick, 2010, p. 99: "Thinking his regiment powerful enough to handle anything it might encounter, [Custer, in additi
  175. Sklenar, 2000, p. 92: Custer "on the evening of 22 June...[informed his officer staff]...why he had not accepted the off
  176. Lawson, 2007 p. 50: "Custer...refused Major James Brisbin's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment [200 troopers],
  177. Donovan, 2008, p. "Explaining his refusal of the Gatling gun detachment and the Second Cavalry battalion, he convolutedl
  178. Hatch, 1997, p. 24: "Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned, and requested that his troops [which had the
  179. Sklenar, 2000, pp. 78–79: "Apparently, Terry offered [Major James] Brisbin's battalion and Gatling gun battery to accomp
  180. Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The offer of 3 Gatling Guns...was made to Custer by General Alfred Terry [at the] urging of Major J
  181. Hatch, 1997, p. 80: "The Gatling Guns would have brought formidable firepower into play; this rapid fire artillery could
  182. Donovan, 2008, p. 175: "Each of these heavy, hand-cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute, an impressive ra
  183. Hatch, 1997, pp. 80–81: "The Gatlings had major drawbacks, such as frequent jamming due to residue from black powder..."
  184. Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "Military traditionalists like to claim the gun was unreliable, but in actuality the Gatling fun
  185. Hatch, 1997, p. 81: "...The [Gatling] guns were mounted on large [diameter] wheels, which meant that in order to operate
  186. Utley, 1987, pp. 80–81
  187. Gallear, 2001: "The Indians were well equipped with hand-to-hand weapons and these included lances, tomahawks, war clubs
  188. Flaherty, 1993, p. 208: "By 1873, Indians 'used the traditional bow and arrows and war club along with firearms such as
  189. Gallear, 2001: "Trade guns were made up until the 1880s by such gunsmiths as Henry Leman, J.P. Lower and J. Henry & Son.
  190. Gallear, 2001: "These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties."
  191. Gallear, 2001: "Civil War type muzzleloader rifles would have had an effective range of about 500 yards, but with volley
  192. Donovan, 2008, p. 188: "Though most of the men in the village carried the bow and arrow in battle ... over the past deca
  193. Gallear, 2001: "The bow's effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him
  194. Gallear, 2001: "There is also evidence that some Indians were short of ammunition and it is unclear how good a shot they
  195. Donovan, 2008, p. 188 (fragment of quote)Utley, 1993, p. 39: "The Indians had grown to depend on the goods [white trader
  196. Donovan, 2008, p. 118: Reynolds "best white scout in Dakota Territory ... had earned Custer's respect for his excellent
  197. Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians, nearly one
  198. Sklenar, 2000, p. 163: "the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges, plus several hundred wikiups housing individual war
  199. Lawson, 2007, pp. 52–53: "The troops of the 7th Cavalry were each armed with two standard weapons, a rifle and a pistol.
  200. Lawson, 2007, p. 53: "Although each soldier was also issued a sword or saber, Custer ordered these weapons boxed before
  201. Gallear, 2001: "No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber, which under Custer's orders was left
  202. Lawson, 2008, p. 53: "Many of the officers and most of the civilians brought along their own weapons."
  203. Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "each enlisted man carried the regulation single-action breech-loading, M1873 Springfield carbine
  204. Gallear, 2001: "Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes ...[however] these guns may have be
  205. Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "[Each] trooper carried 100 rounds of carbine ammunition and 24 pistol cartridges with him—as man
  206. Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "not a wide disparity" in arms of the opposing forces.
  207. Gallear, 2001: "the .44 rim-fire round fired from the Henry rifle is the most numerous Indian gun fired with almost as m
  208. Gallear, 2001: "by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine [
  209. Lawson, 2008, p. 93: "The rapid fire power of the Henry repeaters was intimidating, especially to inexperienced soldiers
  210. Lawson, 2007, pp. 91–93: "[Henryville] was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifa
  211. Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles, some of them repeaters,
  212. Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders".
  213. Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii: "the Model 1873 Springfield rifle, in caliber .45–70 for the infantry, and .45–55 light carbi
  214. Gallear, 2001: "The established wisdom is that the U.S. Army did not adopt lever-action multiple shot weapons during the
  215. Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "a solid weapon with superior range and stopping power".
  216. Robinson, 1995, p. xxviii
  217. Gallear, 2001: "The Army saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward. They could fire a much more powerful
  218. Gallear, 2001
  219. Gallear, 2001: "The Allin System had been developed at the Government Armories to reduce the cost, but the U.S. Treasury
  220. Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "Army appropriations were at an all-time low, and a key factor in the Springfield's favor was its
  221. Gallear, 2001: "some authorities have blamed the gun's reliability and tendency for rounds to jam in the breech for the
  222. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "This defect was noted by the board of officers (which included Major Reno) that selected the weapo
  223. Gallear, 2001: "A study of .45–55 cases found at the battle concludes that extractor failure amounted to less than 0.35%
  224. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine car
  225. Donovan, 2008, p. 440: footnote, "the carbine extractor problem did exist, though it probably had little impact on the o
  226. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to [eject] the spent .45–55 caliber
  227. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "How often did this defect [ejector failure] occur and cause the [Springfield carbines] to malfunct
  228. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Both sides [troopers and Indians] apparently believed that some weapons malfunctioned. Indian test
  229. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "On a final note: the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 189
  230. Custer's Bugler: The Life of John Martin (Giovanni Martino)
    http://custersbugler.blogspot.com/2012/12/young-john-martin.html
  231. Custer Survivors 101: The Impostor Roster
  232. Custer's Luck
  233. Glory-Hunter: A Life of General Custer
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Ln5AQjdS9l8C&pg=PA5
  234. Curse Not His Curls
  235. I Survived Custer's Last Stand
  236. The Custer Myth: A source book of Custeriana with a new introduction by Brian C. Pohanka
  237. "Charles Kuhlman Papers, 1896–1959"
    http://www.lib.montana.edu/collect/spcoll/findaid/1043.html
  238. The Frank Finkel Story
  239. Sole Survivor: An Examination of the Frank Finkel Narrative
  240. No Custer Survivors: Or, The Unveiling of Frank Finkel
  241. The Frank Finkel Hoax: No Survivor of Custer's Last Stand
  242. The Old Wild West: Adventures of Arizona Bill
  243. The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux, as Told to Donald Henderson Clarke
    https://archive.org/details/autobiographyoff00tarb
  244. Me and The Black Hills
  245. The Old Wild West: Adventures of Arizona Bill
  246. The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux
    https://archive.org/details/autobiographyoff00tarb
  247. Winkler, A. (2013). "The case for a Custer Battalion survivor: Private Gustave Korn’s story". The Magazine of Western Hi
    https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2881&context=facpub
  248. "A Pretended Custer Survivor: Another Attempt to Pose As a Survivor Punctured by the Regiment's Clerk"
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=mdGv78FIKkEC&dat=19260505&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
  249. NewWest
    http://newwest.net/topic/article/comanche_the_horse_that_survived_the_battle_of_the_little_bighorn_part_2/C39/L39
  250. Son of the Morning Star: Custer and the Little Bighorn
    https://books.google.com/books?id=f7uQZPCvPPcC
  251. National Park Service website for the Little Bighorn Battlefield.
  252. www.nps.gov
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150413060331/http://www.nps.gov/libi/the-indian-memorial-peace-through-unity.htm
  253. "Martin Pate" Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, Friends Of The Little Bighorn Battlefield, retrieved A
    http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/martinpate.htm
  254. Wooden Leg, q.v., p. 236.
  255. Legacy: New perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn; (proceedings of the Little Bighorn Legacy Symposium, held in Billings, Montana, August 3–6, 1994)
    https://archive.org/details/legacynewperspec0000unse/page/310
  256. Russell, D. Custer's List: A Checklist of Pictures Relating to the Battle of the Little Big Horn. Fort Worth: Amon Carte
  257. "Kansas Historical Quarterly – The Pictorial Record of the Old West, 4"
    http://www.kshs.org/publicat/khq/1946/46_4_taft.htm
  258. "Custer's Last Stand – Artist E.S. Paxson"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120226201104/http://home1.gte.net/espaxson/custer.htm
  259. General Custer at the Little Big Horn
    https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0132629/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0
  260. Hollywood's Indian: The Portrayal of the Native American in Film
    https://books.google.com/books?id=kvLJQsO3O0oC&q=%22Little+Big+Man%22+film&pg=PP2
  261. Live A Live
  262. Custer's Last Stand Archived November 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. BBC Two, Friday 23 Feb 2007.
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00795r3
  263. Custer's Last Stand Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. BBC Radio 4, Thursday 19 May 2011.
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0112xfd
  264. "The War for the Black Hills"
    http://historyonfirepodcast.com/episodes/2017/3/31/episode-18-the-war-for-the-black-hills-part-3-last-stand
  265. The Ballad of Thomas Patrick Downing: A Memoir of one of General Custer's Irish Cavalrymen
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