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Battle of Waterloo

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Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday 18 June 1815, near Waterloo (then in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, now in Belgium), marking the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The French Imperial Army under the command of Napoleon I was defeated by two armies of the Seventh Coalition. One was a British-led force with units from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Hanover, Brunswick, and Nassau, under the command of field marshal Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington. The other comprised three corps of the Prussian army under Field Marshal Blücher. The battle was known contemporaneously as the Battle of Mont Saint-Jean in France (after the hamlet of Mont-Saint-Jean) and La Belle Alliance in Prussia ("the Beautiful Alliance"; after the inn of La Belle Alliance). Upon Napoleon's return to power in March 1815, the beginning of the Hundred Days, many states that had previously opposed him formed the Seventh Coalition to oppose him again, and hurriedly mobilised their armies. Wellington's and Blücher's armies were cantoned close to the northeastern border of France. Napoleon planned to attack them separately, before they could link up and invade France with other members of the coalition. On 16 June, Napoleon successfully attacked the bulk of the Prussian Army at the Battle of Ligny with his main force, while a small portion of the French Imperial Army contested the Battle of Quatre Bras to prevent the Anglo-allied army from reinforcing the Prussians. The Anglo-allied army held their ground at Quatre Bras but were prevented from reinforcing the Prussians, and on the 17th, the Prussians withdrew from Ligny in good order, while Wellington then withdrew in parallel with the Prussians northward to Waterloo on 17 June. Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, which resulted in the separate Battle of Wavre with the Prussian rear-guard on 18–19 June and prevented that French force from participating at Waterloo. Upon learning that the Prussian Army was able to support him, Wellington decided to offer battle on the Mont-Saint-Jean escarpment across the Brussels Road, near the village of Waterloo. Here he withstood repeated attacks by the French throughout the afternoon of 18 June, and was eventually aided by the progressively arriving 50,000 Prussians who attacked the French flank and inflicted heavy casualties. In the evening, Napoleon assaulted the Anglo-allied line with his last reserves, the senior infantry battalions of the Imperial Guard. With the Prussians breaking through on the French right flank, the Anglo-allied army repulsed the Imperial Guard, and the French army was routed. Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo campaign and Napoleon's last. It was the second bloodiest single day battle of the Napoleonic Wars, after Borodino. According to Wellington, the battle was "the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life". Napoleon abdicated four days later, and coalition forces entered Paris on 7 July. The defeat at Waterloo marked the end of Napoleon's Hundred Days return from exile. It precipitated Napoleon's second and definitive abdication as Emperor of the French, and ended the First French Empire. It set a historical milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace, often referred to as the Pax Britannica. In popular culture, the phrase "meeting one's Waterloo" has become an expression for experiencing a catastrophic reversal or undoing.

Infobox

Date
18 June 1815; 210 years ago (1815-06-18)
Location
Waterloo, United Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 50°40′41″N 4°24′44″E / 50.67806°N 4.41222°E / 50.67806; 4.41222
Result
Coalition victory

Tables

· External links
Preceded byBattle of Ligny
Napoleonic WarsBattle of Waterloo
Succeeded byBattle of Wavre

References

  1. 71,947 72,000 73,000
  2. (25,000 British and 6,000 King's German Legion)
  3. 45,000 with 44 guns only in action 50,000 52,300
  4. 24–26,000 25,000
  5. 24,000 to 26,000 dead and wounded including 6,000 to 7,000 captured (according to Barbero).
  6. 6,604 7,000
  7. Captain Cavalié Mercer RHA, thought the Brunswickers "...perfect children. None of the privates, perhaps were over eight
  8. On 13 June, the commandant at Ath requested powder and cartridges as members of a Hanoverian reserve regiment there had
  9. The straight-line distance from Halle to Braine-l'Alleud, Wellington's far right flank is nearly the same as the straigh
  10. "The hour at which Waterloo began, though there were 150,000 actors in the great tragedy, was long a matter of dispute.
  11. That is, the 1st battalion of the 2nd Regiment. Among Prussian regiments, "F/12th" denoted the fusilier battalion of the
  12. Seeing the flames, Wellington sent a note to the house's commander stating that he must hold his position whatever the c
  13. "Lord Hill may be credited with having settled this minute question of fact. He took two watches with him into the fight
  14. The entire 1st brigade of the 2nd Dutch division, that had been on the forward slope during the night, withdrew to a pos
  15. Website of current Dutch historian Marco Bijl: 8militia.net;Eenens 1879, pp. 14–30, 131–198; De Jongh, W.A.: Veldtocht v
    http://www.8militia.net/
  16. De Bas reprints colonel Van Zuylen's 'History of the 2nd division'. Van Zuylen van Nijevelt was the chief of staff of th
    https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/V5wLAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA61
  17. Pawly 2001, pp. 37–43; The two battalions lost their command structure in one stroke. The total casualties for the whole
  18. Van Zuylen report; he refers to himself as "the chief-of-staff" (Bas & Wommersom 1909, pp. 338–339(vol. 3)).
  19. Some of the retreating troops panicked and fled. This was not to be wondered at in the circumstances. The British troops
  20. The brigade's losses were very heavy: one French volley at point blank range decimated the 7th and 8th Militia, who had
  21. The Royal Horse Guards (2 squadrons) were in reserve for the Household Brigade (9 or 10 squadrons strong) but the Union
  22. An episode famously used later by Victor Hugo in Les Misérables. The sunken lane acted as a trap, funnelling the flight
  23. The tale was related, in old age, by a Sergeant Major Dickinson of the Scots Greys, the last British survivor of the cha
  24. Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,31
  25. This view appears to have arisen from a comment by Captain Clark-Kennedy of the 1st Dragoons 'Royals', in a letter in H.
  26. William Siborne was in possession of a number of eyewitness accounts from generals, such as Uxbridge, down to cavalry co
  27. Barbero points out that in April the minister informed Wellington that cavalry regiments could allow themselves no more
  28. Losses are ultimately from the official returns taken the day after the battle: Household Brigade, initial strength 1,31
  29. In a cavalry unit an "effective" was an unwounded trooper mounted on a sound horse. The military term "effective" descri
  30. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
    https://archive.org/stream/historyofroyalre02duncuoft#page/444/mode/2up
  31. Cavalrymen were not allowed to dismount without orders, so individual initiative in spiking a cannon would have been imp
  32. A number of different mounts could have been ridden by Napoleon at Waterloo: Ali, Crebère, Désirée, Jaffa, Marie and Tau
    https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/q_cXSrh0C_IC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA315
  33. en wederlegging van de in dat werk voorkomende beschuldigingen tegen het Nederlandsche leger
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  34. The commander of the Cumberland Hussars, who was later court-martialled and cashiered, claimed that as his troopers (all
  35. This would be Charles Fox Canning, relative of George Canning.
  36. Chesney states that Wellington and the Prussians remained in contact and that it was agreed that Bülow followed by Pirch
  37. Two chasseur battalions of the 4th Chasseurs were merged into one on the day of the battle, so while five Imperial Guard
  38. The attacking battalions were 1st/3rd and 4th Grenadiers and 1st/3rd, 2nd/3rd and 4th Chasseurs of the Middle Guard; tho
  39. "'The Guard dies, but it does not surrender!' is another of these fictitious historical sayings. General Cambronne, to w
  40. The reply is commonly attributed to General Pierre Cambronne, originating from an attribution by the journalist Balison
  41. Through the finality of Napoleon's defeat, "met his/her Waterloo" has entered the English lexicon as a phrase to describ
  42. Napoleon's last escapade was important politically because it "compelled all the powers at Vienna to bury their remainin
  43. Jomini was Swiss, but was an officer, eventually a general, in the French army and had served on the staff of Marshal Ne
  44. This "false movement" was the detachment of Grouchy's force in pursuit of the Prussians: Napoleon had overestimated the
  45. Ney largely exercised tactical control of the French army at Waterloo, namely, he led two infantry attacks, one cavalry
  46. 246 guns according to Bodart and Clodfelter.
  47. Bodart's older estimate of 288 guns total for the Allies.
  48. Clodfelter 2017, pp. 169–170 gives 67,661. 49,608 infantry, 12,408 cavalry, and 5,645 artillery according to Clodfelter.
  49. At the Hougoumont stronghold alone, the French lost 5,000 men out of 12,700 engaged.Allied artillery inflicted 14,000 ca
  50. (including 4,500 killed or wounded by the Prussians; 19,500–21,500 by Wellington)
  51. French artillery inflicted 13,300 casualties with 20,760 rounds fired.
  52. At the Hougoumont stronghold, the British and Hanoverian losses were only 847 men out of 2,200 engaged.
  53. Barbero 2005, p. 91.
  54. Clodfelter 2017, p. 170.
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  56. Hofschröer 1999, pp. 68–69.
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  60. Hamilton-Williams 1994, p. 256 gives 68,000.
  61. Barbero 2005, pp. 75–76.
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  315. Daily Telegraph
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  317. Napoleon: A Life in Gardens and Shadows
  318. Journal of Conflict Archaeology
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  319. "Archaeologists Uncover Rare Human Skeleton at Waterloo"
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  320. Dunn 2015.
  321. Peel 2012.
  322. Faz.net
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  323. The Times
    https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/human-bones-remains-found-attic-battle-waterloo-9qgkcqzh7
  324. Archäologie in Deutschland
    https://www.academia.edu/102550987
  325. Journal of Belgian History
    https://www.academia.edu/111460708
  326. Napoleonica
    https://shs.cairn.info/revue-napoleonica-the-journal-2025-2-page-95
  327. Torfs 2015.
  328. Kottasova 2015.
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