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Battle of Stalingrad

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Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad (17 July 1942 – 2 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad (now known as Volgograd) in southern Russia. The battle was characterized by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in aerial raids; the battle epitomized urban warfare, and it was the single largest and costliest urban battle in military history. It was the bloodiest and fiercest battle of the entirety of World War II—and arguably in all of human history—as both sides suffered tremendous casualties amidst ferocious fighting in and around the city. The battle is commonly regarded as the turning point in the European theatre of World War II, as Germany's Oberkommando der Wehrmacht was forced to withdraw a considerable amount of military forces from other regions to replace losses on the Eastern Front. By the time the hostilities ended, the German 6th Army and 4th Panzer Army had been destroyed and Army Group B was routed. The Soviets' victory at Stalingrad shifted the Eastern Front's balance of power in their favour, while also boosting the morale of the Red Army. Both sides placed great strategic importance on Stalingrad, for it was one of the largest industrial centres of the Soviet Union and an important transport hub on the Volga River: controlling Stalingrad meant gaining access to the oil fields of the Caucasus and having supreme authority over the Volga River. The city also held significant symbolic importance because it bore the name of Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union. As the conflict progressed, Germany's fuel supplies dwindled and thus drove it to focus on moving deeper into Soviet territory and taking the country's oil fields. The German military first clashed with the Red Army's Stalingrad Front on the distant approaches to Stalingrad on 17 July. On 23 August, the 6th Army and elements of the 4th Panzer Army launched their offensive with support from intensive bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, which reduced much of the city to rubble. The battle soon degenerated into house-to-house fighting, which escalated drastically as both sides continued pouring reinforcements into the city. By mid-November, the Germans, at great cost, had pushed the Soviet defenders back into narrow zones along the Volga's west bank. However, winter set in and conditions became particularly brutal, with temperatures often dropping tens of degrees below freezing. In addition to fierce urban combat, brutal trench warfare was prevalent at Stalingrad. On 19 November, the Red Army launched Operation Uranus, a two-pronged attack targeting the Romanian armies protecting the 6th Army's flanks. The Axis flanks were overrun and the 6th Army was encircled. Adolf Hitler was determined to hold the city for Germany at all costs and forbade the 6th Army to try a breakout; instead, attempts were made to supply it by air and to break the encirclement from the outside. Though the Soviets were successful in preventing the Germans from making enough airdrops to the trapped Axis armies at Stalingrad, heavy fighting continued for another two months. On 2 February 1943, the 6th Army, having exhausted its ammunition and food, finally capitulated after several months of battle, making it the first of Hitler's field armies to have surrendered. In modern Russia, the legacy of the Red Army's victory at Stalingrad is commemorated among the Days of Military Honour. It is also well known in many other countries that belonged to the Allied powers, and has thus become ingrained in popular culture. Likewise, in a number of the post-Soviet states, the Battle of Stalingrad is recognized as an important aspect of what is known as the Great Patriotic War.

Infobox

Date
17 July 1942[Note 2] – 2 February 1943[Note 3](6 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
Location
Stalingrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union 48°42′N 44°31′E / 48.700°N 44.517°E / 48.700; 44.517
Result
Soviet victory
Territorialchanges
Expulsion of the Axis militaries from the Caucasus, reversing the German-led advances of the 1942 Summer Campaign

Tables

Luftwaffe losses for Stalingrad (24 November 1942 to 31 January 1943) · Casualties › Luftwaffe losses
269
269
Losses
269
Aircraft type
Junkers Ju 52
169
169
Losses
169
Aircraft type
Heinkel He 111
42
42
Losses
42
Aircraft type
Junkers Ju 86
9
9
Losses
9
Aircraft type
Focke-Wulf Fw 200
5
5
Losses
5
Aircraft type
Heinkel He 177
1
1
Losses
1
Aircraft type
Junkers Ju 290
Total: 495
Total: 495
Losses
Total: 495
Aircraft type
About 20 squadronsor more than anair corps
Losses
Aircraft type
269
Junkers Ju 52
169
Heinkel He 111
42
Junkers Ju 86
9
Focke-Wulf Fw 200
5
Heinkel He 177
1
Junkers Ju 290
Total: 495
About 20 squadronsor more than anair corps

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  1. Around 6,000 men of the Croatian Home Guard served in the German 6th Army as the 369th Infantry Regiment and in the Ital
  2. The start of the battle is debated, with some historians putting it in August, with the most common date being on 23 Aug
  3. Some German holdouts continued to operate in the city and resist until early March 1943.
  4. This Army Group was created on 21 November 1942 from parts of Army Group B in order for it to hold the line between Army
  5. The Soviet front's composition and names changed several times in the battle. The battle started with the South Western
  6. The Front was reformed from reserve armies on 22 October 1942.
  7. Hayward 1998, p. 195: This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the Kuban region and South
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