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Battle of Midway

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Battle of Midway

The Battle of Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II that took place on 4–7 June 1942, six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea. The Japanese Combined Fleet under the command of Isoroku Yamamoto suffered a decisive defeat by the U.S. Pacific Fleet near Midway Atoll, about 1,300 mi (1,100 nmi; 2,100 km) northwest of Oahu. Yamamoto had intended to capture Midway and lure out and destroy the U.S. Pacific Fleet, especially the aircraft carriers which had escaped damage at Pearl Harbor. Before the battle, Japan desired to extend its Pacific defense perimeter, especially after the Doolittle air raid of Tokyo in April 1942, and to clear the seas for attacks on Midway, Fiji, Samoa, and Hawaii. A related Japanese attack on the Aleutian Islands began one day earlier, on 3 June. The Japanese strike force at Midway, known as the Kidō Butai, was commanded by Chuichi Nagumo. Yamamoto's plan for the operation, which depended on precise timing and coordination, was undermined by its wide dispersal of forces, which left the rest of the fleet unable to support the Kidō Butai effectively. On 4 June, the Japanese began bombing Midway and prepared to wait for the Pacific Fleet to arrive from Pearl Harbor to defend the island. Unknown to Yamamoto, U.S. code breakers had determined the date and location of his planned attack, enabling the Americans to prepare their own ambush; Chester Nimitz, commander of the Pacific Fleet, had sent a large force under Frank Jack Fletcher to the Midway area before the Japanese had arrived. Land-based planes from Midway and carrier-based planes from the U.S. fleet surprised and attacked Nagumo's force. All four Japanese fleet carriers—Akagi, Kaga, Sōryū, and Hiryū—present at the battle were sunk, as was the heavy cruiser Mikuma. Japan also lost 3,000 men, including many well-trained and difficult-to-replace pilots. The U.S. lost the carrier Yorktown and the destroyer Hammann, while the carriers Enterprise and Hornet (under the command of Raymond Spruance during the battle) survived the fighting without damage. The Battle of Midway, along with the Guadalcanal campaign, is widely considered a turning point in the Pacific War. After Midway and the attrition of the Solomon Islands campaign, Japan's ability to replace its losses in materiel and trained men became rapidly insufficient, while the U.S.'s massive industrial and training capabilities increased over time. Historian John Keegan called the battle "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare", while historian Craig Symonds called it "one of the most consequential naval engagements in world history, ranking alongside Salamis, Trafalgar, and Tsushima Strait, as both tactically decisive and strategically influential."

Infobox

Date
4–7 June 1942; 83 years ago (1942-06-07)
Location
Midway Atoll 30°N 178°W / 30°N 178°W / 30; -178
Result
American victory

Tables

Timeline of the Battle of Midway(acc. to William Koenig)[57] · Battle › Initial air attacks
04:30 First Japanese takeoff against Midway Islands 04:30 10 planes (Yorktown) begin to search for the Japanese ships 05:34 Japanese ships detected by a PBY from Midway I. 07:10 6 TBF Avengers and 4 USAAF B-26 (from Midway I.) attack 07:15 Nagumo prepares reserve aircraft for second attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order 07:40 American Naval Force spotted by Tone No. 4 07:50 67 dive bombers, 29 torpedo bombers, 20 Wildcats take off (Spruance) 07:55 16 dive bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:10 15 B-17s (from Midway Islands) attack 08:20 11 bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:20 "The enemy is accompanied by what appears to be a carrier" by Tone No. 4. 09:06 12 torpedo bombers, 17 dive bombers, 6 Wildcats take off (Yorktown) 09:10 Tomonaga's strike force safely landed 09:18 Nagumo to Northeast 09:25 15 torpedo bombers (Hornet) attack 09:30 14 torpedo bombers (Enterprise) attack 10:00 12 torpedo bombers (Yorktown) attack 10:25 30 dive bombers (Enterprise) attack Akagi and Kaga 10:25 17 dive bombers (Yorktown) attack Soryū 11:00 18 Vals and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 11:30 10 planes (Yorktown) take off to search for remaining Japanese ships 12:05 First attack on Yorktown 13:30 Hiryū detected by a Yorktown plane 13:31 10 Kates and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 13:40 Yorktown again in service, making 18 knots 14:30 Second attack on Yorktown 15:00 Yorktown abandoned 15:30 24 dive bombers take off against Hiryū from Enterprise 16:10 Soryū sinks 17:00 Dive bombers attack on Hiryū 19:25 Kaga sinks
04:30 First Japanese takeoff against Midway Islands 04:30 10 planes (Yorktown) begin to search for the Japanese ships 05:34 Japanese ships detected by a PBY from Midway I. 07:10 6 TBF Avengers and 4 USAAF B-26 (from Midway I.) attack 07:15 Nagumo prepares reserve aircraft for second attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order 07:40 American Naval Force spotted by Tone No. 4 07:50 67 dive bombers, 29 torpedo bombers, 20 Wildcats take off (Spruance) 07:55 16 dive bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:10 15 B-17s (from Midway Islands) attack 08:20 11 bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:20 "The enemy is accompanied by what appears to be a carrier" by Tone No. 4. 09:06 12 torpedo bombers, 17 dive bombers, 6 Wildcats take off (Yorktown) 09:10 Tomonaga's strike force safely landed 09:18 Nagumo to Northeast 09:25 15 torpedo bombers (Hornet) attack 09:30 14 torpedo bombers (Enterprise) attack 10:00 12 torpedo bombers (Yorktown) attack 10:25 30 dive bombers (Enterprise) attack Akagi and Kaga 10:25 17 dive bombers (Yorktown) attack Soryū 11:00 18 Vals and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 11:30 10 planes (Yorktown) take off to search for remaining Japanese ships 12:05 First attack on Yorktown 13:30 Hiryū detected by a Yorktown plane 13:31 10 Kates and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 13:40 Yorktown again in service, making 18 knots 14:30 Second attack on Yorktown 15:00 Yorktown abandoned 15:30 24 dive bombers take off against Hiryū from Enterprise 16:10 Soryū sinks 17:00 Dive bombers attack on Hiryū 19:25 Kaga sinks
4 June
04:30 First Japanese takeoff against Midway Islands 04:30 10 planes (Yorktown) begin to search for the Japanese ships 05:34 Japanese ships detected by a PBY from Midway I. 07:10 6 TBF Avengers and 4 USAAF B-26 (from Midway I.) attack 07:15 Nagumo prepares reserve aircraft for second attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order 07:40 American Naval Force spotted by Tone No. 4 07:50 67 dive bombers, 29 torpedo bombers, 20 Wildcats take off (Spruance) 07:55 16 dive bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:10 15 B-17s (from Midway Islands) attack 08:20 11 bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:20 "The enemy is accompanied by what appears to be a carrier" by Tone No. 4. 09:06 12 torpedo bombers, 17 dive bombers, 6 Wildcats take off (Yorktown) 09:10 Tomonaga's strike force safely landed 09:18 Nagumo to Northeast 09:25 15 torpedo bombers (Hornet) attack 09:30 14 torpedo bombers (Enterprise) attack 10:00 12 torpedo bombers (Yorktown) attack 10:25 30 dive bombers (Enterprise) attack Akagi and Kaga 10:25 17 dive bombers (Yorktown) attack Soryū 11:00 18 Vals and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 11:30 10 planes (Yorktown) take off to search for remaining Japanese ships 12:05 First attack on Yorktown 13:30 Hiryū detected by a Yorktown plane 13:31 10 Kates and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 13:40 Yorktown again in service, making 18 knots 14:30 Second attack on Yorktown 15:00 Yorktown abandoned 15:30 24 dive bombers take off against Hiryū from Enterprise 16:10 Soryū sinks 17:00 Dive bombers attack on Hiryū 19:25 Kaga sinks
5 June
5 June
4 June
5 June
05:00 Akagi sinks 09:00 Hiryū sinks
05:00 Akagi sinks 09:00 Hiryū sinks
4 June
05:00 Akagi sinks 09:00 Hiryū sinks
7 June 07:00 Yorktown sinks
7 June 07:00 Yorktown sinks
4 June
7 June 07:00 Yorktown sinks
4 June
04:30 First Japanese takeoff against Midway Islands 04:30 10 planes (Yorktown) begin to search for the Japanese ships 05:34 Japanese ships detected by a PBY from Midway I. 07:10 6 TBF Avengers and 4 USAAF B-26 (from Midway I.) attack 07:15 Nagumo prepares reserve aircraft for second attack on Midway, in direct violation of Yamamoto's order 07:40 American Naval Force spotted by Tone No. 4 07:50 67 dive bombers, 29 torpedo bombers, 20 Wildcats take off (Spruance) 07:55 16 dive bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:10 15 B-17s (from Midway Islands) attack 08:20 11 bombers of the U.S. Navy (from Midway I.) attack 08:20 "The enemy is accompanied by what appears to be a carrier" by Tone No. 4. 09:06 12 torpedo bombers, 17 dive bombers, 6 Wildcats take off (Yorktown) 09:10 Tomonaga's strike force safely landed 09:18 Nagumo to Northeast 09:25 15 torpedo bombers (Hornet) attack 09:30 14 torpedo bombers (Enterprise) attack 10:00 12 torpedo bombers (Yorktown) attack 10:25 30 dive bombers (Enterprise) attack Akagi and Kaga 10:25 17 dive bombers (Yorktown) attack Soryū 11:00 18 Vals and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 11:30 10 planes (Yorktown) take off to search for remaining Japanese ships 12:05 First attack on Yorktown 13:30 Hiryū detected by a Yorktown plane 13:31 10 Kates and 6 Zekes (Zeros) take off from Hiryū 13:40 Yorktown again in service, making 18 knots 14:30 Second attack on Yorktown 15:00 Yorktown abandoned 15:30 24 dive bombers take off against Hiryū from Enterprise 16:10 Soryū sinks 17:00 Dive bombers attack on Hiryū 19:25 Kaga sinks
5 June
05:00 Akagi sinks 09:00 Hiryū sinks
7 June 07:00 Yorktown sinks

References

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  4. Japanese casualty figures for the battle were compiled by Sawaichi Hisae for her book Middowei Kaisen: Kiroku, p. 550: t
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    https://web.archive.org/web/20150910122904/http://www.flychicago.com/midway/en/AboutUs/Pages/History.aspx
  212. Veteran Tributes
    https://web.archive.org/web/20150805011906/http://veterantributes.org/TributeDetail.php?recordID=864
  213. dondennisfamily.com
    https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232200/http://www.dondennisfamily.com/USS_St_Lo/ship/history3.html
  214. NavSource
    http://www.navsource.net/archives/02/41.htm
  215. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090114091546/http://www.fws.gov/midway/memorial.html
  216. For Academy Film Archive of the film, see The Battle of Midway Archived 1 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FkiXHKeMC9k&index=37&list=PLJ8RjvesnvDMirffrNEsCKnSFlIMwJoei
  217. Entertainment Weekly
  218. Directed by John Ford
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/436284884
  219. Naval Historical Center
    https://web.archive.org/web/20060905201958/http://history.navy.mil/bios/ford_john.htm
  220. Naval Historical Center
    https://web.archive.org/web/20010217181414/http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq81-8b.htm
  221. Growing Up in Hollywood
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1659633
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