Topzle Topzle

Battle of Grunwald

Updated: Wikipedia source

Battle of Grunwald

The Battle of Grunwald was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King Władysław II Jagiełło (Jogaila), and Grand Duke Vytautas, decisively defeated the German Teutonic Order, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Most of the Teutonic Order's leadership was killed or taken prisoner. Although defeated, the Teutonic Order withstood the subsequent siege of the Malbork Castle and suffered minimal territorial losses at the Peace of Thorn (1411), with other territorial disputes continuing until the Treaty of Melno in 1422. The order, however, never recovered their former power, and the financial burden of war reparations caused internal conflicts and an economic downturn in the lands controlled by them. The battle shifted the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe and marked the rise of the Polish–Lithuanian union as the dominant regional political and military force. The battle was one of the largest in medieval Europe. The battle is viewed as one of the most important victories in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. It is also commemorated in Ukraine and Belarus. For centuries, it has been re-interpreted in that part of Europe as an inspiration of romanticism (to advance legends or mythology) and national pride, becoming a larger symbol of struggle against foreign invaders. During the 20th century, the battle was used in Nazi German and Soviet propaganda campaigns before and during World War II. Only in postwar decades have historians moved towards a dispassionate, scholarly assessment of the battle, reconciling the previous narratives, which differed widely by nation.

Infobox

Date
15 July 1410 (1410-07-15)
Location
Between villages of Grunwald (Grünfelde) and Łodwigowo (Ludwigsdorf), western Masuria, 53°29′10″N 20°07′29″E / 53.48611°N 20.12472°E / 53.48611; 20.12472
Result
Polish–Lithuanian victory
Territorialchanges
Decline of the Teutonic Order

Tables

Various estimates of opposing forces[7] · Opposing forces
Karl Heveker and Hans Delbrück
Karl Heveker and Hans Delbrück
Historian
Karl Heveker and Hans Delbrück
Polish
10,500
Lithuanian
6,000
Teutonic
11,000
Eugene Razin
Eugene Razin
Historian
Eugene Razin
Polish
16,000–17,000
Lithuanian
11,000
Max Oehler
Max Oehler
Historian
Max Oehler
Polish
23,000
Lithuanian
15,000
Jerzy Ochmański (pl)
Jerzy Ochmański (pl)
Historian
Jerzy Ochmański (pl)
Polish
22,000–27,000
Lithuanian
12,000
Sven Ekdahl (de)
Sven Ekdahl (de)
Historian
Sven Ekdahl (de)
Polish
20,000–25,000
Lithuanian
12,000–15,000
Andrzej Nadolski
Andrzej Nadolski
Historian
Andrzej Nadolski
Polish
20,000
Lithuanian
10,000
Teutonic
15,000
Jan Dąbrowski (pl)
Jan Dąbrowski (pl)
Historian
Jan Dąbrowski (pl)
Polish
15,000–18,000
Lithuanian
8,000–11,000
Teutonic
19,000
Zigmantas Kiaupa
Zigmantas Kiaupa
Historian
Zigmantas Kiaupa
Polish
18,000
Lithuanian
11,000
Teutonic
15,000–21,000
Marian Biskup
Marian Biskup
Historian
Marian Biskup
Polish
19,000–20,000
Lithuanian
10,000–11,000
Teutonic
21,000
Daniel Stone
Daniel Stone
Historian
Daniel Stone
Polish
27,000
Lithuanian
11,000
Teutonic
21,000
Stefan Kuczyński
Stefan Kuczyński
Historian
Stefan Kuczyński
Polish
39,000
Lithuanian
27,000
James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson
James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson
Historian
James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson
Polish
100,000
Lithuanian
35,000
Alfred Nicolas Rambaud
Alfred Nicolas Rambaud
Historian
Alfred Nicolas Rambaud
Polish
163,000
Lithuanian
86,000
Average
Average
Historian
Average
Polish
43,000
Lithuanian
23,000
Historian
Polish
Lithuanian
Teutonic
Karl Heveker and Hans Delbrück
10,500
6,000
11,000
Eugene Razin
16,000–17,000
11,000
Max Oehler
23,000
15,000
Jerzy Ochmański (pl)
22,000–27,000
12,000
Sven Ekdahl (de)
20,000–25,000
12,000–15,000
Andrzej Nadolski
20,000
10,000
15,000
Jan Dąbrowski (pl)
15,000–18,000
8,000–11,000
19,000
Zigmantas Kiaupa
18,000
11,000
15,000–21,000
Marian Biskup
19,000–20,000
10,000–11,000
21,000
Daniel Stone
27,000
11,000
21,000
Stefan Kuczyński
39,000
27,000
James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson
100,000
35,000
Alfred Nicolas Rambaud
163,000
86,000
Average
43,000
23,000

References

  1. translated into Lithuanian as Battle of Žalgiris, or translated into German as First Battle of Tannenberg,
  2. Jučas 2009, p. 75.
  3. Urban 2003, p. 138.
  4. Turnbull 2003, p. 26.
  5. Turnbull 2003, p. 28.
  6. Davies 2005, p. 98.
  7. Gumilev 2024, p. 292.
  8. Jučas 2009, pp. 57–58.
  9. Frost 2015, pp. 106–107.
  10. Ekdahl 2008, p. 175.
  11. Turnbull 2003, p. 92.
  12. Johnson 1996, p. 43.
  13. Johnson 1996, p. 44.
  14. Jučas 2009, p. 8.
  15. Ekdahl 2018.
  16. Sužiedėlis 2011, p. 123.
  17. Balčiūnas 2020.
  18. Evans 1970, p. 3.
  19. Jučas 2009, p. 9.
  20. Jučas 2009, p. 10.
  21. Banderia Prutenorum
    https://jbc.bj.uj.edu.pl/dlibra/publication/239181/edition/227556/content
  22. Jučas 2009, p. 11.
  23. Ekdahl 1963.
  24. Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000.
  25. Stone 2001, p. 16.
  26. Urban 2003, p. 132.
  27. Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000, p. 137.
  28. Turnbull 2003, p. 20.
  29. Ivinskis 1978, p. 336.
  30. Urban 2003, p. 130.
  31. Kuczynski 1960, p. 614.
  32. Jučas 2009, p. 51.
  33. Turnbull 2003, p. 21.
  34. Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000, p. 139.
  35. Christiansen 1997, p. 227.
  36. Turnbull 2003, p. 30.
  37. Jučas 2009, p. 74.
  38. Frost 2015, p. 106.
  39. Разин 1999, p. 486.
  40. Kiaupa 2002.
  41. Thompson & Johnson 1937, p. 940.
  42. Rambaud 1898.
  43. Turnbull 2003, p. 25.
  44. Ivinskis 1978, p. 338.
  45. Turnbull 2003, p. 29.
  46. Ekdahl 2010b, p. [page needed].
  47. Разин 1999, pp. 485–486.
  48. Jučas 2009, p. 56.
  49. Urban 2003, p. 139.
  50. Richter 2010.
  51. Potashenko 2008, p. 41.
  52. Jučas 2009, p. 64.
  53. Jučas 2009, p. 63.
  54. Turnbull 2003, p. 33.
  55. Urban 2003, p. 141.
  56. Urban 2003, p. 142.
  57. Turnbull 2003, p. 35.
  58. Jučas 2009, p. 76.
  59. Turnbull 2003, p. 36.
  60. Turnbull 2003, pp. 36–37.
  61. Urban 2003, pp. 148–149.
  62. Jučas 2009, p. 77.
  63. Turnbull 2003, p. 44.
  64. Turnbull 2003, p. 45.
  65. Urban 2003, p. 149.
  66. Turnbull 2003, p. 43.
  67. Ekdahl 2018, pp. 243, 256, 257.
  68. Jučas 2009, p. 78.
  69. Baranauskas 2011, p. 25.
  70. Sužiedėlis 1976, p. 337.
  71. Urban 2003, pp. 152–153.
  72. Ekdahl 2010a.
  73. Turnbull 2003, pp. 48–49.
  74. Jučas 2009, p. 83.
  75. Turnbull 2003, p. 53.
  76. Turnbull 2003, p. 61.
  77. Turnbull 2003, p. 64.
  78. Turnbull 2003, p. 66.
  79. Urban 2003, p. 168.
  80. Turnbull 2003, p. 79.
  81. Bumblauskas 2010, p. 74.
  82. Bumblauskas 2010, pp. 74–75.
  83. Turnbull 2003, p. 68.
  84. Jučas 2009, pp. 85–86.
  85. Jučas 2009, p. 87.
  86. Turnbull 2003, p. 69.
  87. Jučas 2009, p. 88.
  88. Pelech 1987, pp. 105–107.
  89. Urban 2003, p. 162.
  90. Urban 2003, p. 164.
  91. Stone 2001, p. 17.
  92. Ivinskis 1978, p. 342.
  93. Turnbull 2003, p. 75.
  94. Turnbull 2003, p. 74.
  95. Urban 2003, p. 166.
  96. Christiansen 1997, p. 228.
  97. Kiaupa, Kiaupienė & Kuncevičius 2000, pp. 142–144.
  98. Turnbull 2003, p. 78.
  99. Christiansen 1997, pp. 228–230.
  100. Stone 2001, pp. 17–19.
  101. Petrauskas 2010, p. 224.
  102. Ekdahl 2019, p. 45.
  103. Knoll 1983, p. 72.
  104. Odoj 2014, p. 64.
  105. Ekdahl 2019, pp. 45–46.
  106. Ekdahl 2008, p. 186.
  107. "Historia Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem w Stębarku"
    http://muzeumgrunwald.fbrothers.com
  108. "Frekwencja w atrakcjach turystycznych w latach 2016–2018"
    https://zarabiajnaturystyce.pl/fileadmin/user_upload/Frekwencja_w_atrakcjach_turystycznych_w_latach_2016-2018.pdf
  109. "Wmurowano kamień węgielny pod budowę całorocznego Muzeum Bitwy pod Grunwaldem"
    https://dzieje.pl/aktualnosci/wmurowano-kamien-wegielny-pod-budowe-calorocznego-muzeum-bitwy-pod-grunwaldem
  110. LRT
    https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1183423/memorial-stone-to-mark-lithuanian-polish-victory-against-teutonic-crusaders
  111. Odoj 2014, p. 58.
  112. jandlugosz.edu.pl
    http://www.jandlugosz.edu.pl/artykuly/s-drej-z-dziejow-badan-archeologinczych-pol-grunwaldzkich
  113. Tanajewski et al. 2014.
  114. Odoj 2014, p. 62.
  115. Ekdahl 2018, pp. 241, 246.
  116. Ekdahl 2018, p. 265.
  117. Ekdahl 2018, p. 258.
  118. Science in Poland
    https://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C83697%2Ctwo-axes-battle-1410-found-near-grunwald.html
  119. Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae
    https://journals.iaepan.pl/fah/article/view/2936
  120. Dabrowski 2004, pp. 164–165.
  121. Ekdahl 2008, p. 179.
  122. Ekdahl 2008, p. 183.
  123. "VU rektorius apie Žalgirio mūšį ir istorinį lūžį: regione atsirado nauja valdžia ir galybė – Lietuva ir Lenkija"
    https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/1197898/vu-rektorius-apie-zalgirio-musi-ir-istorini-luzi-regione-atsirado-nauja-valdzia-ir-galybe-lietuva-ir-lenkija
  124. Schlacht bei Tannenberg/ Erfolg und Scheitern von Siegesmythen
  125. Fowler 2010.
  126. Kruczek 2015, p. 52.
  127. The holiday of the street (Свято вулиці (відео)) Archived 29 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. News.IF. 28 July 2010
    http://news.if.ua/tag/Грюнвальдська
  128. Ivasiv, Natalia. The holiday of Hriunvaldska vulytsia (Свято Грюнвальдської вулиці). Zakhidny Kuryer. 15 July 2010.
    https://zk.at.ua/publ/svjato_grjunvaldskoji_vulici/1-1-0-141
  129. Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд
    https://www.belhistory.eu/henadz-sahanovich-grunvald-u-belaruskaj-gistaryyagrafii
  130. "Grunwald, the Great Belarusian Victory"
    https://belarusdigest.com/story/grunwald-the-great-belarusian-victory/
  131. "Our Grunwald Festival to be held for 10th time"
    https://www.tvr.by/eng/news/kultura/yubileynyy_10_y_festival_nash_gryunvald_rytsarskiy_turnir_po_pravilam_xv_veka/
  132. Burleigh 1985, p. 27.
  133. Symes 2016, p. 86.
  134. Wlodzimierz Borodziej: Der Warschauer Aufstand 1944. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 121.
  135. Warsaw 1944: Hitler, Himmler, and the Warsaw Uprising
    https://books.google.com/books?id=uQouAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA242
  136. Bumblauskas 2010, pp. 82–83.
  137. Davies 2005, p. 99.
  138. histrf.ru
    http://histrf.ru/ru/rvio/activities/news/item-788
  139. Republic.com.ua
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180624075447/https://republic.com.ua/article/pobeda-rossii-v-gryunvaldskoy-bitve-novyiy-istoricheskiy-fakt.html
Image
Source: —
Tip: Wheel or +/− to zoom, drag to pan, Esc to close.