Battle of Gettysburg

References

1. A prior attempt by Lee to invade the north culminated in the Battle of Antietam and 23,000 casualties, the most of any s
2. Historians who address the matter disagree on whether any troopers in Buford's division, and especially in William Gambl
   https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/500488542
3. Claims have been made that Lee intended for there to be an attack at sunrise, or at another point earlier in the day, bu
4. With a Flash of His Sword: The Writings of Major Holman S. Melcher, 20th Maine Infantry.
   http://www.gdg.org/Research/People/Chamberlain/flash.html
5. Longstreet wrote in his memoirs that he estimated that his force would have "about thirteen thousand" men, not fifteen t
6. Writing about the number of attackers in the charge, Carol Reardon, in Pickett's Charge in History & Memory, at page 6,
7. McPherson, p. 664 states Union casualties were 23,000, "more than one-quarter of the army's effectives" and Confederate
8. The number of Union casualties stated by the U.S. Adjutant General in 1888 was 23,003 (3,042 killed, 14,497 wounded, 5,4
   https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6512586
9. Examples of the varying Confederate casualties for July 1–3 include Coddington, p. 536 (20,451, "and very likely more").
   https://web.archive.org/web/20110513133710/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/pa002.htm
10. Lee had left intact a pontoon bridge located at Falling Waters. This bridge had originally been used during the movement
11. White, p.251. refers to Lincoln's use of the term "new birth of freedom" and writes, "The new birth that slowly emerged
12. Coddington, p. 573. See the discussion regarding historians' judgment on whether Gettysburg should be considered a decis
13. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, pages 155–168 Archived July 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
    https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0043&node=waro0043%3A2&view=image&seq=175&size=100
14. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, pages 283–291 Archived July 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
    https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0044&node=waro0044%3A2&view=image&seq=285&size=100
15. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, page 151 Archived July 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
    https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0043&q1=return+of+casualties&view=image&seq=193&size=100
16. Coddington, p. 673, references the official number of the Union Army forces but says the number could have been in the "
17. army.mil
    https://web.archive.org/web/20160626113651/http://www.history.army.mil/staffRides/_docs/staffRide_Gettysburg.pdf
18. Busey and Martin, p. 260, state that Confederate "engaged strength" at the battle was 71,699; McPherson, p. 648, lists t
19. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 1, page 187 Archived July 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
    https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar&cc=moawar&idno=waro0043&q1=return+of+casualties&view=image&seq=207&size=100
20. Busey and Martin, p. 125.
21. Busey and Martin, p. 260, cite 23,231 total (4,708 killed;12,693 wounded;5,830 captured/missing). See the section on cas
22. Official Records, Series I, Volume XXVII, Part 2, pages 338–346 Archived July 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
    https://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=moawar;cc=moawar;q1=return%20of%20casualties;rgn=full%20text;idno=waro0044;didno=waro0044;view=image;seq=0340
23. Wynstra, p. 81
24. Symonds, pp. 53, 57
25. Robert D. Quigley, Civil War Spoken Here: A Dictionary of Mispronounced People, Places and Things of the 1860s (Collings
26. "Gettysburg" at Battlefields
    https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/gettysburg
27. Rawley, p. 147; Sauers, p. 827; Gallagher, Lee and His Army, p. 83; McPherson, p. 665; Eicher, p. 550. Gallagher and McP
28. The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War
29. The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech
    https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9
30. War and American Popular Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
    https://books.google.com/books?id=Oe4AOVHkJ9oC&pg=PA102
31. Coddington, pp. 8–9; Eicher, p. 490.
32. Eicher, pp. 489–491.
33. Symonds, p. 36.
34. Trudeau, pp. 45, 66.
35. Symonds, p. 49.
36. "The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, with Documents, Narratives Illustrative Incidents, Poetry, Etc"
    https://archive.org/details/rebellionrecord06evergoog
37. Symonds, 49-50.
38. Symonds, p. 51.
39. American Battlefield Trust
    https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/they-came-barbarian-yells-and-smoking-pistols
40. Nye, pp. 272–278.
41. Symonds, pp. 41–43; Sears, pp. 103–106; Esposito, text for Map 94 (Map 34b in the online version); Eicher, pp. 504–507;
    https://archive.today/20100607100747/http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView/civilwar_maps_map34_largerview.htm
42. Sears, p. 123; Trudeau, p. 128.
43. Coddington, pp. 181, 189.
44. Eicher, pp. 508–509, discounts Heth's claim because the previous visit by Early to Gettysburg would have made the lack o
45. Eicher, p. 508; Tucker, pp. 99–102.
46. Eicher, pp. 502–503.
47. Coddington, p. 122.
48. Eicher, p. 503.
49. Sears, pp. 155–158.
50. www.historynet.com
    http://www.historynet.com/battle-of-gettysburg-who-really-fired-the-first-shot.htm
51. Martin, pp. 80–81.
52. Symonds, p. 71; Coddington, p. 266; Eicher, pp. 510–511.
53. Tucker, pp. 112–117.
54. Foote, p. 468
55. Tucker, p. 184; Symonds, p. 74; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 269–275.
56. Busey and Martin, pp. 298, 501.
57. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 275–293.
58. Clark, p. 53.
59. Pfanz, First Day, p. 158.
60. Pfanz, First Day, p. 230.
61. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 156–238.
62. Pfanz, First Day, p. 294.
63. Pfanz, First Day, pp. 337–338; Sears, pp. 223–225.
64. Martin, pp. 482–488.
65. Pfanz, First Day, p. 344; Eicher, p. 517; Sears, p. 228; Trudeau, p. 253. Both Sears and Trudeau record "if possible".
66. Martin, p. 9, citing Thomas L. Livermore's Numbers & Losses in the Civil War in America (Houghton Mifflin, 1900).
67. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, (Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott, 1896), pp.
68. Historical Society of Pennsylvania
    https://hsp.org/education/unit-plans/a-map-study-of-the-battle-of-gettysburg/a-map-study-of-the-battle-of-gettysburg
69. Eicher, p. 521; Sears, pp. 245-246.
70. Clark, p. 74; Eicher, p. 521.
71. James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox. (Philadelphia, PA: J. R. Lippincott company, 1896), p. 365.
72. Sears, p. 255; Clark, p. 69.
73. Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate. (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1907), p. 408
74. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, (Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott, 1896), pp.
75. Eicher, p. 522; Sears, p. 257
76. Longstreet, From Mannassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, p. 366
77. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 119–123.
78. Pfanz, Second Day, pp. 93–97; Eicher, pp. 523–524.
79. Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America, p. 369
80. Eicher
81. Harman, p. 59.
82. Harman, p. 57.
83. Sears, pp. 312–324; Eicher, pp. 530–535; Coddington, p. 423.
84. Eicher, pp. 527–530; Clark, pp. 81–85.
85. Edward Porter Alexander, Military Memoirs of a Confederate. (New York: Charles Scribner & Sons, 1907), p. 409
86. Eicher, pp. 537–538; Sauers, p. 835; Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 205–234; Clark, pp. 115–116.
87. Report of Major General R. E. Rodes, CSA, commanding division. June 3 – August 1, 1863. The Gettysburg Campaign. O.R. –
88. Sears, p. 257; Longacre, pp. 198–199.
89. Harman, p. 63.
90. Pfanz, Culp's Hill, pp. 284–352; Eicher, pp. 540–541; Coddington, pp. 465–475.
91. Eicher, p. 542; Coddington, pp. 485–486.
92. From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America
    https://archive.org/details/manassasappomatt00longrich
93. See discussion of varying gun estimates in Pickett's Charge article footnote.
94. Coddington, 402; McPherson, 662; Eicher, 546; Trudeau, 484; Walsh 281.
95. Wert, p.194
96. Sears, pp. 358–359.
97. Wert, pp. 198–199.
98. Wert, pp.205–207.
99. McPherson, p. 662.
100. McPherson, pp. 661–663; Clark, pp. 133–144; Symonds, pp. 214–241; Eicher, pp. 543–549.
101. Glatthaar, p. 281.
102. Starr p. 438
103. American Battlefield Trust
     https://www.battlefields.org/learn/maps/gettysburg-east-cavalry-field-july-3-1863
104. Coddington pp. 524–525
105. American Battlefield Trust
     https://www.battlefields.org/learn/maps/gettysburg-south-cavalry-field
106. Starr pp. 437–438
107. Coddington, pp. 520-522
108. Sears p. 462
109. Coddington, pp. 258-259
110. Starr pp. 440–441
111. Eicher, pp. 549–550; Longacre, pp. 226–231, 240–44; Sauers, p. 836; Wert, pp. 272–280.
112. Starr, pp.417–418
113. Mathew Brady's National Photographic Portrait Galleries, photographer. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil W
114. Glatthaar, p. 282.
115. Sears, p. 513.
116. Sears, pp. 498-499.
117. Sears, p. 496.
118. Busey and Martin, pp. 125–147, 260–315. Headquarters element casualties account for the minor differences in army totals
119. Catton, p. 325.
120. Sears, p. 391.
121. Martin, pp. 371-377; Pfanz, First Day, pp. 357-359.
122. Sears, p. 511.
123. Woodworth, p. 216.
124. "Nursing the Wounded at Gettysburg"
     https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/07/nursing-the-wounded-at-gettysburg/
125. The Blue & Gray Almanac: The Civil War in Facts & Figures, Recipes & Slang
     https://books.google.com/books?id=0XQ6DwAAQBAJ&dq=I+have+the+honor+herewith+to+transmit+thirty-one+battle-flags%2C+captured+from+the+enemy+in+the+recent+battle+at+Gettysburg.+Several+other+flags+were+captured+on+that+occasion%2C+but+those+sent+embrace+all+thus+far+sent+in+by+corps+commanders.&pg=PA144
126. The New York Times
     https://www.nytimes.com/1863/07/19/archives/the-captured-battleflags-gen-meade-sends-them-to-washington.html
127. "The Battle of Gettysburg & the History of the Civil War Horse"
     https://thehorsemenscorral.com/2013/06/25/the-battle-of-gettysburg-the-history-of-the-cival-war-horse/
128. Starr, p. 443.
129. Eicher, p. 550; Coddington, pp. 539–544; Clark, pp. 146–147; Sears, p. 469; Wert, p. 300.
130. Coddington, p. 538.
131. Coddington, p. 539.
132. Coddington, p. 564.
133. Starr, pp. 447-450.
134. Sears, pp. 481-484, Eicher, p.552.
135. Sears, p. 481.
136. Coddington, pp. 552, 564.
137. Sears, p. 490.
138. Eicher, p. 552.
139. Coddington, pp. 535–574; Sears, pp. 496–497; Eicher, p. 596; Wittenberg et al., One Continuous Fight, pp. 345–346.
140. McPherson, p. 664.
141. Donald, p. 446; Woodworth, p. 217.
142. Coddington, p. 573.
143. McPherson, pp. 650, 664.
144. "Vicksburg"
     https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/vicksburg
145. Gallagher, Lee and His Army, pp. 86, 93, 102–05; Sears, pp. 501–502; McPherson, p. 665, in contrast to Gallagher, depict
146. The Gettysburg Address: Perspectives on Lincoln's Greatest Speech
     https://books.google.com/books?id=_bmyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PR9
147. White, p. 251.
148. U.S. Army Center of Military History
     https://history.army.mil/News/2014/140900a_mohCushing/
149. McPherson, p. 665; Gallagher, Lee and His Generals, pp. 207–208.
150. Catton, p. 331.
151. Eicher, p. 550; McPherson, p. 665
152. Hattaway and Jones, p. 415; Woodworth, p. xiii; Coddington, p. 573; Glatthaar, p. 288; Bearss, p. 202.
153. Guelzo, p. 463.
154. Guelzo, p. 464.
155. Military Review
     https://web.archive.org/web/20070202172827/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/milreview/goss.pdf
156. Keegan, pp. 202, 239.
157. Glatthaar, p. 287; Fuller, pp. 195-198; Sears, pp. 499–504.
158. Walsh, pp. 286-287.
159. Sears, pp. 499–500; Glatthaar, p. 287; Fuller, p. 198, states that Lee's "overweening confidence in the superiority of h
160. For example, Sears, p. 504: "In the final analysis, it was Robert E. Lee's inability to manage his generals that went to
161. Fuller, p. 195, for example, refers to orders to Stuart that "were as usual vague". Fuller, p. 197, wrote "As was [Lee's
162. Woodworth, pp. 209–210.
163. Sears, pp. 501–502; McPherson, pp. 656–657; Coddington, pp. 375–380; A more detailed collection of historical assessment
164. Sears, p. 502; A more detailed collection of historical assessments of Stuart in the Gettysburg Campaign may be found in
165. McPherson, p. 654; Coddington, pp. 317–319; Eicher, pp. 517–518; Sears, p. 503.
166. Sears, pp. 502–503.
167. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics
     https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1542842/1542842
168. Sears, p. 500.
169. Murray and Hsieh, p. 234.
170. Murray and Hsieh, p. 285; Sears, p. 206.
171. Sears, p. 506; Coddington, p. 573.
172. Sears, pp. 505–507.
173. "10 Facts: Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863"
     https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/10-facts-gettysburg
174. "Gettysburg casino plan defeated"
     https://web.archive.org/web/20130420231706/http://www.psu.edu/dept/richardscenter/2011/04/gettysburg-casino-plan-defeated.html
175. Gettysburg Times
     http://www.gettysburgtimes.com/news/local/article_099b6640-5762-11e0-93c3-001cc4c002e0.html
176. American Battlefield Trust
     https://www.battlefields.org/visit/battlefields/gettysburg-battlefield
177. "Gettysburg"
     http://www.battlefields.org/gettysburg
178. The Washington Post
     https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/house-divided/wp/2016/09/15/lees-gettysburg-headquarters-restored-set-to-open-oct-28/
179. Library of Congress
     https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2018666306/
180. Army Medical Bulletin, No. 46 (Oct. 1938), "Blue and Gray reunion at Gettysburg, Pa, June 29 - July 6, 1938." [1] p. 29-
     https://web.archive.org/web/20160405001010/http://cdm15290.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15290coll6/id/535/rec/12/
181. Reardon, p. 188.
182. Reardon, p. 176.
183. Fiftieth Anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg: Report of the Pennsylvania Commission
     https://archive.org/details/fiftiethannivers00inpenn/page/262
184. Reardon, p. 202, rounds up the number to 1,800.
185. You Tube: Ken Hendricksen
     https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7hA0XKhcJ0
186. National Park Traveler
     https://www.nationalparkstraveler.org/2009/02/rare-motion-pictures-show-civil-war-veterans-75th-gettysburg-battle-anniversary
187. Troubled Commemoration: The American Civil War Centennial, 1961–1965
188. The Baltimore Sun
     https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-09-01-9113009092-story.html
189. Turner Classic Movies
     https://web.archive.org/web/20190419093125/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/420333/Gettysburg/