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Bangladesh

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world and among the most densely populated with a population of over 171 million within an area of 148,460 square kilometres (57,320 sq mi). Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the north, west, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast. It has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal to its south and is separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor, and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim to its north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial, and cultural centre. Chittagong is the second-largest city and the busiest port of the country. The territory of modern Bangladesh was a stronghold of many Hindu and Buddhist dynasties in ancient history. Following the Muslim conquest in 1204, the region saw Sultanate and Mughal rule. During the Mughal period, particularly under the Bengal Subah, the region emerged as one of the most prosperous and commercially active parts of the world, known for its thriving textile industry and agricultural productivity. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 marked the beginning of British colonial rule for the following two centuries. In the aftermath of the Partition of India in 1947, East Bengal became the eastern and most populous wing of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan and was later renamed to East Pakistan. Following over two decades of political repression and systemic racism from the West Pakistan–based government, East Pakistan experienced a civil war in 1971, ultimately leading to a war for independence. The Mukti Bahini, with aid and assistance from Indian forces, waged a successful armed revolution; and despite a genocide perpetrated by Pakistan, Bangladesh became a sovereign nation on 16 December 1971. Post-Independence, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman led the country until his assassination in 1975. Presidency was later transferred to Ziaur Rahman, who himself was assassinated in 1981. The 1980s were dominated by the dictatorship of Hussain Muhammad Ershad, who was overthrown in a mass uprising in 1990. Following the democratisation in 1991, the "Battle of the Begums" between Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina defined the country's politics for the next three decades. Hasina was overthrown in a July Revolution in August 2024, and an Interim government led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus was formed. Bangladesh is a unitary parliamentary republic based on the Westminster system. It is a middle power with the second-largest economy in South Asia. Bangladesh is home to the fourth-largest Muslim population in the world. It maintains the third-largest military in South Asia and is the largest contributor to the peacekeeping operations of the United Nations. It consists of eight divisions, 64 districts, and 495 sub-districts, and is home to the largest mangrove forest in the world. However, Bangladesh has one of the largest refugee populations in the world and continues to face challenges such as endemic corruption, lack of human rights, political instability, and adverse effects of climate change. It has twice chaired the Climate Vulnerable Forum and is a member of BIMSTEC, SAARC, OIC and the Commonwealth of Nations.

Infobox

Capitaland largest city
Dhaka 23°45′50″N 90°23′20″E / 23.76389°N 90.38889°E / 23.76389; 90.38889
Official languageand national language
Bengali
Recognised foreign language
English
Ethnic groups (2022)
99% Bengali .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li 1% others Chakmas Garos Khasis Khumis Manipuris Marmas Mizos Arakanese Mrus Santals Tanchangyas Tripuris Bishnupriyas
Religion (2022)
91.04% Islam (official)7.94% Hinduism0.60% Buddhism0.30% Christianity0.12% other
Demonym
Bangladeshi
Government
Unitary parliamentary republic under an interim government
• President
Mohammed Shahabuddin
• Chief Adviser
Muhammad Yunus
• Chief Justice
Zubayer Rahman Chowdhury
Legislature
Jatiya Sangsad(currently suspended)
• East Bengal
15 August 1947
• East Pakistan
14 October 1955
• Proclamation of independence
26 March 1971
• Provisional government
10 April 1971
• Victory in the Liberation War
16 December 1971
• Current constitution
16 December 1972
• Total
$475.010 billion (34th)
• Water (%)
6.4
• Land area
130,170 km2
• Water area
18,290 km2
• 2023 estimate
171,466,990 (8th)
• 2022 census
169,828,911 (8th)
• Density
1,165/km2 (3,017.3/sq mi) (13th)
GDP (PPP)
2025 estimate
• Per capita
$2,730 (146th)
GDP (nominal)
2025 estimate
Gini (2025)
33.4 } }medium inequality
HDI (2023)
0.685medium (130th)
Currency
Taka (৳) (BDT)
Time zone
UTC 6 (BST)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Calling code
880
ISO 3166 code
BD
Internet TLD
bd.বাংলা

Tables

Administrative Divisions of Bangladesh · Government and politics › Administrative divisions
Barisal Division
Barisal Division
Division
Barisal Division
Capital
Barisal
Established
1 January 1993
Area (km2)
13,225
2021 Population (projected)
9,713,000
Density2021
734
Chittagong Division
Chittagong Division
Division
Chittagong Division
Capital
Chittagong
Established
1 January 1829
Area (km2)
33,909
2021 Population (projected)
34,747,000
Density2021
1,025
Dhaka Division
Dhaka Division
Division
Dhaka Division
Capital
Dhaka
Established
1 January 1829
Area (km2)
20,594
2021 Population (projected)
42,607,000
Density2021
2,069
Khulna Division
Khulna Division
Division
Khulna Division
Capital
Khulna
Established
1 October 1960
Area (km2)
22,284
2021 Population (projected)
18,217,000
Density2021
817
Mymensingh Division
Mymensingh Division
Division
Mymensingh Division
Capital
Mymensingh
Established
14 September 2015
Area (km2)
10,584
2021 Population (projected)
13,457,000
Density2021
1,271
Rajshahi Division
Rajshahi Division
Division
Rajshahi Division
Capital
Rajshahi
Established
1 January 1829
Area (km2)
18,153
2021 Population (projected)
21,607,000
Density2021
1,190
Rangpur Division
Rangpur Division
Division
Rangpur Division
Capital
Rangpur
Established
25 January 2010
Area (km2)
16,185
2021 Population (projected)
18,868,000
Density2021
1,166
Sylhet Division
Sylhet Division
Division
Sylhet Division
Capital
Sylhet
Established
1 August 1995
Area (km2)
12,635
2021 Population (projected)
12,463,000
Density2021
986
Division
Capital
Established
Area (km2)
2021 Population (projected)
Density2021
Barisal Division
Barisal
1 January 1993
13,225
9,713,000
734
Chittagong Division
Chittagong
1 January 1829
33,909
34,747,000
1,025
Dhaka Division
Dhaka
1 January 1829
20,594
42,607,000
2,069
Khulna Division
Khulna
1 October 1960
22,284
18,217,000
817
Mymensingh Division
Mymensingh
14 September 2015
10,584
13,457,000
1,271
Rajshahi Division
Rajshahi
1 January 1829
18,153
21,607,000
1,190
Rangpur Division
Rangpur
25 January 2010
16,185
18,868,000
1,166
Sylhet Division
Sylhet
1 August 1995
12,635
12,463,000
986

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    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037300
  301. BMC International Health and Human Rights
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2910021
  302. "Current health expenditure (% of GDP) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.CHEX.GD.ZS?locations=BD
  303. "Domestic general government health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.GHED.CH.ZS?locations=BD
  304. "Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.OOPC.CH.ZS?locations=BD
  305. "Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.XPD.PVTD.CH.ZS?locations=BD
  306. "Physicians (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.PHYS.ZS?locations=BD
  307. "Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.NUMW.P3?locations=BD
  308. Journal of Public Health Research
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7582102
  309. "Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.BEDS.ZS?locations=BD
  310. "Specialist surgical workforce (per 100,000 population) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.SAOP.P5?locations=BD
  311. "Community health workers (per 1,000 people) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.MED.CMHW.P3?locations=BD
  312. "People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.H2O.SMDW.ZS?locations=BD
  313. Euronews
    https://www.euronews.com/green/2024/01/18/half-of-bangladeshi-drinking-water-is-polluted-with-arsenic-and-climate-change-is-making-i
  314. Atlantic Council
    https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/bangladeshs-air-quality-is-among-the-worlds-worst-what-can-be-done/
  315. "High Air Pollution Level is Creating Physical and Mental Health Hazards in Bangladesh: World Bank"
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/12/03/high-air-pollution-level-is-creating-physical-and-mental-health-hazards-in-bangladesh-world-bank
  316. "Life expectancy at birth, total (years) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=BD
  317. "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN?locations=BD
  318. "Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births) – Bangladesh"
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT?locations=BD
  319. "Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) – Bangladesh"
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  320. The Daily Star
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  321. Health Policy and Planning
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  322. BMC Public Health
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  323. "Malnutrition"
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  324. Global Hunger Index (GHI)
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  325. The Daily Star
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  326. Dhaka Tribune
    https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/373684/du-celebrates-pohela-falgun-with-spring-festival
  327. The Daily Star
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  328. The Daily Star
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  329. "What is Eid al-Adha and how is it celebrated?"
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  330. The Daily Star
    https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/governance/news/five-day-eid-vacation-two-day-holiday-durga-puja-3729086
  331. The Financial Express
    https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/various-dimensions-of-mawlid-or-milad-un-nabi
  332. Business Standard
    https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ashura-being-observed-bangladesh-673434
  333. The Financial Express
    https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/lifestyle/culture/a-reminiscent-tour-of-chaand-raat-through-the-decades
  334. Dhaka Tribune
    https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/03/14/shab-e-barat-to-be-observed-on-march-29
  335. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20241008-bangladeshs-devoted-idol-creators
  336. Prothom Alo
    https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/dxpkrv51ga
  337. Dhaka Tribune
    https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/351359/ratha-yatra-festival-begins-across-bangladesh
  338. The Daily Star
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  339. Business Standard
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  340. The Daily Star
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  341. "International Mother Language Day"
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  342. The Daily Star
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  343. The Financial Express
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  344. Dhaka Tribune
    https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/307542/national-martyrs-memorial-ready-for-independence
  345. Prothom Alo
    https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/zoogq5cu7n
  346. The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics
  347. The Daily Star
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  348. The Daily Star
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  349. Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary) Vol I
  350. Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib
  351. India International Centre Quarterly
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  352. Bangla Sahitye Musalman
  353. The Daily Star
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  354. GeoJournal
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  355. The Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association
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  356. Asiatic
  357. Prothom Alo
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  358. Signs
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  359. The Daily Star
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  360. The Daily Star
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  361. The Daily Star
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  362. The Daily Star
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  363. The Daily Star
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  364. The Daily Star
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  365. The Daily Star
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  366. The Daily Star
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  367. The Daily Star
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  368. The Daily Star
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  369. The Financial Express
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  370. Encyclopædia Britannica
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  371. The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture
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  372. Pratnatattva
  373. The Daily Star
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  374. The Daily Star
    https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/focus/news/sultanate-mughal-the-architectural-legacy-bengal-3738301
  375. Muqarnas
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1602281
  376. "Mughal Mosques in Bangladesh"
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6672/
  377. The Daily Star
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  378. "Mughal Forts on Fluvial Terrains in Dhaka"
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6675/
  379. Architecture: A History Through the Ages
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  380. Between Heaven and Hell: Travels Through Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and India: an Account of the Expedition Hands Across the Borders
  381. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
    https://doi.org/10.2307%2F991538
  382. Historic Sonargaon
  383. Representations
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  384. "The Architectural Works of Muzharul Islam: an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement in South Asia"
    https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6674/
  385. Frontiers of Architectural Research
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  386. Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis
  387. "Traditional art of Jamdani weaving"
    https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/traditional-art-of-jamdani-weaving-00879
  388. Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
  389. South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
  390. Living Crafts in Bangladesh
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  391. The Daily Star
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  392. The Daily Star
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  393. The Daily Star
    https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/novera-pioneer-progressiveness-bangladesh-80953
  394. The Daily Star
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  395. "Mangal Shobhajatra on Pahela Baishakh"
    https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/mangal-shobhajatra-on-pahela-baishakh-01091
  396. The Daily Star
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  397. Spectrum
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  398. The Daily Star
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  399. Encyclopædia Britannica
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  400. "Hijab popularity budding among educated women in Bangladesh"
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  401. Achinpakhi Infinity: Indigenous Theatre of Bangladesh
  402. Journal of South Asian Literature
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  403. The Daily Star
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  404. Indian Literature
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  405. "Baul songs"
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  406. The Daily Star
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  407. London, Ellen (2004). Bangladesh. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. 29. ISBN 0-8368-3107-1.
  408. The Daily Star
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  409. Dhaka Tribune
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  410. Business Standard
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  411. The Daily Star
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  412. The Daily Star
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  413. The Daily Star
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  414. The Daily Star
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  415. The Daily Star
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  416. The Daily Star
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  417. The Daily Star
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  418. The Daily Star
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  419. BBC Media Action
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  420. BBC News
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12650946
  421. Dhaka Tribune
    https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/bangladesh-others/131125/the-life-and-obscurity-of-btv
  422. The Daily Star
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  423. Media, Culture & Society
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  424. Reporters Without Borders
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  425. Asian Business Review
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  426. Business Standard
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  427. The Financial Express
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  428. খুনতি কড়াই: Bangladeshi Cuisine
  429. The Daily Star
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  430. The Daily Star
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  431. Heliyon
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  432. The Guardian
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  433. Business Standard
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  434. The Daily Star
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  435. The Daily Star
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  436. The Daily Star
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  437. The Daily Star
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  438. The Daily Star
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  439. The Daily Star
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  440. The Daily Star
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  441. Ethnic Fermented Foods and Alcoholic Beverages of Asia
  442. The Daily Star
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  443. The Daily Star
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  444. The Daily Star
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  445. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
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  446. "Why Shakib Al Hasan is one of cricket's greatest allrounders"
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  447. BBC Sport
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  448. Dhaka Tribune
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  449. Business Standard
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  450. The Indian Express
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  451. The Daily Star
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  452. The Financial Express
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  453. Business Standard
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  454. New Age
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  455. Prothom Alo
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  456. The Financial Express
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  457. The Daily Star
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  458. "All Affiliated National Federation/Association"
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  459. bdchessfed.com
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  460. The Daily Star
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  461. National Geographic
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  462. The Daily Star
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