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Bangkok

Updated: Wikipedia source

Bangkok

Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated population of 11.4 million people as of 2024, 15.9% of the country's population. Over 17.4 million people (25% of Thailand's population) live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region as of the 2021 estimate, making Bangkok a megacity and an extreme primate city, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy. Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya era in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities, Thonburi in 1767 and Rattanakosin in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam during the late 19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of the country's political struggles throughout the 20th century, as Siam—later renamed Thailand—abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule, and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city, incorporated as a special administrative area under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration in 1972, grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media, and modern society. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance, business, and pop culture. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a centre for the arts, fashion, and entertainment. The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its red-light districts. The Grand Palace and Buddhist temples, including Wat Arun and Wat Pho, stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations and has been named the world's most visited city in several international rankings. Bangkok's rapid growth, coupled with little urban planning, has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure. Despite an extensive expressway network, an inadequate road network and substantial private car usage have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve the problem, operating 10 urban rail lines and building other public transit; however, congestion remains a prevalent issue.

Infobox

Country
Thailand
Region
Central Thailand
First settlements
c. 15th century
Founded as capital
21 April 1782
Re-incorporated
13 December 1972
Founded by
Rama I
• Type
Special local administrative area
• Body
Bangkok Metropolitan Administration
• Governor
Chadchart Sittipunt (indp.)
• Total
THB 6.143 trillion(US$176 billion) (2023)
• Metro
17,400,000
Elevation
1.5 m (4.9 ft)
• Estimate (2024)
11,391,700
• Density
5,294.207/km2 (13,711.93/sq mi)
• Metro density
2,240/km2 (5,810/sq mi)
Demonym
Bangkokian
• Per capita
THB 675,979(US$19,448) (2023)
Time zone
UTC 07:00 (ICT)
Postal code
10###
Area code
02
ISO 3166 code
TH-10
Website
main.bangkok.go.th
• Rank
1st Province and City in Thailand
• Estimate (2024)[citation needed]
11,391,700
HDI (2023)
0.833 (1st) – } }very high

Tables

Month
Month
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Month
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Jan
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Feb
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Mar
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Apr
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
May
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Jun
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Jul
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Aug
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Sep
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Oct
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Nov
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Dec
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Year
Record high °C (°F)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Record high °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
37.6(99.7)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
38.8(101.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
40.1(104.2)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
40.0(104.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
41.0(105.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
38.8(101.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
38.4(101.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
38.2(100.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
37.4(99.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
37.9(100.2)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
38.8(101.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
37.1(98.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
41.0(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
32.7(90.9)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.7(92.7)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
34.7(94.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
35.7(96.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
35.1(95.2)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
34.1(93.4)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.5(92.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.3(91.9)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.2(91.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.3(91.9)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.1(91.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
32.3(90.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
33.7(92.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Daily mean °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
27.4(81.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
28.6(83.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
29.7(85.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
30.7(87.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
30.3(86.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
29.7(85.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
29.2(84.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
29.2(84.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
28.6(83.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
28.4(83.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
28.4(83.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
27.3(81.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
28.9(84.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
23.4(74.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.8(76.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
26.4(79.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
27.2(81.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
26.9(80.4)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
26.4(79.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
26.1(79.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
25.9(78.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
25.4(77.7)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
25.2(77.4)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.7(76.5)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
23.2(73.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
25.4(77.7)
Record low °C (°F)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Record low °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
9.9(49.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
14.9(58.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
13.7(56.7)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
19.9(67.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.1(70.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.1(70.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.9(71.4)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.2(70.2)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.3(70.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
18.3(64.9)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
14.2(57.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
10.5(50.9)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
9.9(49.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
23.6(0.93)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.4(0.84)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
51.0(2.01)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
93.3(3.67)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
216.8(8.54)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
198.5(7.81)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
189.7(7.47)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
227.1(8.94)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
335.9(13.22)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
288.7(11.37)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
44.6(1.76)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
11.6(0.46)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
1,702.1(67.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
1.9
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
1.9
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
3.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
5.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
13.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
14.1
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
15.6
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
18.0
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
14.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
3.8
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
1.0
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
105.3
Average relative humidity (%)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Average relative humidity (%)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
67.9
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
70.5
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
72.6
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
72.0
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
74.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
75.2
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
75.5
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
76.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
79.3
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
78.0
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
68.8
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
65.6
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
73.0
Average dew point °C (°F)
Average dew point °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Average dew point °C (°F)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
20.4(68.7)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
22.2(72.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
23.9(75.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.8(76.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.9(76.8)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.6(76.3)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.2(75.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.2(75.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
24.4(75.9)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
23.9(75.0)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
21.7(71.1)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
19.2(66.6)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
23.2(73.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
216.0
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
215.8
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
234.2
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
226.6
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
196.2
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
158.4
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
140.7
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
128.9
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
129.6
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
157.5
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
194.8
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
213.5
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
2,212.2
Average ultraviolet index
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Average ultraviolet index
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
10
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
12
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
11
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
10
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
9
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
11
Source 1: NOAA, Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022; Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021), CNN (May record high), Ogimet (other record highs/lows)[full citation needed]
Source 1: NOAA, Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022; Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021), CNN (May record high), Ogimet (other record highs/lows)[full citation needed]
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Source 1: NOAA, Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022; Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021), CNN (May record high), Ogimet (other record highs/lows)[full citation needed]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), Meteo Climat (record)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), Meteo Climat (record)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), Meteo Climat (record)
Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1951–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
37.6(99.7)
38.8(101.8)
40.1(104.2)
40.0(104.0)
41.0(105.8)
38.8(101.8)
38.4(101.1)
38.2(100.8)
37.4(99.3)
37.9(100.2)
38.8(101.8)
37.1(98.8)
41.0(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
32.7(90.9)
33.7(92.7)
34.7(94.5)
35.7(96.3)
35.1(95.2)
34.1(93.4)
33.5(92.3)
33.3(91.9)
33.2(91.8)
33.3(91.9)
33.1(91.6)
32.3(90.1)
33.7(92.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
27.4(81.3)
28.6(83.5)
29.7(85.5)
30.7(87.3)
30.3(86.5)
29.7(85.5)
29.2(84.6)
29.2(84.6)
28.6(83.5)
28.4(83.1)
28.4(83.1)
27.3(81.1)
28.9(84.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
23.4(74.1)
24.8(76.6)
26.4(79.5)
27.2(81.0)
26.9(80.4)
26.4(79.5)
26.1(79.0)
25.9(78.6)
25.4(77.7)
25.2(77.4)
24.7(76.5)
23.2(73.8)
25.4(77.7)
Record low °C (°F)
9.9(49.8)
14.9(58.8)
13.7(56.7)
19.9(67.8)
21.1(70.0)
21.1(70.0)
21.9(71.4)
21.2(70.2)
21.3(70.3)
18.3(64.9)
14.2(57.6)
10.5(50.9)
9.9(49.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
23.6(0.93)
21.4(0.84)
51.0(2.01)
93.3(3.67)
216.8(8.54)
198.5(7.81)
189.7(7.47)
227.1(8.94)
335.9(13.22)
288.7(11.37)
44.6(1.76)
11.6(0.46)
1,702.1(67.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
1.9
1.9
3.4
5.4
12.4
13.4
14.1
15.6
18.0
14.4
3.8
1.0
105.3
Average relative humidity (%)
67.9
70.5
72.6
72.0
74.4
75.2
75.5
76.4
79.3
78.0
68.8
65.6
73.0
Average dew point °C (°F)
20.4(68.7)
22.2(72.0)
23.9(75.0)
24.8(76.6)
24.9(76.8)
24.6(76.3)
24.2(75.6)
24.2(75.6)
24.4(75.9)
23.9(75.0)
21.7(71.1)
19.2(66.6)
23.2(73.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours
216.0
215.8
234.2
226.6
196.2
158.4
140.7
128.9
129.6
157.5
194.8
213.5
2,212.2
Average ultraviolet index
10
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
11
10
9
11
Source 1: NOAA, Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022; Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021), CNN (May record high), Ogimet (other record highs/lows)[full citation needed]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), Meteo Climat (record)

References

  1. mw- .mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw- British English: /bæŋˈkɒk/ ⓘ, American English: /ˈbæŋkɒk/
  2. กรุงเทพมหานคร, pronounced [krūŋ tʰêːp mahǎː nákʰɔ̄ːn] ⓘ, where the phrase "Maha Nakhon" literally translates to "large (
  3. Thai pronunciationⓘ
  4. Two plants are known in Thai by the name makok: E. hygrophilus (makok nam, 'water makok') and Spondias pinnata (makok pa
  5. While this ceremonial name is generally believed, based on writings by Somdet Phra Wannarat (Kaeo), to have originally b
  6. This ceremonial name uses two ancient Indian languages, Pāli and Sanskrit, prefaced with the only one Thai word, Krung,
    https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87#Thai
  7. In contrast to the 169-letter-long transcription provided above in this article, the form recorded in the Guinness World
  8. The BMA gives an elevation figure of 2.31 m (7 ft 7 in).
  9. For comparison, London, England, has 34 m2 (370 sq ft)
  10. The population registry does not account for most internal migration, thus its figures will underestimate the city's act
  11. Thai ethnicity is rather a question of cultural identity than of genetic origin. Many people in Bangkok who self-identif
  12. An introductory publication by the BMA gives a figure of 80 per cent Thai, 10 per cent Chinese, and 10 per cent other, a
  13. By one recent estimate, at least 60 per cent of the city's residents are of Chinese descent.
  14. A 1993 study found dog bites to constitute 5.3 per cent of injuries seen at Siriraj Hospital's emergency department.
  15. BMA website
    http://www.bangkok.go.th/th/page/index.php?153-Geography_of_Bangkok&l=en
  16. ประชากรและสังคม 2550
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120304041608/http://www.ipsr.mahidol.ac.th/ipsr/annualconference/conferenceiii/Articles/Article02.htm
  17. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
    https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JAESc..18..415S
  18. The 2010 Population and Housing Census: Whole Kingdom
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190312075524/http://popcensus.nso.go.th/report/WholeKingdom_T.pdf
  19. "Gross Regional and Provincial Product (GPP)"
    https://www.nesdc.go.th/nesdb_en/ewt_dl_link.php?nid=4548
  20. Global Data Lab
    https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/THA/?levels=1+4&years=2023&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0
  21. British and World English Dictionary
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  194. Bangkok Post
    https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1761309/a-capital-idea
  195. International Affairs Division website
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220713011900/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/node/334
  196. United Nations Thailand website
    https://web.archive.org/web/20120416000813/http://www.un.or.th/unagencies/index.html
  197. "ความสัมพันธ์กับเมืองพี่เมืองน้อง"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20211226062515/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/list
  198. International Affairs Division website
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220331213354/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Aichi_mou_0.PDF
  199. "Friendship and cooperation agreement between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Greater Ankara Municipality of the Republic of Turkey"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190411202948/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Angara.pdf
  200. "Agreement on establishment of bilateral relations between the Akimat of Astana City of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the City of Bangkok of Kingdom Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20140522233535/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Astana.pdf
  201. "Agreement on the Establishment of Sister City Relations between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Beijing Municipality of the People's Republic of China"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103709/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Beijing.pdf
  202. "Memorandum of Understanding between the City of Bangkok, The Kingdom of Thailand and the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103630/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Brisbane.pdf
  203. "Letter of Intent of Cooperation between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) and Local Government of Budapest"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103548/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Budapest.pdf
  204. "Busan Metropolitan City – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Agreement on the Establishment of a Friendship City Relationship"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112344/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Busan.pdf
  205. "Agreement of Sister City Relations"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20110501041551/http://office.bangkok.go.th/iad/eng/viewpage.php?page_id=38
  206. "Agreement between Chaozhou City, the People's Republic of China and Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand on the Establishment of Sister City Relations"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112431/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Chaozhou.pdf
  207. "Agreement on The Establishment of Friendly City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The Chengdu Municipal People's Government, The People's Republic of China"
    http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/AGREEMENT%20ON%20THE%20ESTABLISHMENT%20OF%20FRIENDSHIP%20CITY%28Eng%29.PDF
  208. "Agreement between Chonqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of sister-city relationship"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112400/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Chongqing.pdf
  209. "Agreement on The Establishment of Friendship City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The Daegu Metropolitan Government, The Republic of Korea"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220823171805/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Agreementon%20The%20Establishment%20Of%20Friendship%20City%20Relations%20Eng.pdf
  210. "Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of Friendly Relations between The City of Dalian The People's Republic of China and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200408191355/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/MoU%20Dalian%20%283%20copies%29.pdf
  211. International Affairs Division website
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190715161416/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=40
  212. "Memorandum of understanding between Municipal Council of Penang Island of Malaysia and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendly cities"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103700/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/GeorgeTown.pdf
  213. "Sister Cities of Guangzhou"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20111020140927/http://www.gzwaishi.gov.cn/Item/3970.aspx
  214. "Agreement on the establishment of sister city relations between Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand and City of Guangzhou, the People's Republic of China"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103613/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Guangzhou.pdf
  215. "Agreement on cooperative and friendship relations between Hanoi Capital City and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103940/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Hanoi.pdf
  216. "Agreement on Establishment Friendly Relations between The People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161008055158/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/HCM_Eng_0.pdf
  217. "Memorandum of understanding between The People's Committee of Hue City The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220219222251/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Mou%20Hue.pdf
  218. "Memorandum of understanding between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Kingdom of Thailand and the Jakarta Capital City Administration, Republic of Indonesia concerning sister city cooperation"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112455/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/jakarta%5B1%5D.pdf
  219. "Accord de fraternité entre La Ville de Lausanne Capitale du Canton de Vaud Confédération Helvétique et La Ville de Bangkok Royaume de Thaïlande"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112414/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Lausanne%5B1%5D.pdf
  220. "Friendship And Co-Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon Portugal Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161008074713/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/10021601.PDF
  221. "Existing Sister Cities"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20090806191943/http://www.manila.gov.ph/localgovt.htm
  222. "Sister city friendship affiliation"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103816/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Manila.doc
  223. "Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf
  224. "Memorandum of understanding between The Municipality of Porto Portugal Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220331213343/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Agreement%20Bangkok%20%20Porto%20EN_0.PDF
  225. "Memorandum of understanding between Municipality of Phnom Penh Kingdom of Cambodia and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20161008074726/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Phnom%20Penh.jpg
  226. "St. Petersburg in figures > International and Interregional Ties"
    https://archive.today/20090224073839/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures/ities
  227. "Protocol on Cooperation between the City of Bangkok (the Kingdom of Thailand) and the City of St. Petersburg (the Russian Federation)"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20200408191355/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/St%27%20Petersburg.pdf
  228. "Sister City Agreement between the Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic of Korea and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, the Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003103603/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Seoul.pdf
  229. "Memorandum of understanding between People's Government of Shandong Province People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220121084133/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/16011400_0.PDF
  230. "Memorandum on Friendly Cooperation and Exchange between Foreign Affairs Office, Shanghai Municipal People's Government People's Republic of China and International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20191109190814/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/seanghai.pdf
  231. "Bangkok"
    http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/govt/cities/friendship/content/post_1312661.html
  232. "Memorandum of understanding between Tehran Municipality Islamic Republic of Iran and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20170601005056/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=102
  233. "Agreement between Tianjin Municipal Government of the People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendship exchanges and cooperative relationship"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20181003112129/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Tianjin.pdf
  234. "Agreement on the Establishment of Sister City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The City of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20220823171550/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Agreement%20Bangkok-Ulaanbaatar_Eng.pdf
  235. "บันทึกว่าด้วยความร่วมมือ ระหว่างนครหลวงเวียงจันทน์และกรุงเทพมหานคร"
    http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Vientiane.pdf
  236. "Resolution: Sister City Affiliation of Washington, D.C. and Bangkok, Thailand"
    http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_DC_Bangkok_Agreement_1962.pdf
  237. "Reaffirmation agreement between Washington, D.C. and Bangkok, Thailand"
    http://os.dc.gov/sites/default/files/dc/sites/os/publication/attachments/OS_DC_Bangkok_Renewal_2002.pdf
  238. "Memorandum of understanding between People's Government of Wuhan Municipal People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180418101251/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/th/showsister_cities?id=105
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