Balfour Declaration

References

1. Montefiore was the wealthiest British Jew, and leader of the Board of Deputies of British Jews. Charles Henry Churchill'
2. According to Weizmann's memoir, the conversation went as follows: "Mr. Balfour, supposing I was to offer you Paris inste
3. Weizmann's notes of the meeting described that: "[James] thought that the Palestinian aspirations of the Jews will find
4. From Weizmann's memoirs: "The entry of Turkey into the fray and the remarks made by the Premier in his Guildhall speech
5. Weizmann's memoirs: "He believed that my demands were too modest, that big things would have to be done in Palestine; he
6. Again from Weizmann's memoirs: "On the suggestion of Baron James, I went to see Sir Philip Magnus with whom I had a leng
7. Weizmann had been asked to produce a new process for the production of acetone in order to reduce the cost of cordite pr
8. See the original 25 October 1915 letter here. George Antonius – who had been the first to publish the correspondence in
9. In a 27 February 1916 letter, prior to his departure to Russia, Sykes wrote to Samuel: "I read [your 1915] memorandum an
10. In his August 1919 memo Balfour noted, "In 1915 it was the Sherif of Mecca to whom the task of delimitation was to have
11. Sykes had discussed the matter with Picot, suggesting the creation of an Arab Sultanate of Palestine under French and Br
12. The full text of the telegram to Sazonov may be found in Jeffries
13. In ascertaining what Zionists will accept and what refuse I am guided by your telegram coupled with my memory of Mr Samu
14. Sykes was reprimanded by Grey, Buchanan should tell Sykes 'to obliterate from his memory that Mr Samuel's Cabinet memora
15. Nahum Sokolow described the meeting in 1919 as follows: "The 7th of February 1917, constitutes a turning-point in the hi
16. Sykes had also informed the Zionists he was meeting Picot the following day and Sokolow was nominated by Rothschild to j
17. The War Cabinet, reviewing this conference on 25 April, "inclined to the view that sooner or later the Sykes–Picot Agree
18. Sykes as Chief Political Officer to the Egyptian Expeditionary Force and Picot as the Haut-Commissaire Français pour Les
19. The Committee of the Jewish Communities (in Italian: Comitato delle università israelitiche) is known today as the Union
20. In 1929, Zionist leader Jacob de Haas wrote: "In May 1917 prior to the arrival of the Balfour Mission to the United Stat
21. Ronald Graham wrote to Lord Hardinge, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (i.e. the most senior c
22. Weizmann wrote that: "it appears desirable from every point of view that the British Government should give expression t
23. On April 16, 1919, in response to a request from the American Peace Commissioners that he clarify the newspaper report o
24. Schmidt cites Stein "Bonar law's views on the Zionist question are unknown" together with his son and his biographer for
25. Sykes's official memorandum providing feedback on the meeting recorded the following: "What the Zionists do not want: I.
26. Ali Allawi explained this as follows: "When Faisal left the meeting with Weizmann to explain his actions to his advisers
27. Although it was noted by UNSCOP that "To many observers at the time, conclusion of the Feisal-Weizmann Agreement promise
28. Ce sentiment de respect pour les autres religions dicte mon opinion touchant la Palestine, notre voisine. Que les juifs
29. Lloyd George stated in his testimony to the Palestine Royal Commission: "The idea was, and this was the interpretation p
30. Amery's testimony under oath to the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry in January 1946: "The phrase "the establishment
31. Amery described this moment in his memoirs: "Half an hour before the meeting Milner looked in from his room in the Cabin
32. Ronald Storrs, Britain's Military Governor of Jerusalem between 1917 and 1920, wrote in 1943: "The Declaration which, in
33. The term "twofold duty" was used by the Permanent Mandates Commission in 1924, the phrase "double undertaking" was used
34. At the 9 June 1930 Permanent Mandates Commission, the British Accredited Representative, Drummond Shiels, set out the Br
35. 19 February 1919, Balfour wrote to Lloyd George that: "The weak point of our position of course is that in the case of P
36. Wilson's January 1918 Fourteen Points stated a requirement for "free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment o
37. In an August 1919 memo discussing the Covenant of the League of Nations, Balfour explained: "What I have never been able
38. This statement was first made during a debate regarding the upcoming centenary of the Declaration; the Foreign Office su
39. The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine acknowledged the same in 1947, noting that: "With regard to the princi
40. On walking to the Hurva Synagogue on Shabbat Nachamu, Samuel wrote in his memoirs that he "found the surrounding streets
41. Weizmann explained as follows: "The German government, on the other hand, was deeply distressed that the British governm
42. In the original German: Vereinigung jüdischer Organisationen Deutschlands zur Wahrung der Rechte der Juden des Ostens (V
43. Diplomat and Sykes's biographer, Shane Leslie, wrote in 1923 of Sykes: "His last journey to Palestine had raised many do
44. Viscount Northcliffe, who owned The Times, the Daily Mail, and other publishing totalling around two fifths of the total
45. The Palestine Royal Commission described Lloyd George's evidence as follows: "In the evidence he gave before us Mr. Lloy
46. Per Lloyd George's Memoirs of the Peace Conference: "The Balfour Declaration represented the convinced policy of all par
47. For example, in 1930, on learning that King George V had requested his views about the state of affairs in Palestine, Jo
48. Principal protagonists' perspectives on the 1939 White Paper: The British, paragraph 6 of the White Paper: "His Majesty'
49. Renton described this as follows: "A crucial aspect of this depiction of the Declaration as a product of British benevol
50. Donald Lewis writes: "It is the contention of this work that only by understanding [Christian philosemitism and Christia
51. With respect to European schemes to encourage Protestant, Catholic and Jewish immigration to Palestine, Schölch notes th
52. LeVine and Mossberg describe this as follows: "The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but anti-Semitism
53. Gelvin wrote: "The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not
54. Defries wrote: "Balfour had, at the least, acquiesced in Chamberlain's earlier efforts to assist the Jews in finding a t
55. Rovner wrote: "In the spring of 1903 the fastidiously dressed sixty-six-year-old secretary was fresh from a trip to Brit
56. Rovner wrote: "On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Congress a weary Nordau brought three resolutions before the de
57. Yonathan Mendel writes: The exact percentage of Jews in Palestine prior to the rise of Zionism and waves of aliyah is un
58. Schneer noted that: "The Balfour Declaration was not, in and of itself, the source of trouble in a land that previously
59. Kedourie described the White Paper's 1922 statement as: "... the untruth that the government had 'always' regarded McMah
60. On his return from Petrograd, following his reprimand, Sykes wrote to Sir Arthur Nicholson "I am afraid from your telegr
61. In most narratives, including that of Schneer, Gaster's role in bringing about the declaration has been dealt with dismi
62. Sykes was introduced to Weizmann and Sokolow via James Aratoon Malcolm, a British Armenian businessman, and L. J. Greenb
63. In his History of Zionism, Sokolow notes he had meetings with the Cardinals and an audience with the Pope, providing no
64. Though the latter was apparently submitted to Ronald Graham by Sokolow, Picot was asked to come over to London by end of
65. Milner's appointment to the Cabinet was due to his role as High Commissioner for Southern Africa during the Second Boer
66. Quigley wrote: "This declaration, which is always known as the Balfour Declaration, should rather be called "the Milner
67. Norman Rose described this as follows: "There can be no doubt about what was in the minds of the chief architects of the
68. The Daily Chronicle, on 30 March 1917, advocated reviving "the Jewish Palestine" and building "a Zionist state ... under
69. Churchill's letter to T. E. Lawrence added, "It is manifestly right that the Jews who are scattered all over the world s
70. When asked in 1922 what was meant by the development of the Jewish National Home in Palestine, Churchill replied, "it ma
71. Col. T. E. Lawrence in a letter to Churchill on 17 January 1921, wrote that Emir Faisal, the eldest son of King Hussein,
72. What exactly was in the minds of those who made the Balfour Declaration is speculative. The fact remains that, in the li
73. Gelvin wrote: "The words of the Balfour Declaration were carefully chosen. It was no accident that the declaration conta
74. Reinharz wrote: "British and French estimates of the balance of power in the American Jewish public were greatly affecte
75. James Renton wrote: "Overall, it is clear that the Declaration, the Anglo-Zionist propaganda campaign, the public suppor
76. Edward Said wrote in his 1979 The Question of Palestine: "What is important about the declaration is, first, that it has
77. This is described similarly by William Helmreich and Francis Nicosia. Helmreich noted that: "It represented in part an e
78. Churchill concluded the Commons debate with the following argument: "Palestine is all the more important to us ... in vi
79. Gelvin noted that "The British did not know quite what to make of President Woodrow Wilson and his conviction (before Am
80. Schneer described this as follows: "Thus the view from Whitehall early in 1916: If defeat was not imminent, neither was
81. Grainger writes: "It was later lauded as a great humanitarian gesture and condemned as a wicked plot, but the preceding
82. Brysac and Meyer wrote: "As the lawyer and historian David Fromkin has shrewdly noted, out of an estimated three million
83. Reinharz described this as follows: "At the Zionist Emergency Conference in August 1914, Poalei-Zion demanded the conven
84. Gutwein described the impact as follows: "Sykes's approach to the Zionist-radical leadership in early 1917 led to a majo
85. Israeli professor of sociology Menachem Friedman wrote: "... one cannot overestimate [the declaration's] dramatic influe
86. Norman Rose noted: "... for the British the Balfour Declaration inaugurated one of the most controversial episodes in th
87. Schneer's conclusion, stated twice in his work, was that: "Because it was unpredictable and characterized by contradicti
88. The implementation of the declaration fed a disenchantment among the Arabs that alienated them from the British administ
89. Renton 2007, p. 2.
90. Renton 2007, p. 85.
91. Schölch 1992, p. 44.
92. Stein 1961, pp. 5–9.
93. Liebreich 2004, pp. 8–9.
94. Schölch 1992, p. 41.
95. Lewis 2014, p. 10.
96. Friedman 1973, p. xxxii.
97. Schölch 1992, p. 51.
98. Cleveland & Bunton 2016, p. 229.
99. Schneer 2010, p. 343.
100. "How Anti-Semitism Helped Create Israel"
     https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/09/08/how-anti-semitism-helped-create-israel-2/
101. Haaretz
     https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2017-10-26/ty-article/the-balfour-declarations-racism-and-why-it-still-matters/0000017f-dba4-db22-a17f-ffb5fdd10000
102. Cohen 1989, pp. 29–31.
103. LeVine & Mossberg 2014, p. 211.
104. Gelvin 2014, p. 93.
105. Rhett 2015, p. 106.
106. Cohen 1989, pp. 31–32.
107. Cohen 1989, pp. 34–35.
108. Rhett 2015, pp. 107–108.
109. Weizmann 1949, pp. 93–109.
110. Defries 2014, p. 51.
111. Klug 2012, pp. 199–210.
112. Hansard, Aliens Bill: HC Deb 02 May 1905 vol 145 cc768-808; and Aliens Bill, HC Deb 10 July 1905 vol 149 cc110-62
     https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1905/may/02/aliens-bill-1
113. Rovner 2014, pp. 51–52.
114. Rovner 2014, p. 81.
115. Rovner 2014, pp. 51–81.
116. Weizmann 1949, p. 111.
117. Lewis 2009, pp. 73–74.
118. Penslar 2007, pp. 138–139.
119. Gutwein 2016, pp. 120–130.
120. Schneer 2010, pp. 129–130: "Baron James urged him ..."
121. Schneer 2010, p. 130.
122. Cooper 2015, p. 148.
123. Stein 1961, pp. 66–67.
124. Schneer 2010, p. 110.
125. Fromkin 1990, p. 294.
126. Tamari 2017, p. 29.
127. Cleveland & Bunton 2016, p. 38.
128. Quigley 1990, p. 10.
129. Friedman 1973, p. 282.
130. Della Pergola 2001, p. 5 and Bachi 1974, p. 5
131. Mendel 2014, p. 188.
132. Friedman 1997, pp. 39–40.
133. Tessler 2009, p. 144.
134. Neff 1995, pp. 159–164.
135. Schneer 2010, p. 14.
136. Schneer 2010, p. 32.
137. Büssow 2011, p. 5.
138. Reid 2011, p. 115.
139. Defries 2014, p. 44.
140. Lewis 2009, pp. 115–119.
141. Weizmann 1983, p. 122.
142. Huneidi 2001, pp. 79–81.
143. Weizmann 1983, p. 122b.
144. Weizmann 1983, p. 126.
145. Kamel 2015, p. 106.
146. Huneidi 2001, p. 83.
147. Billauer 2013, p. 21.
148. Lieshout 2016, p. 198.
149. Defries 2014, p. 50.
150. Cohen 2014, p. 47.
151. Lewis 2009, p. 115.
152. Lloyd George 1933, pp. 47–50.
153. Posner 1987, p. 144.
154. Kedourie 1976, p. 246.
155. Kattan 2009, p. xxxiv (Map 2), and p.109.
156. Huneidi 2001, p. 65.
157. Antonius 1938, p. 169.
158. Huneidi 2001, pp. 65–70.
159. Kamel 2015, p. 109.
160. Sanders 1984, p. 347.
161. Kattan 2009, p. 103.
162. Kattan 2009, p. 101.
163. Memorandum by Mr. Balfour (Paris) respecting Syria, Palestine, and Mesopotamia, 132187/2117/44A, August 11, 1919
     https://www.scribd.com/fullscreen/60431057?access_key=key-136ulpy32ssl2l27p8nb
164. Kedourie 2013, p. 66.
165. Dockrill & Lowe 2002, pp. 539–543, full memorandum.
166. Ulrichsen & Ulrichsen 2014, pp. 155–156.
167. Schneer 2010, pp. 75–86.
168. Khouri 1985, pp. 8–10
169. Kedourie 2013, p. 81.
170. Lieshout 2016, p. 196.
171. Halpern 1987, pp. 48, 133.
172. Rosen 1988, p. 61.
173. Jeffries 1939, pp. 112–114.
174. Friedman 1973, pp. 119–120.
175. Middle Eastern Studies
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176. Dockrill & Lowe 2001, pp. 228–229.
177. Lieshout 2016, p. 189.
178. Shlaim 2005, pp. 251–270.
179. Hourani 1981, p. 211.
180. Gutwein 2016, pp. 117–152.
181. Mathew 2013, pp. 231–250.
182. Woodward 1998, pp. 119–120.
183. Woodfin 2012, pp. 47–49.
184. Grainger 2006, pp. 81–108.
185. Grainger 2006, pp. 109–114.
186. Renton 2004, p. 149.
187. Sokolow 1919, p. 52.
188. Schneer 2010, p. 198.
189. Stein 1961, p. 373; Stein cites Sokolow's notes in the Central Zionist Archives.
190. Schneer 2010, p. 200.
191. Schneer 2010, pp. 198–200.
192. Zieger 2001, pp. 97–98.
193. Zieger 2001, p. 91.
194. Zieger 2001, p. 58.
195. Zieger 2001, pp. 188–189.
196. Schneer 2010, p. 209.
197. Brecher 1993, pp. 642–643.
198. Grainger 2006, p. 66.
199. Wavell 1968, pp. 90–91.
200. Lieshout 2016, p. 281.
201. Grainger 2006, p. 65.
202. Schneer 2010, pp. 227–236.
203. Laurens 1999, p. 305.
204. Lieshout 2016, p. 203.
205. Schneer 2010, p. 210.
206. Schneer 2010, p. 211.
207. Schneer 2010, p. 212.
208. Schneer 2010, p. 214.
209. Schneer 2010, p. 216.
210. Friedman 1973, p. 152.
211. Sokolow 1919, pp. 52–53.
212. Minerbi 1990, pp. 63–64, 111.
213. Minerbi 1990, p. 221; cites CZA Z4/728 for the French version and CZA A18/25 for the Italian version..
214. Stein 1961, p. 407.
215. Kreutz 1990, p. 51.
216. Manuel 1955, pp. 265–266.
217. Kedourie 2013, p. 87.
218. Kaufman 2006, p. 385.
219. de Haas 1929, pp. 89–90.
220. Friedman 1973, p. 246.
221. Weizmann 1949, p. 203.
222. Palestine and the Balfour Declaration, Cabinet Paper, January 1923
223. Rhett 2015, p. 16.
224. Friedman 1973, p. 247.
225. Rhett 2015, p. 27.
226. Rhett 2015, p. 26.
227. Stein 1961, p. 466.
228. Hurewitz 1979, p. 102.
229. Adelson 1995, p. 141.
230. Hansard, War Cabinet: HC Deb 14 March 1917 vol 91 cc1098-9W
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231. Lebow 1968, p. 501.
232. Hurewitz 1979, p. 103.
233. Hurewitz 1979, p. 104.
234. Hurewitz 1979, p. 105.
235. Hurewitz 1979, p. 106.
236. Stein 1961, p. 664: "Appendix: Successive drafts and final text of the Balfour Declaration"
237. Lieshout 2016, p. 219.
238. Halpern 1987, p. 163.
239. Rhett 2015, p. 24.
240. Quigley 1981, p. 169.
241. Rubinstein 2000, pp. 175–196.
242. Huneidi 1998, p. 33.
243. Caplan 2011, p. 62.
244. Gelvin 2014, p. 82ff.
245. Kattan 2009, pp. 60–61.
246. Bassiouni & Fisher 2012, p. 431.
247. Talhami 2017, p. 27.
248. Hansard, [1]: HC Deb 27 April 1920 vol 128 cc1026-7
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249. Schmidt 2011, p. 69.
250. Palin Commission 1920, p. 9.
251. Makovsky 2007, p. 76: "The definition of "national home" was left intentionally ambiguous."
252. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 24.
253. Rose 2010, p. 18.
254. Strawson 2009, p. 33.
255. Curzon 1917.
256. Lieshout 2016, pp. 225–257.
257. Friedman 1973, p. 312.
258. American Emergency Committee for Zionist Affairs, The Balfour Declaration and American Interests in Palestine (New York
259. Friedman 1973, p. 313.
260. Miller, David Hunter. My Diary at the Conference of Paris (New York), Appeal Printing Co., (1924), vol 4 pp. 263–4
261. Jacobs 2011, p. 191.
262. Auron 2017, p. 278.
263. "Chamberlain, in 1918, Envisaged Jewish State Linked to U.S. or Britain"
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264. Alexander, Edward. The State of the Jews: A Critical Appraisal, Routledge 2012 ISBN 978-1-412-84614-1 pp. 225–226
265. Johnson 2013, p. 441.
266. Lieshout 2016, p. 387.
267. Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs
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268. Gilbert, Martin. Churchill and the Jews: A Lifelong Friendship, Macmillan (2007) p. 74, taken from Churchill's letter of
269. Wallace, Cynthia D. Foundations of the International Legal Rights of the Jewish People and the State of Israel, Creation
270. Friedman 2017, p. 277.
271. Paris 2003, p. 129.
272. Allawi 2014, p. 323.
273. Hansard, [2]: HC Deb 11 July 1922 vol 156 cc1032-5
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274. Sekulow, Jay. Unholy Alliance: The Agenda Iran, Russia, and Jihadists Share for Conquering the World, Simon and Schuster
275. Allawi 2014, p. 189.
276. Friedman 1973, p. 92.
277. Secretary's Notes of a Conversation Held in M. Pichon's Room at the Quai d'Orsay, Paris, on Thursday, 6 February 1919, at 3 p.m.
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278. UNSCOP 1947, p. II, Art. 122.
279. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 78.
280. Allawi 2014, p. 215.
281. Allawi 2014, pp. 216–217.
282. Le Matin
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283. UNSCOP 1947, p. II, Art. 77.
284. Mansfield 1992, pp. 176–177.
285. Churchill and the Jews
286. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, pp. 23–24
287. The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1984
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288. UNSCOP 1947, p. II, Art. 142.
289. UNSCOP 1947, p. II, Art. 145.
290. Stein 1961, p. 470.
291. Friedman 1973, p. 257.
292. Renton 2016, p. 21.
293. Caplan 2011, p. 74.
294. Biger 2004, p. 49.
295. Biger 2004, p. 51.
296. Bickerton & Klausner 2016, p. 109.
297. Lieshout 2016, p. 221.
298. Amery 1953, p. 116.
299. Palin Commission 1920, p. 11.
300. A History of the Middle East
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301. Storrs 1943, p. 51.
302. Hardie & Herrman 1980, p. 88.
303. Permanent Mandates Commission, "Report on the Work of the Fifth (Extraordinary) Session of the Commission (held at Genev
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304. Hansard, Prime Minister's Statement: HC Deb 03 April 1930 vol 237 cc1466-7
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305. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 218.
306. Geddes 1991, p. 126.
307. Friedman 1973, p. 325: Friedman quoted F.O. 371/4179/2117, Balfour to the Prime Minister, 19 February 1919
308. Balfour 1928, pp. 14, 25.
309. Haiduc-Dale 2013, p. 40.
310. Khouri 1985, p. 527.
311. Dugard 2013, p. 294.
312. Lewis 2009, p. 163.
313. Lieshout 2016, p. 405.
314. Gelvin 1999, pp. 13–29.
315. Khouri 1985, p. 9.
316. Hansard, Balfour Declaration: 3 April 2017, Volume 782
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317. The Independent
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318. UNSCOP 1947, p. II, Art. 176.
319. Schneer 2010, p. 193.
320. Schneer 2010, p. 336.
321. Ingrams 2009, p. 13.
322. Lieshout 2016, p. 214.
323. Makdisi 2010, p. 239.
324. Schneer 2010, p. 342.
325. Ulrichsen & Ulrichsen 2014, p. 157.
326. Allawi 2014, p. 108.
327. Peter Mansfield, The British Empire magazine, no. 75, Time-Life Books, 1973
328. Schneer 2010, p. 223.
329. Caplan 2011, p. 78: "... becoming the first major power ..."
330. Stein 2003, p. 129.
331. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 23.
332. Watts 2008, p. 190a.
333. Renton 2007, p. 148.
334. Sokolow 1919, pp. 99–116; Sokolow published the speeches in full.
335. Sorek 2015, p. 25.
336. Tomes 2002, p. 198.
337. Glass 2002, p. 199.
338. Glass 2002, p. 200.
339. Huneidi 2001, p. 94.
340. Shapira 2012, p. 75.
341. Domnitch 2000, pp. 111–112.
342. Samuel 1945, p. 176.
343. Huneidi 2001, p. 96.
344. Said 1979, pp. 15–16.
345. Friedman 2000, p. 273.
346. Wasserstein 1991, p. 31.
347. Wasserstein 1991, p. 32; Wasserstein quotes Storrs to OETA headquarters, 4 Nov. 1918 (ISA 2/140/4A)
348. Huneidi 2001, p. 32, Huneidi cites: Zu'aytir, Akram, Watha'iq al-haraka a-wataniyya al-filastiniyya (1918–1939), ed. Bay
349. Huneidi 2001, p. 32a, Huneidi cites: 'Petition from the Moslem-Christian Association in Jaffa, to the Military Governor,
350. McTague 1978, p. 76.
351. The Arabic Press and Nationalism in Palestine, 1920-1948
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352. Huneidi 2001, p. 66.
353. Report of a Committee Set up to Consider Certain Correspondence Between Sir Henry McMahon and the Sharif of Mecca in 191
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354. Paris 2003, p. 249.
355. Mousa 1978, pp. 184–5.
356. Mousa 1978, p. 185.
357. Paris 2003, p. 252.
358. Huneidi 2001, pp. 71–2.
359. Huneidi 2001, p. 72.
360. Lebel 2007, pp. 159, 212–213.
361. The Jerusalem Post
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362. Mitrović 2016, p. 71.
363. Rock 2019, p. 112.
364. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 22.
365. Rose 2010, p. 17.
366. Quigley 2010, pp. 27–29.
367. Quigley 2010, p. 29.
368. Pedersen 2015, p. 35.
369. The Journal of Modern History
     https://doi.org/10.1086%2F237809
370. Wilson 1990, p. 44: Wilson cites Hubert Young to Ambassador Hardinge (Paris), 27 July 1920, FO 371/5254
371. Wilson 1990, pp. 44, 46–48.
372. Wasserstein 2008, pp. 105–106: "... the myth of Palestine's 'first partition'..."
373. 67th Congress, H.J.Res. 322; pdf
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374. Brecher 1987.
375. Davidson 2002, pp. 27–30.
376. Davidson 2002, p. 1.
377. Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914-1958
378. Friedman 1997, pp. 340–343.
379. Polkehn 1975, p. 89.
380. Cohen 1946, p. 120.
381. Friedman 1997, p. 379.
382. Toury 1968, pp. 81–84.
383. Huneidi 2001, pp. 18–19.
384. De Waart 1994, p. 113.
385. Helmreich 1985, p. 24.
386. Nicosia 2008, p. 67.
387. Ciani 2011, p. 13.
388. Palin Commission 1920, p. 10.
389. Grainger 2006, p. 218.
390. Schneer 2010, pp. 347–360.
391. Gilmour 1996, p. 67.
392. Gilmour 1996, p. 66; Gilmour quotes: Curzon to Allenby, 16 July 1920, CP 112/799
393. Gilmour 1996, p. 67; Gilmour quotes: Curzon to Bonar Law, 14 December 1922, Bonar Law Papers, 111/12/46
394. Huneidi 2001, p. 35.
395. Kattan 2009, p. 84.
396. Leslie 1923, p. 284.
397. Defries 2014, p. 103.
398. Huneidi 2001, p. 57;  Huneidi cites: CO 733/18, Churchill to Samuel, Telegram, Private and Personal, 25 February 1922
399. Huneidi 2001, p. 58.
400. Hansard, Palestine Mandate: HL Deb 21 June 1922 vol 50 cc994-1033 (outcome of the vote cc1033 on next page)
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401. Hansard, Colonial Office: HC Deb 04 July 1922 vol 156 cc221–343 (outcome of the vote cc343)
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402. Mathew 2011, p. 36.
403. Quigley 2011, p. 269.
404. Cohen 2010, p. 6.
405. Quigley 2011, p. 279.
406. Huneidi 1998, p. 37.
407. Renton 2016, p. 16.
408. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 31.
409. Quigley 2011, pp. 280–2.
410. Defries 2014, pp. 88–90.
411. Huneidi 2001, pp. 61–64.
412. Huneidi 2001, p. 256.
413. Caplan 2011, p. 94.
414. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, pp. 22–28.
415. Kattan 2009, pp. 388–394.
416. Lloyd George 1939, pp. 724–734.
417. Gelvin 2014, pp. 82–83.
418. Schneer 2010, p. 152.
419. Balfour Declaration
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420. Ingrams 2009, p. 16.
421. Grainger 2006, p. 178.
422. Barr 2011, p. 60.
423. Brysac & Meyer 2009, p. 115.
424. Reinharz 1988, pp. 131–145.
425. Stein 1961.
426. Vereté 1970.
427. Smith 2011, pp. 50–51.
428. United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights 1978: "It ultimately led to partition and to the problem as it exists tod
429. Watts 2008, p. 190: "indirectly ... led to"
430. Ingrams 2009, pp. IX, 5: "Probably no other scrap of paper in history has had the effect of this brief letter, the cause
431. Schneer 2010, pp. 370, 376.
432. Shlaim 2005, p. 268.
433. Tucker 2017, pp. 469–482.
434. Shlaim 2009, p. 23.
435. Cohen & Kolinsky 2013, p. 88.
436. Friedman 2012, p. 173.
437. Chris Rice Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, quoted in Munayer Salim J, Loden Lisa, Through My Enemy's Ey
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438. Virginia Page Fortna, Peace Time: Cease-fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace, p. 67, "Britain's contradictory pro
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439. Avner Falk, Fratricide in the Holy Land: A Psychoanalytic View of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, Chapter 1, p. 8, "Most expe
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440. Renton 2007, p. 151.
441. Shlaim 2005, pp. 251–270a: Shlaim quotes: Sir John R. Chancellor to Lord Stamfordham, 27 May 1930, Middle East Archive,
442. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 363.
443. Cleveland & Bunton 2016, p. 244.
444. Palestine Royal Commission 1937, p. 368.
445. Rose 1973, p. 82.
446. Lewis 2009, p. 175.
447. Berman 1992, p. 66.
448. Laqueur & Schueftan 2016, p. 49.
449. UNSCOP 1947, p. II, Art. 110.
450. UNSCOP 1947.
451. Monroe 1981, p. 43.
452. Shapira 2012, p. 74.
453. Schneer 2010, p. 361.
454. The Guardian
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455. Randeep Ramesh, 'What we got wrong: the Guardian's worst errors of judgment over 200 years,' The Guardian 7 May 2021.
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456. 'The Guardian: Backing Balfour Declaration among our 'worst errors of judgment',' Times of Israel 8 May 2021
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457. Friedman 1973, p. 396, note 65.
458. Times of Israel
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