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Babur

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Babur

Babur (Persian: ببر, Persian: [bɑː.βuɾ]; 14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530; born Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad) was the founder of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent. He was a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan through his father and mother respectively. He was also given the posthumous name of Firdaws Makani ('Dwelling in Paradise'). Born in Andijan in the Fergana Valley (now in Uzbekistan), Babur was the eldest son of Umar Shaikh Mirza II (1456–1494, Timurid governor of Fergana from 1469 to 1494) and a great-great-great-grandson of Timur (1336–1405). Babur ascended the throne of Fergana in its capital Akhsikath in 1494 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion. He conquered Samarkand two years later, only to lose Fergana soon after. In his attempt to reconquer Fergana, he lost control of Samarkand. In 1501, his attempt to recapture both the regions failed when the Uzbek prince Muhammad Shaybani defeated him and founded the Khanate of Bukhara. In 1504, he conquered Kabul, which was under the putative rule of Abd ur-Razaq Mirza, the infant heir of Ulugh Beg II. Babur formed a partnership with the Safavid emperor Ismail I and reconquered parts of Turkestan, including Samarkand, only to again lose it and the other newly conquered lands to the Shaybanids. After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur turned his attention to India and employed aid from the neighbouring Safavid and Ottoman empires. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and founded the Mughal Empire. Before the defeat of Lodi at Delhi, the Sultanate of Delhi had been a spent force, long in a state of decline. The ruler of the adjacent Kingdom of Mewar, Rana Sanga, advanced on Babur with a grand coalition of Rajput and Afghan warlords, engaging Babur in the Battle of Khanwa. Babur achieved a decisive victory due to his skillful troop positioning and use of gunpowder. The battle was one of the most decisive events in Indian history and was a watershed event in the Mughal conquest of North India. Religiously, Babur started his life as a staunch Sunni Muslim, but he underwent significant evolution. Babur became more tolerant as he conquered new territories and grew older, allowing other religions to peacefully coexist in his empire and at his court. He also displayed a certain attraction to theology, poetry, geography, history, and biology—disciplines he promoted at his court—earning him a frequent association with representatives of the Timurid Renaissance. His religious and philosophical stances are characterized as humanistic. Babur married several times. Notable among his children were Humayun, Kamran Mirza, Hindal Mirza, Masuma Sultan Begum, and the author Gulbadan Begum. Babur died in 1530 in Agra and Humayun succeeded him. Babur was first buried in Agra but, as per his wishes, his remains were moved to Kabul and reburied. He ranks as a national hero in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Many of his poems have become popular folk songs. He wrote the Baburnama in Chaghatai Turkic; it was translated into Persian during the reign (1556–1605) of his grandson, the emperor Akbar.

Infobox

Reign
November 1496 – February 1497
Predecessor
Baysonqor Mirza
Successor
Ali Mirza
Born
(1483-02-14)14 February 1483Andijan, Timurid Empire
Died
26 December 1530(1530-12-26) (aged 47)Agra, Mughal Empire
Burial
Gardens of Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan
Consort
mw- Maham Begum (m. 1506)
Wives more...
mw- Aisha Sultan Begum (m. 1499; div. 1503) Zainab Sultan Begum (m. 1504; died 1506) Masuma Sultan Begum (m. 1507; died 1509) Bibi Mubarika (m. 1519)
Issuemore...
Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum Humayun Masuma Sultan Begum Kamran Mirza Askari Mirza Hindal Mirza Gulbadan Begum Gulchehra Begum
Names
NamesZahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad BāburPosthumous nameFirdaws Makani (Dwelling in Paradise)
House
House of Babur
Dynasty
Timurid dynasty
Father
Umar Shaikh Mirza II
Mother
Qutlugh Nigar Khanum
Religion
Sunni Islam
Battles / wars
mw- li } In Central Asia Samarkand (c. 1490) Samarkand (1497) Samarkand (1501) Sar-e-Pul (1501) Akhsil (1503) Kabul (1504) Hazaras (1505) Qalat (1506) Eastern Afghanistan (1507) Ab Darrah Pass (1511) Ghazdewan (1512) In Indian Subcontinent First expedition of India (1505) Bajaur (1519) Hisar Firoza (1526) Panipat (1526) Khanwa (1527) Chanderi (1528) Ghaghra (1529)

Tables

· Family › Issue
By Aisha Sultan Begum
By Aisha Sultan Begum
Name
By Aisha Sultan Begum
Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum
Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum
Name
Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum
Birth
1501
Death
1501
By Maham Begum
By Maham Begum
Name
By Maham Begum
Humayun
Humayun
Name
Humayun
Birth
6 March 1508
Death
27 January 1556
Notes
succeeded as the second Mughal Emperor
Barbul Mirza
Barbul Mirza
Name
Barbul Mirza
Birth
unknown
Death
d. infancy
Mehr Jahan Begum
Mehr Jahan Begum
Name
Mehr Jahan Begum
Birth
b. unknown at Khost
Death
d. infancy
Aisan Daulat Begum
Aisan Daulat Begum
Name
Aisan Daulat Begum
Birth
unknown
Death
d. infancy
Faruq Mirza
Faruq Mirza
Name
Faruq Mirza
Birth
2 August 1526
Death
1527
By Masuma Sultan Begum
By Masuma Sultan Begum
Name
By Masuma Sultan Begum
Masuma Sultan Begum
Masuma Sultan Begum
Name
Masuma Sultan Begum
Birth
1508
Death
unknown
Notes
Married to Muhammad Zaman Mirza;
By Gulrukh Begum
By Gulrukh Begum
Name
By Gulrukh Begum
Kamran Mirza
Kamran Mirza
Name
Kamran Mirza
Birth
c. 1509
Death
16 October 1557
Askari Mirza
Askari Mirza
Name
Askari Mirza
Birth
5 February 1516
Death
1558
Sultan Ahmad Mirza
Sultan Ahmad Mirza
Name
Sultan Ahmad Mirza
Birth
unknown
Death
d. young
Shahrukh Mirza
Shahrukh Mirza
Name
Shahrukh Mirza
Birth
Unknown
Death
d. young
Gulizar Begum
Gulizar Begum
Name
Gulizar Begum
Birth
unknown
Death
d. young
By Dildar Begum
By Dildar Begum
Name
By Dildar Begum
Hindal Mirza
Hindal Mirza
Name
Hindal Mirza
Birth
4 March 1519
Death
20 November 1551
Alwar Mirza
Alwar Mirza
Name
Alwar Mirza
Birth
unknown
Death
1529, Agra
Gulrang Begum
Gulrang Begum
Name
Gulrang Begum
Birth
1514, Khost
Death
Unknown
Notes
Married her first-cousin once removed, Isan Timur Sultan, ninth son of Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan;
Gulchehra Begum
Gulchehra Begum
Name
Gulchehra Begum
Birth
c. 1516
Death
c. 1557
Notes
Married twice. Firstly, to her first-cousin once-removed, Sultan Tukhta Bugha Khan (died 1533), son of Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan in 1530;  secondly to Abbas Sultan Uzbeg in 1549.
Gulbadan Begum
Gulbadan Begum
Name
Gulbadan Begum
Birth
20 November 1522
Death
7 February 1603
Notes
Author of Humayun-nama. Married her second cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of her father's cousin Aiman Khwajah Sultan of Moghulistan, son of Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan. [citation needed]
By Dildar Begum or Saliha Sultan Begum (disputed)
By Dildar Begum or Saliha Sultan Begum (disputed)
Name
By Dildar Begum or Saliha Sultan Begum (disputed)
Gulrukh Begum
Gulrukh Begum
Name
Gulrukh Begum
Birth
unknown
Death
unknown
Notes
Married Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza, son of Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi, with whom she had Salima Sultan Begum. [citation needed]
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By Aisha Sultan Begum
Fakhr-un-Nissa Begum
1501
1501
By Maham Begum
Humayun
6 March 1508
27 January 1556
succeeded as the second Mughal Emperor
Barbul Mirza
unknown
d. infancy
Mehr Jahan Begum
b. unknown at Khost
d. infancy
Aisan Daulat Begum
unknown
d. infancy
Faruq Mirza
2 August 1526
1527
By Masuma Sultan Begum
Masuma Sultan Begum
1508
unknown
Married to Muhammad Zaman Mirza;
By Gulrukh Begum
Kamran Mirza
c. 1509
16 October 1557
Askari Mirza
5 February 1516
1558
Sultan Ahmad Mirza
unknown
d. young
Shahrukh Mirza
Unknown
d. young
Gulizar Begum
unknown
d. young
By Dildar Begum
Hindal Mirza
4 March 1519
20 November 1551
Alwar Mirza
unknown
1529, Agra
Gulrang Begum
1514, Khost
Unknown
Married her first-cousin once removed, Isan Timur Sultan, ninth son of Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan;
Gulchehra Begum
c. 1516
c. 1557
Married twice. Firstly, to her first-cousin once-removed, Sultan Tukhta Bugha Khan (died 1533), son of Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan in 1530; secondly to Abbas Sultan Uzbeg in 1549.
Gulbadan Begum
20 November 1522
7 February 1603
Author of Humayun-nama. Married her second cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, son of her father's cousin Aiman Khwajah Sultan of Moghulistan, son of Ahmad Alaq of Moghulistan. [citation needed]
By Dildar Begum or Saliha Sultan Begum (disputed)
Gulrukh Begum
unknown
unknown
Married Nuruddin Muhammad Mirza, son of Khwaja Hasan Naqshbandi, with whom she had Salima Sultan Begum. [citation needed]
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Babur Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 February 1483 Died: 26 December 1530
Regnal titles
New titleDynasty founded
New titleDynasty founded
Babur Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 February 1483 Died: 26 December 1530
New titleDynasty founded
Babur Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 February 1483 Died: 26 December 1530
Mughal Emperor 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
Babur Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 February 1483 Died: 26 December 1530
Succeeded byHumayun
Babur Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 February 1483 Died: 26 December 1530
Regnal titles
New titleDynasty founded
Mughal Emperor 20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
Succeeded byHumayun

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