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Auschwitz concentration camp

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Auschwitz concentration camp

Auschwitz (German: [ˈaʊ̯ʃvɪts]), also known as Oświęcim (Polish: [ɔˈɕfjɛɲ.t͡ɕim]), was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschwitz I, the main camp (Stammlager) in Oświęcim; Auschwitz II-Birkenau, a concentration and extermination camp with gas chambers, Auschwitz III-Monowitz, a labour camp for the chemical conglomerate IG Farben, and dozens of subcamps. The camps became a major site of the Nazis' Final Solution to the Jewish question. After Germany initiated World War II by invading Poland in September 1939, the Schutzstaffel (SS) converted Auschwitz I, an army barracks, into a prisoner-of-war camp. The initial transport of political detainees to Auschwitz consisted almost solely of Poles (for whom the camp was initially established). For the first two years, the majority of inmates were Polish. In May 1940, German criminals brought to the camp as functionaries established the camp's reputation for sadism. Prisoners were beaten, tortured, and executed for the most trivial of reasons. The first gassings—of Soviet and Polish prisoners—took place in block 11 of Auschwitz I around August 1941. Construction of Auschwitz II began the following month, and from 1942 until late 1944 freight trains delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Of the 1.3 million people sent to Auschwitz, 1.1 million were murdered. The number of victims includes 960,000 Jews (865,000 of whom were gassed on arrival), 74,000 non-Jewish Poles, 21,000 Romani, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, and up to 15,000 others. Those not gassed were murdered via starvation, exhaustion, disease, individual executions, or beatings. Others were killed during medical experiments. At least 802 prisoners tried to escape, 144 successfully, and on 7 October 1944, two Sonderkommando units, consisting of prisoners who operated the gas chambers, launched an unsuccessful uprising. After the Holocaust ended, only 789 Schutzstaffel personnel (no more than 15 percent) ever stood trial. Several were executed, including camp commandant Rudolf Höss. The Allies' failure to act on early reports of mass murder by bombing the camp or its railways remains controversial. As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in January 1945, toward the end of the war, the SS sent most of the camp's population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria. Soviet troops liberated the camp on 27 January 1945, a day commemorated since 2005 as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In the decades after the war, survivors such as Primo Levi, Viktor Frankl, Elie Wiesel, and Edith Eger wrote memoirs of their experiences, and the camp became a dominant symbol of the Holocaust. In 1947, Poland founded the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, and in 1979 it was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Auschwitz is the site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.

Infobox

Coordinates
mw- 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E / 50.03583°N 19.17833°E / 50.03583; 19.17833
Known for
The Holocaust
Location
German-occupied Poland
Built by
IG Farben
Operated by
Nazi Germany and the Schutzstaffel
Commandant
See list
Original use
Army barracks
Operational
May 1940 – January 1945
Inmates
Mainly Jews, Poles, Romani, Soviet prisoners of war
Number of inmates
At least 1.3 million
Killed
At least 1.1 million
Liberated by
Soviet Union, 27 January 1945
Notable inmates
Auschwitz prisoners: Adolf Burger, Edith Eger, Anne Frank, Viktor Frankl, Imre Kertész, Maximilian Kolbe, Primo Levi, Fritz Löhner-Beda, Irène Némirovsky, Tadeusz Pietrzykowski, Witold Pilecki, Liliana Segre, Edith Stein, Simone Veil, Rudolf Vrba, Alfréd Wetzler, Elie Wiesel, Else Ury, Eddie Jaku, Władysław Bartoszewski
Notable books
mw- .inline, .inline dl, .inline ol, .inline ul, dl dl, dl ol, dl ul, ol dl, ol ol dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd dd , dd dt , dd li , dt dd , dt dt , dt li , li dd dd ol li Man's Search for Meaning (1946) If This Is a Man (1947) Night (1960) Maus (1980–1991)
Website
auschwitz.org
Official name
Auschwitz Birkenau, German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940–1945)
Type
Cultural
Criteria
vi
Designated
1979 (3rd session)
Reference no.
31
Region
Europe and North America

Tables

· Selection and extermination process › Death toll
Jews
Jews
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Jews
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
95,000
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
865,000
Total
960,000
Ethnic Poles
Ethnic Poles
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Ethnic Poles
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
64,000
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
10,000
Total
74,000 (70,000–75,000)
Roma and Sinti
Roma and Sinti
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Roma and Sinti
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
19,000
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
2,000
Total
21,000
Soviet prisoners of war
Soviet prisoners of war
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Soviet prisoners of war
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
12,000
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
3,000
Total
15,000
Other Europeans:Soviet citizens (Byelorussians, Russians, Ukrainians),Czechs, Yugoslavs, French, Germans, Austrians
Other Europeans:Soviet citizens (Byelorussians, Russians, Ukrainians),Czechs, Yugoslavs, French, Germans, Austrians
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Other Europeans:Soviet citizens (Byelorussians, Russians, Ukrainians),Czechs, Yugoslavs, French, Germans, Austrians
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
10,000–15,000
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
n/a
Total
10,000–15,000
Total deaths in Auschwitz, 1940–1945
Total deaths in Auschwitz, 1940–1945
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Total deaths in Auschwitz, 1940–1945
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
200,000–205,000
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
880,000
Total
1,080,000–1,085,000
Nationality/ethnicity(Source: Franciszek Piper)
Registered deaths(Auschwitz)
Unregistered deaths(Auschwitz)
Total
Jews
95,000
865,000
960,000
Ethnic Poles
64,000
10,000
74,000 (70,000–75,000)
Roma and Sinti
19,000
2,000
21,000
Soviet prisoners of war
12,000
3,000
15,000
Other Europeans:Soviet citizens (Byelorussians, Russians, Ukrainians),Czechs, Yugoslavs, French, Germans, Austrians
10,000–15,000
n/a
10,000–15,000
Total deaths in Auschwitz, 1940–1945
200,000–205,000
880,000
1,080,000–1,085,000

References

  1. The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, passed on 7 April 1933, excluded most Jews from the legal
  2. Danuta Czech (Auschwitz 1940–1945, Volume V, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000): "June 14 [1940]: The first transpor
  3. Franciszek Piper writes that, according to post-war testimony from several inmates, as well as from Rudolf Höss (Auschwi
  4. Danuta Czech (Auschwitz 1940–1945, Volume V, Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2000): "February 15, 1942: "The first tran
  5. Mary Fulbrook (A Small Town Near Auschwitz: Ordinary Nazis and the Holocaust, Oxford University Press, 2012): "Gunter Fa
  6. Danuta Czech (Auschwitz 1940–1945, Volume V, 2000): "March 26, 1942: Nine hundred ninety-nine Jewish women from Poprad i
  7. This was the third set of serial numbers started in the camp.
  8. Robert Jan van Pelt (The Case for Auschwitz, 2002): "This figure [1.1 million] has been endorsed by all serious, profess
  9. The escapees included 396 Polish men and 10 Polish women; 164 men from the Soviet Union (including 50 prisoners of war),
  10. In his testimony, according to Polish historian Aleksander Lasik, "Höss neither protected anyone nor evaded his own resp
  11. In The Drowned and the Saved (1986), Levi wrote that the concentration camps represented the epitome of the totalitarian
  12. Attendees included the president of the World Jewish Congress, Ronald Lauder, Polish president Bronisław Komorowski, Fre
  13. "The unloading ramps and selections"
    http://auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-and-shoah/the-unloading-ramps-and-selections
  14. Piper 2000b, p. 230.
  15. Calgary Herald
    https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wjJkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fnsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1544%2C1258580
  16. encyclopedia.ushmm.org
    https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/auschwitz
  17. "Auschwitz I, Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Auschwitz III-Monowitz"
    http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=87&Itemid=173&lang=en
  18. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 166.
  19. auschwitz.org
    http://auschwitz.org/en/education/study-visits/lectures/
  20. Piper 2000b, pp. 230–231; also see Piper 1998b, pp. 71–72.
  21. Lasik 2000b, p. 116, n. 19.
  22. amp.theguardian.com
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-short-history-liberation-concentration-camp-holocaust
  23. Museum of Jewish Heritage — A Living Memorial to the Holocaust
    https://mjhnyc.org/exhibitions/auschwitz/
  24. Evans 2005, p. 7.
  25. Browning 2004, p. 424.
  26. Longerich 2010, pp. 32–35, 41.
  27. Longerich 2010, pp. 38–39.
  28. Longerich 2010, pp. 41, 67–69.
  29. Longerich 2010, p. 60.
  30. Browning 2004, pp. 24–26; Longerich 2010, p. 144.
  31. Haar 2009, pp. 41–46.
  32. Cesarani 2016, p. xxxiii.
  33. Piper 2000b, p. 117.
  34. Matthäus 2004, p. 244.
  35. Gerlach 2016, pp. 84–85.
  36. Holocaust Encyclopedia
    https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005145
  37. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 362.
  38. Piper 2000a, pp. 52–53; Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 166.
  39. Gutman 1998, p. 16.
  40. Piper 2000a, pp. 52–53; also see Iwaszko 2000b, p. 51; Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 166
  41. Iwaszko 2000a, p. 15.
  42. Czech 2000, p. 121; for serial number 1, Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 65.
  43. Czech 2000, pp. 121–122.
  44. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 71.
  45. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 72–73.
  46. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 364.
  47. Piper 2000b, p. 121.
  48. Piper 2000b, pp. 121, 133; Piper 1998c, pp. 158–159.
  49. Piper 2000b, p. 128.
  50. Pilecki, W. report from Auschwitz. "Der Spion von Auschwitz — Der Mann, der sich ins Lager schmuggelte. ORF III, 27 Janu
  51. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 292; Piper 1998c, pp. 157–158; Piper 2000b, p. 117.
  52. Czech 2000, p. 142; Świebocki 2002, pp. 126–127, n. 50.
  53. Piper 2000a, p. 61.
  54. Höss 2003, p. 148.
  55. Czech 2000, p. 142.
  56. van Pelt 1998, p. 145; Piper 2000a, p. 61; Steinbacher 2005, p. 107; "Anniversary of the First Transport of Polish Jews
    http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/anniversary-of-the-first-transport-of-polish-jews-to-auschwitz,120.html
  57. Fulbrook 2012, pp. 220–221, 396, n. 49.
  58. Friedländer 2007, p. 359.
  59. Browning 2004, p. 357.
  60. Wachsmann 2015, p. 707.
  61. Czech 2000, p. 143.
  62. Czech 2000, p. 144.
  63. Piper 2000a, p. 62.
  64. Piper 2000b, p. 133, n. 419.
  65. Müller 1999, p. 31; Piper 2000b, p. 133.
  66. Piper 2000b, p. 132, for more on the corpses, p. 140; for 400 prisoners and over 107,000 corpses, see Czech 2000, p. 165
  67. Piper 2000b, p. 144.
  68. Hayes 2003, p. 335.
  69. Piper 2000b, pp. 144, 155 for Kriegsgefangenenlager.
  70. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 80–83.
  71. van Pelt 1998, pp. 118–119.
  72. van Pelt 1998, pp. 122–123.
  73. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 87.
  74. Czech 2000, pp. 138–139.
  75. Steinbacher 2005, p. 94.
  76. Piper 2000b, pp. 134–136; also see Piper 1998c, p. 161.
  77. Pressac & van Pelt 1998, pp. 214–215; also see Piper 2000b, p. 138.
  78. Piper 2000b, p. 143.
  79. Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers
    https://ia801300.us.archive.org/25/items/JCPAuschwitzTechniqueAndOperationOfTheGasChambers/JCP%20Auschwitz%20Technique%20and%20Operation%20of%20the%20Gas%20Chambers.pdf
  80. Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum
    https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/informing-the-world/pictures-taken-by-the-ss
  81. Piper 2000b, pp. 165–166.
  82. Piper 2000b, p. 159.
  83. Piper 2000b, p. 164.
  84. Steinbacher 2005, p. 45.
  85. Hilberg 1998, pp. 81–82.
  86. Steinbacher 2005, p. 49.
  87. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 108; for "IG-Auschwitz", see Hayes 2001, p. xii.
  88. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 108.
  89. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 109–110.
  90. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 111–112.
  91. Lasik 2000a, pp. 151–152.
  92. Steinbacher 2005, p. 53.
  93. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 112.
  94. Hayes 2001, p. 353.
  95. Hayes 2001, p. 359.
  96. Krakowski 1998, p. 57.
  97. Hayes 2001, p. 364.
  98. Steinbacher 2005, pp. 52, 56.
  99. Hayes 2001, p. 367; Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 115; that when the camp was evacuated, 9,054 of the 9,792 inmates w
  100. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 115.
  101. Steinbacher 2005, p. 57.
  102. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 103–104.
  103. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 103, 119; Gutman 1998, p. 17.
  104. Gutman 1998, p. 18; Piper 1998a, p. 45; Steinbacher 2005, p. 58.
  105. Gutman 1998, pp. 17–18.
  106. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 106; Kubica 2009, pp. 233–234. Also see "The Budy Massacre—A grim anniversary" Archived
    http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/the-budy-massacre-a-grim-anniversary,23.html
  107. Dunin-Wasowicz 1984, p. 139.
  108. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 104.
  109. The New Yorker
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  110. Lasik 1998b, p. 288; Lasik 2000b, p. 154.
  111. Lasik 2000a, p. 154.
  112. Harding 2013, p. 100.
  113. Lasik 1998b, pp. 294–295.
  114. Lasik 2000a, pp. 153–157.
  115. Lasik 2000b, p. 314.
  116. Lasik 1998a, p. 282.
  117. Lasik 2000b, p. 299.
  118. Lasik 1998a, p. 274.
  119. Lasik 2000b, pp. 323–324.
  120. Lasik 1998a, p. 273.
  121. Lasik 1998a, pp. 272–273.
  122. Lasik 1998a, p. 285.
  123. Strzelecka 2000a, p. 49.
  124. Steinbacher 2005, pp. 35–36.
  125. Wittmann 2003, pp. 519–520.
  126. Piper 2000b, p. 180.
  127. Piper 2000b, pp. 180–181, 184.
  128. Piper 2000b, pp. 170–171.
  129. Piper 2000b, p. 189.
  130. Piper 2000b, pp. 190–191.
  131. Piper 2000b, pp. 180–181.
  132. Piper 2000b, pp. 188–189.
  133. Steinbacher 2005, pp. 90–91.
  134. Gutman 1998, p. 20.
  135. "Tattoos and Numbers: The System of Identifying Prisoners at Auschwitz"
    https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/tattoos-and-numbers-the-system-of-identifying-prisoners-at-auschwitz
  136. "System of triangles"
    http://auschwitz.org/en/history/prisoner-classification/system-of-triangles
  137. "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"
    https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/persecution-of-homosexuals-in-the-third-reich
  138. Steinbacher 2005, pp. 31–32.
  139. "An Original German Train Car at the Birkenau Ramp"
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  140. Iwaszko 2000a, p. 17.
  141. Piper 1998c, p. 162.
  142. Longerich 2010, p. 408.
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  145. Levi 2001, p. 45.
  146. Iwaszko 2000b, p. 60.
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  148. Steinbacher 2005, p. 33.
  149. "Life in the camp: living conditions"
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  151. Steinbacher 2005, p. 33; Gutman 1998, pp. 20–21.
  152. Iwaszko 2000b, pp. 60–61.
  153. Strzelecka 2000b, pp. 68–69.
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  156. Iwaszko 2000b, p. 55.
  157. Nyiszli 2011, p. 25.
  158. Gutman 1998, p. 21.
  159. Steinbacher 2005, p. 34.
  160. Rosen 2014, p. 18.
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  164. Stangneth 2014, p. 22.
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  168. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 88.
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  177. Friedländer 2007, p. 505.
  178. Kubica 1998, pp. 323–324.
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  180. Spitz 2005, pp. 232–234.
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  189. Piper 2000b, p. 79.
  190. Czech 2000, p. 139.
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  192. Piper 2000b, p. 87.
  193. Piper 2000b, p. 89.
  194. Piper 2000b, pp. 89–90.
  195. "Romani children in an orphanage in Germany"
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  197. Bauer 1998, p. 448.
  198. Piper 2000b, p. 55, note 145.
  199. Bauer 1998, pp. 449–450.
  200. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 96.
  201. Czech 2000, p. 185.
  202. Keren 1998, p. 429.
  203. Keren 1998, p. 428.
  204. Czech 2000, pp. 190–191.
  205. Czech 2000, p. 194.
  206. Keren 1998, p. 439.
  207. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, p. 97.
  208. Fleming 2014, pp. 231–232.
  209. Fleming 2014, p. 215.
  210. Czech 2000, p. 203.
  211. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 363.
  212. Piper 1998c, pp. 157–159.
  213. Piper 1998c, pp. 159–160.
  214. "Jewish women and children who have been selected for death, walk in a line towards the gas chambers"
    https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa8538
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  216. Piper 1998c, p. 174.
  217. Piper 1998c, p. 175.
  218. Piper 2000b, pp. 12–13; Browning 2004, p. 421.
  219. Longerich 2010, p. 407.
  220. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 338.
  221. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, pp. 341–343.
  222. Piper 2000b, p. 227.
  223. Piper 2000b, p. 229.
  224. Piper 2000b, p. 103ff.
  225. Piper 2000b, pp. 109–110.
  226. Piper 2000b, p. 111.
  227. Piper 1998c, pp. 162, 169.
  228. Strzelecka & Setkiewicz 2000, pp. 97–98.
  229. Baxter 2017, p. 241.
  230. Piper 1998c, pp. 166, 168.
  231. Piper 2000b, p. 169, n. 489.
  232. Piper 2000b, p. 169.
  233. Piper 1998c, p. 162; also see Piper 2000b, p. 170.
  234. Piper 2000b, p. 170.
  235. Cohen 1998, pp. 529, 531.
  236. Langfus 2000, p. 357.
  237. Strzelecki 2000b, p. 408.
  238. Strzelecki 2000b, p. 409.
  239. Strzelecki 2000b, p. 411.
  240. Piper 2000b, p. 171.
  241. Strzelecki 2000b, p. 400.
  242. Strzelecki 2000b, p. 406.
  243. Piper 1998c, p. 171.
  244. Chicago Tribune
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  245. van Pelt 2016, p. 109.
  246. Hilberg 1961, p. 958; also see Piper 2000b, p. 214.
  247. Piper 1998b, p. 67; Piper 2000b, p. 214.
  248. Höss 2003, p. 188; also see Friedländer 2007, p. 404.
  249. Piper 2000b, pp. 210–213.
  250. The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946, p. 415.
  251. The International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg 1946, p. 397.
  252. Höss 2003, p. 193.
  253. Höss 2003, p. 194.
  254. Snyder 2010, p. 383.
  255. "Ethnic origins and number of victims of Auschwitz"
    https://web.archive.org/web/20190202034044/http://70.auschwitz.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89&lang=en
  256. Snyder 2010, p. 275.
  257. "Jehovah's Witnesses" Archived 1 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
    http://auschwitz.org/en/history/categories-of-prisoners/jehovahs-witnesses/
  258. Fleming 2014, p. 194; Zarembina & Harriman 1944.
  259. Krahelska 1985.
  260. Fleming 2014, p. 131.
  261. Czech 2000, p. 177.
  262. Bartrop 2016, p. 210.
  263. Świebocki 2000, pp. 68–69, n. 115.
  264. Fleming 2014, pp. 131–132.
  265. Fleming 2014, p. 132.
  266. Fleming 2014, p. 133.
  267. Steinbacher 2005, p. 116.
  268. Fleming 2014, p. 135.
  269. Mais, Engel & Fogelman 2007, p. 73.
  270. Nyiszli 2011, p. 124.
  271. Didi-Huberman 2008, p. 16.
  272. Fleming 2016, pp. 63–65.
  273. For Wiejowski, Świebocki 2000, p. 194; for the rest, pp. 232–233.
  274. Świebocki 2000, p. 233.
  275. Świebocki 2000, p. 192.
  276. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/i-escaped-from-auschwitz
  277. Świebocki 2000, pp. 203–204.
  278. Świebocki 2002, p. 12–13, 23.
  279. Szabó 2011, p. 94; Fleming 2014, p. 230.
  280. The Extermination Camps of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Birkenau in Upper Silesia
    https://archive.org/details/USWRBGermanExterminationCampsAuschwitzAndBirkenau
  281. Biddle 2000, p. 36.
  282. Westermann 2004, p. 197.
  283. Kitchens 2000, pp. 80–81.
  284. Neufeld 2000, pp. 1–2.
  285. Neufeld 2000, pp. 4–5, 9–10.
  286. Gradowski 1989, p. 548.
  287. Piper 2000b, pp. 181–187.
  288. Friedländer 2007, p. 581; Müller 1999, pp. 153–154.
  289. Müller 1999, pp. 155–156; for three killed SS men, see Greif 2005, p. 43.
  290. Greif 2005, p. 44.
  291. Greif 2005, p. 44; also see Piper 2000b, p. 187.
  292. Strzelecki 2000a, p. 54.
  293. Gradowski 1989; Gradowski 2017; "'From the Heart of Hell'. Publication with manuscripts of Załmen Gradowski, a member of
    http://auschwitz.org/en/museum/news/from-the-heart-of-hell-publication-with-manuscripts-of-zalmen-gradowski-a-member-of-sonderkommando-at-auschwitz-,1298.html
  294. Steinbacher 2005, p. 109; Evans 2008, p. 655.
  295. Piper 2000b, p. 173; Cesarani 2016, p. 747.
  296. Piper 2000b, pp. 173–174.
  297. Czech 2000, p. 227.
  298. Strzelecki 2000a, p. 30.
  299. Friedländer 2007, p. 648.
  300. Strzelecki 2000a, pp. 41–42.
  301. Strzelecki 2000a, pp. 27, 36: for "an estimated two-thirds were Jews", see Longerich 2010, p. 415.
  302. Strzelecki 2000a, pp. 27, 29.
  303. Longerich 2010, p. 415.
  304. Wachsmann 2015, pp. 335, 597–598.
  305. Strzelecki 2000a, p. 44; Piper 2000b, p. 174.
  306. Czech 2000, p. 230.
  307. Strzelecki 2000a, pp. 47–48.
  308. Stone 2015, p. 45.
  309. Strzelecki 2000b, p. 410.
  310. Levi 2001, p. 187.
  311. Levi 2001, p. 188.
  312. Strzelecki 2000a, p. 48.
  313. Strzelecki 2000a, pp. 49–50; also see "First help" Archived 5 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Auschwitz-Birkenau St
    http://auschwitz.org/en/history/liberation/first-help
  314. Stone 2015, p. 46.
  315. Rees 2005, p. 262.
  316. Wachsmann 2015, p. 10.
  317. Lasik 2000b, pp. 108, 113.
  318. Lasik 2000b, p. 110.
  319. Lasik 1998b, p. 296; for "Franz Lang" and Flensburg, see Höss 2003, p. 173; for Höss's testimony, see The International
  320. Lasik 1998b, p. 296.
  321. Höss 2003, Publisher's Note.
  322. Lasik 1998b, pp. 296–297; Lasik 2000a, pp. 296–297.
  323. Steinbacher 2005, pp. 138–139.
  324. Steinbacher 2005, p. 140.
  325. Evans 2008, p. 744.
  326. Wittmann 2005, p. 3.
  327. www.wollheim-memorial.de
    http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/prozess_gegen_horst_fischer_1966
  328. Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry Volume 20: Making Holocaust Memory
    https://books.google.com/books?id=AnFvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167
  329. Pamiętnik Literacki. Czasopismo kwartalne poświęcone historii i krytyce literatury polskiej
    https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=166368
  330. Snyder 2010, pp. 382–383.
  331. UN News
    https://news.un.org/en/story/2005/11/158642-general-assembly-designates-international-holocaust-remembrance-day
  332. Chicago Tribune
    https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1989-11-15-8901310354-story.html
  333. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/28/world/germans-reflect-on-meaning-of-auschwitz.html
  334. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/22/world/middleeast/holocaust-jerusalem-auschwitz-leaders-antisemitism.html
  335. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/22/jerusalem-hosts-largest-ever-political-gathering-for-holocaust-forum
  336. "Auschwitz 75 years on: Holocaust Day prompts new anti-Semitism warnings" Archived 28 January 2020 at the Wayback Machin
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-51266883
  337. The Atlantic
    https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2007/06/if-this-is-a-man/305897/
  338. Levi 2017, pp. 35–36.
  339. Norwegian Nobel Committee 1986.
  340. "Simone Veil: Holocaust survivor and first female President of the European Parliament (1927‑2017)" Archived 21 November
    https://europa.eu/european-union/sites/europaeu/files/foundingfathers-simoneveil-en-hd.pdf
  341. Espín 2008; for Kolbe, see p. 139.
  342. "Auschwitz-Birkenau: 4 out of 10 German students don't know what it was"
    https://www.dw.com/en/auschwitz-birkenau-4-out-of-10-german-students-dont-know-what-it-was/a-40734980
  343. Foreign Policy
    https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/09/dont-mention-the-war-germany-television-holocaust-anti-semitism-babylon-berlin-europe/
  344. "New Survey by Claims Conference Finds Significant Lack of Holocaust Knowledge in the United States"
    http://www.claimscon.org/study
  345. The New York Times
    https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/us/holocaust-education.html
  346. "CNN poll reveals depth of anti-Semitism in Europe"
    https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2018/11/europe/antisemitism-poll-2018-intl/
  347. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 364; Steinbacher 2005, p. 132.
  348. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, p. 364ff.
  349. Permanent exhibition – Auschwitz I.
  350. UNESCO, World Heritage List.
  351. Smithsonian
    https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/can-auschwitz-be-saved-4650863/
  352. "Auschwitz museum plans traveling exhibition"
    https://www.dw.com/en/auschwitz-museum-plans-traveling-exhibition/a-39852308
  353. Carroll 2002.
  354. Berger 2017, p. 165.
  355. Dwork & van Pelt 2002, pp. 369–370.
  356. Carroll 2002; Berger 2017, p. 166.
  357. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/158626.stm
  358. Berger 2017, p. 166.
  359. Berger 2017, p. 167.
  360. Haaretz
    https://web.archive.org/web/20180619064758/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5370524
  361. BBC News 2015a.
  362. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/27/auschwitz-holocaust-survivors-liberation-70-anniversary-nazi-poland
  363. BBC 2016.
  364. The Jewish News
    https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/court-fines-uk-teens-for-stealing-from-auschwitz/
  365. The Independent
    https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/former-neo-nazi-jailed-for-auschwitz-sign-theft-2172533.html
  366. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/01/poland-holocaust-speech-law-senate-israel-us
  367. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/07/polands-holocaust-law-triggers-tide-abuse-auschwitz-museum
  368. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/27/poland-partial-u-turn-controversial-holocaust-law
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