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Aurelian

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Aurelian

Aurelian (; Latin: Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September c. 214 – c. November 275) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 during the Crisis of the Third Century. As emperor, he won an unprecedented series of military victories which reunited the Roman Empire after it had nearly disintegrated under the pressure of barbarian invasions and internal revolts. For his success in restoring the Empire's territorial integrity, Aurelian was honored with the title Restitutor Orbis ("Restorer of the World"). Born in modest circumstances, most likely in Moesia Superior, he entered the Roman army in 235 and climbed up the ranks. He went on to lead the cavalry of the emperor Gallienus, until Gallienus' assassination in 268. Following that, Claudius Gothicus became emperor until his own death in 270. Claudius' brother Quintillus then ruled for three months, before Aurelian took the empire for himself. Aurelian was chosen Roman emperor by the Illyriciani as one of themselves. During his reign, he defeated the Alamanni after a devastating war. He also defeated the Goths, Vandals, Juthungi, Sarmatians, and Carpi. Aurelian restored the Empire's eastern provinces after his conquest of the Palmyrene Empire in 273. The following year he conquered the Gallic Empire in the west, reuniting the Empire in its entirety. He was also responsible for the construction of the Aurelian Walls in Rome, the abandonment of the province of Dacia, and monetary reforms attempting to curb the devaluation of the Roman currency. Although Domitian, two centuries earlier, was the first emperor who had demanded to be officially hailed as dominus et deus ('master and god'), these titles never occurred in written form on official documents until the reign of Aurelian. His successes were instrumental in ending the crisis.

Infobox

Reign
270–275
Predecessor
Quintillus
Successor
Tacitus
Born
9 September c. 214Dacia Ripensis or Sirmium (Pannonia)
Died
c. November 275Caenophrurium, Thracia
Spouse
Ulpia Severina
Issue
1 daughter
Names
NamesLucius Domitius Aurelianus[a]Regnal nameImperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus Augustus
Religion
Henotheist of Sol Invictus

Tables

· External links
Preceded byQuintillus
Preceded byQuintillus
Regnal titles
Preceded byQuintillus
Regnal titles
Roman emperor 270–275
Regnal titles
Succeeded byTacitus
Political offices
Political offices
Regnal titles
Political offices
Preceded byFlavius AntiochianusVirius Orfitus
Preceded byFlavius AntiochianusVirius Orfitus
Regnal titles
Preceded byFlavius AntiochianusVirius Orfitus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 271with Pomponius Bassus
Regnal titles
Succeeded byT. Flavius Postumius QuietusJunius Veldumnianus
Preceded byM. Claudius TacitusJulius Placidianus
Preceded byM. Claudius TacitusJulius Placidianus
Regnal titles
Preceded byM. Claudius TacitusJulius Placidianus
Regnal titles
Roman consul 274–275with Capitolinus (274) Marcellinus (275)
Regnal titles
Succeeded byM. Claudius Tacitus IIAemilianus II
Regnal titles
Preceded byQuintillus
Roman emperor 270–275
Succeeded byTacitus
Political offices
Preceded byFlavius AntiochianusVirius Orfitus
Roman consul 271with Pomponius Bassus
Succeeded byT. Flavius Postumius QuietusJunius Veldumnianus
Preceded byM. Claudius TacitusJulius Placidianus
Roman consul 274–275with Capitolinus (274) Marcellinus (275)
Succeeded byM. Claudius Tacitus IIAemilianus II

References

  1. His full name, with honorific and victory titles, was Imperator Caesar Lucius Domitius Aurelianus pius felix invictus Au
  2. Had Aurelian's family been enfranchised by virtue of the Constitutio Antoniniana (212) his nomen would have been "Aureli
  3. The tres militia were: (i) prefecture of a cohort of auxiliary infantry; (ii) tribunate of a legionary cohort; and (iii)
  4. Compare the career of Pertinax who pursued the Tres Militia with those of Publius Aelius Aelianus, Lucius Aurelius Marci
  5. This title had also been attested in the epigraphs of Gordian III and Philip.
  6. Later emperors Tacitus and Carus would mint coins with the legends XI or IA, signalling a 10% of silver in the alloy.
  7. Roman sculpture
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  8. White 2015, p. 139.
  9. Groag, col. 157.
  10. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Aurelian
  11. The Illyrians
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  12. The Cult of Sol Invictus
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  13. Watson 1999, p. 1.
  14. John Malalas, Book 12, chapter 30.
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  15. Studies in John Malalas
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  16. The Fall of Rome and the Rise of Constantinople
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  17. The Crest-Wave of Evolution A Course of Lectures in History, Given in the Raja-Yoga College, 1918-1919
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  18. When Ethnicity Did Not Matter in the Balkans A Study of Identity in Pre-Nationalist Croatia, Dalmatia, and Slavonia in the Medieval and Early-Modern Periods
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  20. Syvänne 2020, pp. 29–30.
  21. Saunders 1992, p. 107.
  22. Saunders 1992, p. 109.
  23. For instance, vita Divi Aureliani paras 5.5–6, 6.3–5, and 7.1–2. If he ever was a tribune of a legion as suggested in 7.
  24. Saunders 1992, pp. 129–130.
  25. White (2015), p. [1] ???
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  26. The Reign of Emperor Gallienus: The Apogee of Roman Cavalry
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  27. Emperors and Historiography: Collected Essays on the Literature of the Roman Empire by Daniël Den Hengst
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  28. Aurelian and the Third Century
  29. topostext.org
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  30. Aurelian and the Third Century
  31. penelope.uchicago.edu
    https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Templum_Solis.html
  32. Aurelius Victor, xxxiii,21. Other sources do not cite Aurelian among those who conspired against Gallienus, though diffe
  33. Watson 1999, p. 41.
  34. J. Bray (1997), pp. 279–288, Pat Southern 2001, p. 109. Also see Alaric Watson 1999, p. 215, David S. Potter 2004, p. 26
  35. Watson 1999.
  36. De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families
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  37. Watson 1999, p. 42.
  38. Watson 1999, p. 43.
  39. Watson 1999, p. 44.
  40. Watson 1999, p. 45.
  41. Watson 1999, p. 46.
  42. Peachin 1990, pp. 43–44.
  43. Kienast 2017, p. 222.
  44. Stein, pp. 46, 50.
  45. Zonaras.
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  47. Historia Augusta
  48. The Atlantic
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  49. Zosimus, 1,48f.; Eutropius; Dexippus, FGrH IIA 460 F7; Historia Augusta – Aurelianus xxi,1–3 and xviii,2.
  50. Watson 1999, pp. 51–54, 217.
  51. Watson 1999, pp. 54–55.
  52. The war against the Palmyrene Empire is described in Zosimus, 1,50,1–1,61,1, and Historia Augusta, Aurelianus, 22–31.
  53. Palmyra and its Empire: Zenobia's Revolt against Rome
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  54. The Routledge Handbook of Early Christian Philosophy
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  58. Vagi, David L. (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C.– A.D. 480. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 97
  59. Watson, Alaric (2004). Aurelian and the Third Century. London: Routledge. p. 93
  60. Drinkwater, J. F. (2008). "Maximinus to Diocletian and the "Crisis"". The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 12. By Camer
  61. Encyclopædia Britannica
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  62. Die römischen Kaiser : 55 historische Portraits von Caesar bis Iustinian
  63. Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum 6.
  64. Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica 7.30.20
  65. Jerome, Chronicon, 263rd Olympiad
  66. Orosius, Historiarum, Book 7, Chapter 23
  67. Watson 1999, pp. 52–53.
  68. On the different theories regarding the XXI see Schwenter, Johannes (2023). "Aurelians Münzreform - das Kürzel XXI" [Aur
  69. Watson 1999, p. 130.
  70. Sylvianne Estiot, The Lava Treasure of Roman Gold. Also in Trésors monétaires, volume XXIV, BNF, 2011 ISBN 9782717724929
    http://www.sacra-moneta.com/images/lava.pdf
  71. Watson, Alaric (2004), Aurelian and the Third Century, London: Routledge, pp, 139-140
  72. Pat Southern, The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine (London: Routledge, 2015), ISBN 978-0-415-73807-1, p. 181.
  73. Watson 1999, pp. 104–105, 225.
  74. Watson 1999, pp. 113–116.
  75. Cenabum, Aurelianis, Orléans
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