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Aurangzeb

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Aurangzeb

Alamgir I (Muhi al-Din Muhammad; 3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known by the title Aurangzeb, was the sixth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707. Under his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, with territory spanning nearly the entirety of the Indian subcontinent. Aurangzeb and the Mughals belonged to a branch of the Timurid dynasty. He held administrative and military posts under his father Shah Jahan (r. 1628–1658) and gained recognition as an accomplished military commander. Aurangzeb served as the viceroy of the Deccan in 1636–1637 and the governor of Gujarat in 1645–1647. He jointly administered the provinces of Multan and Sindh in 1648–1652 and continued expeditions into the neighboring Safavid territories. In September 1657, Shah Jahan nominated his eldest and liberalist son Dara Shikoh as his successor, a move repudiated by Aurangzeb, who proclaimed himself emperor in February 1658. In April 1658, Aurangzeb defeated the allied army of Shikoh and the Kingdom of Marwar at the Battle of Dharmat. Aurangzeb's decisive victory at the Battle of Samugarh in May 1658 cemented his sovereignty and his suzerainty was acknowledged throughout the Empire. After Shah Jahan recovered from illness in July 1658, Aurangzeb declared him incompetent to rule and imprisoned his father in the Agra Fort. Aurangzeb's reign is characterized by a period of rapid military expansion, with several dynasties and states being overthrown by the Mughals. The Mughals also surpassed Qing China as the world's largest economy and biggest manufacturing power. The Mughal military gradually improved and became one of the strongest armies in the world. A staunch Muslim, Aurangzeb is credited with the construction of numerous mosques and patronizing works of Arabic calligraphy. He successfully imposed the Fatawa-i Alamgiri as the principal regulating body of the empire and prohibited religiously forbidden activities in Islam. Although Aurangzeb suppressed several local revolts, he maintained cordial relations with foreign governments. His empire was also one of the largest in Indian history. However, his emperorship has a complicated legacy. His critics, citing his actions against the non-Muslims and his conservative view of Islam, argue that he abandoned the legacy of pluralism and tolerance of the earlier Mughal emperors. Others, however, reject these assertions, arguing that he opposed bigotry against Hindus, Sikhs and Shia Muslims and that he employed significantly more Hindus in his imperial bureaucracy than his predecessors.

Infobox

Reign
16 February 1645 – January 1647
Coronation
31 July 1658[c]Sheesh Mahal
Predecessor
Mirza Isa Tarkhan
Successor
Shaista Khan
Grand Viziers
See list Fazil Khan (1658–1663) Jafar Khan (1663–1670) Asad Khan (1676–1707)
Other governmental responsibilities
Other governmental responsibilities Viceroy of the Deccan[d]ReignNovember 1653 – 5 February 1658EmperorShah JahanPredecessorShaista KhanReign14 July 1636 – 28 May 1644EmperorShah JahanPredecessorPosition establishedSuccessorKhan-i-DauranSubahdar of ThattaReignNovember 1648 – 14 July 1652EmperorShah JahanPredecessorMughal KhanSuccessorSardar Khan ShahjahaniNaib SubahdarMughal KhanZafar KhanSubahdar of MultanReignMarch 1648 – 14 July 1652EmperorShah JahanPredecessorSaeed Khan BahadurSuccessorBahadur Khan RohillaSubahdar of BalkhReign21 January – 1 October 1647EmperorShah JahanPredecessorMurad BakhshSuccessorPosition abolishedSubahdar of BadakhshanReign21 January – 1 October 1647EmperorShah JahanPredecessorMurad BakhshSuccessorPosition abolishedSubahdar of GujaratReign16 February 1645 – January 1647EmperorShah JahanPredecessorMirza Isa TarkhanSuccessorShaista Khan
Emperor
Shah Jahan
Naib Subahdar
Mughal KhanZafar Khan
Born
Muhi al-Din Muhammad(1618-11-03)3 November 1618Dahod, Gujarat Subah, Mughal Empire
Died
3 March 1707(1707-03-03) (aged 88)Bhingar, Aurangabad Subah, Mughal Empire
Burial
Tomb of Aurangzeb, Khuldabad, Maharashtra, India
Spouse
mw- Dilras Banu Begum (m. 1637; died 1657) Nawab Bai (m. 1638; died 1691) Aurangabadi Mahal (died 1688)Udaipuri Mahal
IssueDetail
Zeb-un-NissaMuhammad SultanZinat-un-Nissa BegumBahadur Shah IBadr-un-Nissa BegumZubdat-un-Nissa BegumAzam ShahMuhammad AkbarMihr-un-Nissa BegumMuhammad Kam Bakhsh
Names
NamesMuhi al-Din Muhammad (محی الدین محمد)Era name and datesAlamgir (عالمگیر): 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707Regnal nameAbu al-Muzaffar Muhi al-Din Muhammad Bahadur Alamgir Aurangzeb Badshah al-Ghazi (ابوالمظفر محی الدین محمد بہادر عالمگیر اورنگزیب بادشاه الغازی)Posthumous nameKhuld-Makani (lit. 'One whose abode is in Paradise')
House
Mughal
Dynasty
Timurid
Father
Shah Jahan
Mother
Mumtaz Mahal
Religion
Sunni Islam[e]
Allegiance
Mughal Empire
Branch
Mughal Army
Commands
mw- See list Red Fort, DelhiDeogiri Fort, AurangabadKalan Kot, ThattaMultan Fort, MultanBala Hisar Fort, BalkhYamchun Fort, FayzabadBhadra Fort, Ahmedabad
Battles / wars
See list li Orchha (1635) Mughal–Bijapur War Bidar (1636) Mughal–Portuguese War Daman (1638–1639) Mughal–Portuguese War (1692–1693) Bassein (1693) Balkh (1647) Mughal–Safavid War First Kandahar (1649) Second Kandahar (1652) Deccan War Ahmednagar (1656) Satara (1699–1700) Panhala (1701) War of Succession Dharmat (1658) Samugarh (1658) Khajwa (1659) Golconda (1687) Mughal–Rajput War Rathore rebellion First Jodhpur (1701) Second Jodhpur (1706) Anandpur (1704) Wagingera (1705)

Tables

· Issue
By Dilras Banu Begum (c. 1622 – 8 October 1657)
By Dilras Banu Begum (c. 1622 – 8 October 1657)
Name
By Dilras Banu Begum (c. 1622 – 8 October 1657)
Zeb-un-Nissa
Zeb-un-Nissa
Name
Zeb-un-Nissa
Birth
15 February 1638
Death
26 May 1702
Notes
Poet; imprisoned by her father. Never married or had children.
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum
Name
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum
Birth
5 October 1643
Death
7 May 1721
Notes
Became the Padshah Begum.
Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum
Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum
Name
Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum
Birth
2 September 1651
Death
17 February 1707
Notes
Married once and had a son.
Muhammad Azam Shah
Muhammad Azam Shah
Name
Muhammad Azam Shah
Birth
28 June 1653
Death
20 June 1707
Notes
Overthrown by his elder half-brother.
Muhammad Akbar
Muhammad Akbar
Name
Muhammad Akbar
Birth
11 September 1657
Death
31 March 1706
Notes
Exiled to Safavid empire.
By Nawab Bai (unknown – 1691)
By Nawab Bai (unknown – 1691)
Name
By Nawab Bai (unknown – 1691)
Muhammad Sultan
Muhammad Sultan
Name
Muhammad Sultan
Birth
30 December 1639
Death
14 December 1676
Notes
Imprisoned by his father.
Bahadur Shah I
Bahadur Shah I
Name
Bahadur Shah I
Birth
14 October 1643
Death
27 February 1712
Notes
Mughal Emperor; conspired to overthrow his younger brother.
Badr-un-Nissa Begum
Badr-un-Nissa Begum
Name
Badr-un-Nissa Begum
Birth
17 November 1647
Death
9 April 1670
Notes
Never married or had any children.
By Aurangabadi Mahal (unknown – November 1688)
By Aurangabadi Mahal (unknown – November 1688)
Name
By Aurangabadi Mahal (unknown – November 1688)
Mihr-un-Nissa Begum
Mihr-un-Nissa Begum
Name
Mihr-un-Nissa Begum
Birth
28 September 1661
Death
2 April 1706
Notes
Married once and had 2 sons.
By Udaipuri Mahal (unknown – July 1707)
By Udaipuri Mahal (unknown – July 1707)
Name
By Udaipuri Mahal (unknown – July 1707)
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Name
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
Birth
7 March 1667
Death
14 January 1709
Notes
Ruler of Bijapur.
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By Dilras Banu Begum (c. 1622 – 8 October 1657)
Zeb-un-Nissa
15 February 1638
26 May 1702
Poet; imprisoned by her father. Never married or had children.
Zinat-un-Nissa Begum
5 October 1643
7 May 1721
Became the Padshah Begum.
Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum
2 September 1651
17 February 1707
Married once and had a son.
Muhammad Azam Shah
28 June 1653
20 June 1707
Overthrown by his elder half-brother.
Muhammad Akbar
11 September 1657
31 March 1706
Exiled to Safavid empire.
By Nawab Bai (unknown – 1691)
Muhammad Sultan
30 December 1639
14 December 1676
Imprisoned by his father.
Bahadur Shah I
14 October 1643
27 February 1712
Mughal Emperor; conspired to overthrow his younger brother.
Badr-un-Nissa Begum
17 November 1647
9 April 1670
Never married or had any children.
By Aurangabadi Mahal (unknown – November 1688)
Mihr-un-Nissa Begum
28 September 1661
2 April 1706
Married once and had 2 sons.
By Udaipuri Mahal (unknown – July 1707)
Muhammad Kam Bakhsh
7 March 1667
14 January 1709
Ruler of Bijapur.
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
AurangzebTimurid dynastyBorn: c. 1618 Died: 3 March 1707
Regnal titles
Preceded byShah Jahan
Preceded byShah Jahan
AurangzebTimurid dynastyBorn: c. 1618 Died: 3 March 1707
Preceded byShah Jahan
AurangzebTimurid dynastyBorn: c. 1618 Died: 3 March 1707
Mughal Emperor 1658–1707
AurangzebTimurid dynastyBorn: c. 1618 Died: 3 March 1707
Succeeded byAzam Shah
AurangzebTimurid dynastyBorn: c. 1618 Died: 3 March 1707
Regnal titles
Preceded byShah Jahan
Mughal Emperor 1658–1707
Succeeded byAzam Shah

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