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Attalus I

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Attalus I

Attalus I (Ancient Greek: Ἄτταλος 'Attalos'), surnamed Soter (Greek: Σωτήρ, 'Savior'; 269–197 BC), was the ruler of the Greek polis of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey) and the larger Pergamene Kingdom from 241 BC to 197 BC. He was the adopted son of King Eumenes I, whom he succeeded, and the first of the Attalid dynasty to assume the title of king, sometime around 240 to 235 BC. He was the son of Attalus and his wife Antiochis. Attalus won an important victory, the Battle of the Caecus River, over the Galatians, a group of migratory Celtic tribes from Thrace, who had been plundering and exacting tribute throughout most of Asia Minor for more than a generation. The victory was celebrated with a triumphal monument at Pergamon (The Dying Gaul) and Attalus taking the surname "Soter" and the title of king. He participated in the first and second Macedonian Wars against Philip V of Macedon as a loyal ally of the Roman Republic, although Pergamene participation was ultimately rather minor in these wars. He conducted numerous naval operations throughout the Aegean, gained the island of Aegina for Pergamon during the first war and Andros during the second, twice narrowly escaping capture at the hands of Philip V. During his reign, Pergamon also repeatedly struggled with the neighboring Seleucid Empire to the east, resulting in both successes and setbacks. Attalus styled himself as a protector of the freedoms of the Greek cities of Anatolia as well as the champion of Greeks against barbarians. He funded art and monuments in Pergamon and in Greek cities he sought to cultivate as allies. He died in 197 BC at the age of 72, shortly before the end of the second war, having suffered an apparent stroke while addressing a Boeotian war council some months before. He and his wife Apollonis were admired for their rearing of their four sons. He was succeeded as king by his son Eumenes II.

Infobox

Reign
241–197 BC
Predecessor
Eumenes I
Successor
Eumenes II
Born
269 BC
Died
197 BC (aged 72)
Spouse
Apollonis of Cyzicus
Issue
mw- Eumenes II Attalus II Philetaerus Athenaeus
Greek
Άτταλος Α΄ Σωτήρ
Dynasty
Attalid dynasty
Father
Attalus
Mother
Antiochis

Tables

· Bibliography › Modern sources
Preceded byEumenes I
Preceded byEumenes I
Regnal titles
Preceded byEumenes I
Regnal titles
King of Pergamon 241–197 BC
Regnal titles
Succeeded byEumenes II
Regnal titles
Preceded byEumenes I
King of Pergamon 241–197 BC
Succeeded byEumenes II

References

  1. Green, p. 264.
  2. Hansen, p. 26. Livy, 33.21–22, says that Attalus died in the consulship of Cornelius and Minucius (197 BC) at the age of
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_33#21
  3. Hansen, pp. 46–50; Kosmetatou, p. 163; Gruen 1990, p. 29.
  4. Hansen, p. 26; Strabo, 13.4.2.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2
  5. Hansen, p. 26; Strabo, 13.4.2, says that he was the cousin of Eumenes. Pausanias, 1.8.1, perhaps following Strabo, says
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2
  6. Hansen, p. 19; Austin, p. 400.
  7. Hansen, pp. 27-28.
  8. Green, p. 340.
  9. Kaye, p. 314.
  10. Pausanias, 1.8.1.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.8.1
  11. Hansen, pp. 28–31; Livy, 38.16.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_38#16
  12. Allen, pp. 28–34, suggests the "early 230s." Kosmetatou, p. 161 and Green, p. 150 say circa 237.
  13. Hansen, p. 31. An Inscription from the Gaul Monument located in the Athena Sanctuary on the acropolis at Pergamon reads:
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vt9JwsNcKzwC&pg=PA85
  14. Hansen, pp. 24, 28, 31; Austin, p. 396; Kosmetatou, p. 161; Mitchell, p. 21; Green p. 151. See Strabo, 13.4.2; Polybius
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2
  15. Bradford & Bradford, p. 121: "Attalus... commissioned a series of sculptures that depicted the defeat of the Gauls and g
  16. Hansen, pp. 31; 216–219
  17. Hansen, pp. 32–33. Alternative 1918 translation is at 10.15.3.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+10.15.3
  18. Pollitt, p. 85.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=vt9JwsNcKzwC&pg=PA85
  19. Dreyfus & Schraudolph, p. 107.
  20. Hansen, pp. 34–35; Green, pp. 264–265.
  21. Hansen, p. 36; Kosmetatou, p. 162; Green, p. 264. See Polybius, 4.48.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+4.48
  22. Hansen, p. 36; Green, p. 265.
  23. Allen, pp. 38–39.
  24. Green, p. 265 says it was a member of his own army; Hansen, p. 36 by a Gaul.
  25. Green, p. 265; Heinen, p. 431. The quote is from Polybius, 4.48.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+4.48
  26. Hansen, p. 39.
  27. Hansen, pp. 41–43. According to Heinen, p. 432, after the expedition of 218, Attalus' kingdom was again the most powerfu
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+5.77
  28. Hansen, pp. 42–43.
  29. Hansen, p. 43; Heinen, p. 440. Polybius, 5.107, 7.15–18, 8.17–23.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+5.107
  30. Hansen, p. 46; Gruen 1990, p. 29. Polybius, 4.65.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dnOPjX6GOrgC&pg=PA29
  31. Kaye, p. 20.
  32. Hansen, p. 46; Livy, 23.33–34, 38.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_23#33
  33. Hansen, p. 47; Livy, 26.24.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_26#24
  34. Hansen, p. 47; Livy, 27.29.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_27#29
  35. Hansen, p. 47; Gruen 1990, p. 29. Polybius, 9.42 and 22.11.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dnOPjX6GOrgC&pg=PA29
  36. Hansen, p. 47; Livy, 27.30.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_27#30
  37. Hansen, p. 48; Livy, 27.33.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_27#33
  38. Hansen, pp. 48–49; Livy, 28.5; Polybius, 10.42.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_28#5
  39. Hansen, p. 49; Livy, 28.5–7; Polybius, 11.7.
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_28#5
  40. Hansen, pp. 49–50; Gruen 1990, pp. 29–30. Livy, 29.12.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dnOPjX6GOrgC&pg=PA29
  41. Kosmetatou, p. 163
  42. Hansen, pp. 50–52, 434–436; Gruen 1990, pp. 5–33; Erskine, pp. 205–224; Kosmetatou, p. 163.
    https://books.google.com/books?id=dnOPjX6GOrgC&pg=PA5
  43. Erskine, p. 210. See Livy, 29.10, 11. The poet Ovid (Fasti, IV 326) portrays Attalus as initially refusing to give up t
    https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/From_the_Founding_of_the_City/Book_29#10
  44. Hansen, pp. 50–52.
  45. Hansen, p. 52.
  46. Hansen, p. 53; Errington p. 252.
  47. Hansen, p. 53; Walbank p. 505; Polybius, 16.2.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+16.2
  48. Hansen, p. 54. Polybius, 16.6.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+16.6
  49. Hansen, pp. 55–57; Errington, p. 253–257. Livy, 31.2; Polybius, 16.1.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy31.html
  50. Hansen, p. 57; Pausanias, 1.36.5–6; Livy, 31.9, 14.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus.+1.36.5
  51. Hansen, pp. 58–59; Errington, p. 258; Hurwit, pp. 269–271. Livy, 31.14.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy31.html
  52. Polybius, 16.25.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+16.25
  53. Walbank, pp. 533–535.
  54. Hansen, pp. 58–60; Errington, pp. 255, 261. Livy, 31.5–8.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy31.html
  55. Hansen, p. 61; Grainger, p. 33. Livy, 31.28.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy31.html
  56. Hansen, pp. 61–62; Grainger, pp. 33–36. Livy, 31.45.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy31.html
  57. Hansen, pp. 62–63; Warrior, p. 87. Livy, 31.46–47.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy31.html
  58. Hansen, pp. 63–64; Livy, 32.16,17.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy32.html
  59. Hansen, p. 64; Gruen 1986, pp. 179, 181; Livy, 32.19–23; Polybius, 18.16.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy32.html
  60. Kaye, p. 47
  61. Hansen, p. 66.
  62. Hansen, p. 63; Allen, p. 86. However, some scholars doubt the historicity of this Seleucid invasion.
  63. Hansen, p. 66; Livy, 33.1.
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy33.html
  64. Hansen, p. 67; Kosmetatou, p. 163. Inscriptions document Pergamene benefactions to the Greeks in general and the Boeotia
    http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/txt/ah/Livy/Livy33.html
  65. Hansen, p. 67, says he did not die "until the beginning of autumn" citing manumission records dated to August or Septemb
  66. Allen, p. 86.
  67. Hansen, p. 67.
  68. Hansen, pp. 44–45; Hurwit, p. 271. Strabo, 13.4.2.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+13.4.2
  69. Paton, p. 149.
    https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_3/2014/pb_LCL067.149.xml
  70. Polybius, 22.20.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+22.20
  71. Hansen, p. 45.
  72. Hansen, p. 45; Austin, pp. 370–371.
  73. Polybius, 18.41.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+18.41
  74. Kosmetatou, pp. 168–170.
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