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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

On 6 and 9 August 1945, the United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, respectively, during World War II. The aerial bombings killed 150,000 to 246,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only uses of nuclear weapons in an armed conflict. Japan announced its surrender to the Allies on 15 August, six days after the bombing of Nagasaki and the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan and invasion of Manchuria. The Japanese government signed an instrument of surrender on 2 September, ending the war. In the final year of World War II, the Allies prepared for a costly invasion of the Japanese mainland. This undertaking was preceded by a conventional bombing and firebombing campaign that devastated 64 Japanese cities, including an operation on Tokyo. The war in Europe concluded when Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, and the Allies turned their full attention to the Pacific War. By July 1945, the Allies' Manhattan Project had produced two types of atomic bombs: "Little Boy", an enriched uranium gun-type fission weapon, and "Fat Man", a plutonium implosion-type nuclear weapon. The 509th Composite Group of the U.S. Army Air Forces was trained and equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, and deployed to Tinian in the Mariana Islands. The Allies called for the unconditional surrender of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in the Potsdam Declaration on 26 July 1945, the alternative being "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored the ultimatum. The consent of the United Kingdom was obtained for the bombing, as was required by the Quebec Agreement, and orders were issued on 25 July by General Thomas T. Handy, the acting chief of staff of the U.S. Army, for atomic bombs to be used on Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, and Nagasaki. These targets were chosen because they were large urban areas that also held significant military facilities. On 6 August, a Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later, a Fat Man was dropped on Nagasaki. Over the next two to four months, the effects of the atomic bombings killed 90,000 to 166,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 to 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half the deaths occurred on the first day. For months afterward, many people continued to die from the effects of burns, radiation sickness, and other injuries, compounded by illness and malnutrition. Despite Hiroshima's sizable military garrison, estimated at 24,000 troops, some 90% of the dead were civilians. Scholars have extensively studied the effects of the bombings on the social and political character of subsequent world history and popular culture, and there is still much debate concerning the ethical and legal justification for the bombings as well as their ramifications of geopolitics especially with the context of the Cold War. Supporters argue that the atomic bombings were necessary to bring an end to the war with minimal casualties and ultimately prevented a greater loss of life on both sides, and also assert that the demonstration of atomic weaponry created the Long Peace in the fear of preventing a nuclear war. Conversely, critics argue that the bombings were unnecessary for the war's end and were a war crime, raising moral and ethical implications, and also assert that future use of atomic weaponry is more likely than anticipated and could lead to a nuclear holocaust.

Infobox

Type
Nuclear bombing
Location
Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan 34°23′41″N 132°27′17″E / 34.39472°N 132.45472°E / 34.39472; 132.4547232°46′25″N 129°51′48″E / 32.77361°N 129.86333°E / 32.77361; 129.86333
Date
6 and 9 August 1945; 80 years ago (1945-08-09)
Executed by
United States Manhattan Project 509th Composite Group
Casualties
Hiroshima: 90,000–166,000 killed 80,000–156,000 civilians 10,000 soldiers 12 Allied prisoners of war Nagasaki: 60,000–80,000 killed 60,000–80,000 civilians 150 soldiers 8–13 Allied prisoners of war Total killed (by end of 1945): 150,000–246,000

Tables

Special Mission 13, primary target Hiroshima, 6 August 1945[130][131] · Hiroshima › Bombing of Hiroshima
Straight Flush
Straight Flush
Aircraft
Straight Flush
Pilot
Major Claude R. Eatherly
Call sign
Dimples 85
Mission role
Weather reconnaissance (Hiroshima)
Jabit III
Jabit III
Aircraft
Jabit III
Pilot
Major John A. Wilson
Call sign
Dimples 71
Mission role
Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Full House
Full House
Aircraft
Full House
Pilot
Major Ralph R. Taylor
Call sign
Dimples 83
Mission role
Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Enola Gay
Enola Gay
Aircraft
Enola Gay
Pilot
Colonel Paul W. Tibbets
Call sign
Dimples 82
Mission role
Weapon delivery
The Great Artiste
The Great Artiste
Aircraft
The Great Artiste
Pilot
Major Charles W. Sweeney
Call sign
Dimples 89
Mission role
Blast measurement instrumentation
Necessary Evil
Necessary Evil
Aircraft
Necessary Evil
Pilot
Captain George W. Marquardt
Call sign
Dimples 91
Mission role
Strike observation and photography
Top Secret
Top Secret
Aircraft
Top Secret
Pilot
Captain Charles F. McKnight
Call sign
Dimples 72
Mission role
Strike spare – did not complete mission
Aircraft
Pilot
Call sign
Mission role
Straight Flush
Major Claude R. Eatherly
Dimples 85
Weather reconnaissance (Hiroshima)
Jabit III
Major John A. Wilson
Dimples 71
Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Full House
Major Ralph R. Taylor
Dimples 83
Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Enola Gay
Colonel Paul W. Tibbets
Dimples 82
Weapon delivery
The Great Artiste
Major Charles W. Sweeney
Dimples 89
Blast measurement instrumentation
Necessary Evil
Captain George W. Marquardt
Dimples 91
Strike observation and photography
Top Secret
Captain Charles F. McKnight
Dimples 72
Strike spare – did not complete mission
Special Mission 16, secondary target Nagasaki, 9 August 1945[197] · Nagasaki › Bombing of Nagasaki
Enola Gay
Enola Gay
Aircraft
Enola Gay
Pilot
Captain George W. Marquardt
Call sign
Dimples 82
Mission role
Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Laggin' Dragon
Laggin' Dragon
Aircraft
Laggin' Dragon
Pilot
Captain Charles F. McKnight
Call sign
Dimples 95
Mission role
Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Bockscar
Bockscar
Aircraft
Bockscar
Pilot
Major Charles W. Sweeney
Call sign
Dimples 77
Mission role
Weapon delivery
The Great Artiste
The Great Artiste
Aircraft
The Great Artiste
Pilot
Captain Frederick C. Bock
Call sign
Dimples 89
Mission role
Blast measurement instrumentation
Big Stink
Big Stink
Aircraft
Big Stink
Pilot
Major James I. Hopkins, Jr.
Call sign
Dimples 90
Mission role
Strike observation and photography
Full House
Full House
Aircraft
Full House
Pilot
Major Ralph R. Taylor
Call sign
Dimples 83
Mission role
Strike spare – did not complete mission
Aircraft
Pilot
Call sign
Mission role
Enola Gay
Captain George W. Marquardt
Dimples 82
Weather reconnaissance (Kokura)
Laggin' Dragon
Captain Charles F. McKnight
Dimples 95
Weather reconnaissance (Nagasaki)
Bockscar
Major Charles W. Sweeney
Dimples 77
Weapon delivery
The Great Artiste
Captain Frederick C. Bock
Dimples 89
Blast measurement instrumentation
Big Stink
Major James I. Hopkins, Jr.
Dimples 90
Strike observation and photography
Full House
Major Ralph R. Taylor
Dimples 83
Strike spare – did not complete mission

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