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Ashkenazi Jews

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Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews ( A(H)SH-kə-NAH-zee; also known as Ashkenazic Jews), Ashkenazis, or Ashkenazim form a distinct subgroup of the Jewish diaspora that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire in the Early Middle Ages, originating from the Jewish communities who lived in the 10th century in the Rhineland valley and in neighbouring France before migrating eastward after the Crusades. Facing persecution in Western Europe, particularly following the Black Death in the 14th century, the bulk of the Ashkenazi Jews migrated to the Kingdom of Poland, at the encouragement of Casimir III the Great and his successors, making Poland the main centre of Ashkenazi Jewry until the Holocaust. They traditionally follow the German rite synagogue ritual and until the Holocaust primarily spoke Yiddish, an offshoot of Middle High German written in a variety of the Hebrew script, with significant Hebrew, Aramaic and Slavic influence. Hebrew, on the other hand, was primarily used as a literary and sacred language until its 20th-century revival as a common language in Israel. Ashkenazim adapted their traditions to Europe, and underwent a transformation in their interpretation of Judaism. In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who remained in or returned to historical German lands experienced a cultural reorientation. Under the influence of the Haskalah and the struggle for emancipation, as well as the intellectual and cultural ferment in urban centres, some gradually abandoned Yiddish in favor of German and developed new forms of Jewish religious life and cultural identity. Throughout the centuries, Ashkenazim made significant contributions to Europe's philosophy, scholarship, literature, art, music, and science. As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930 near the population's peak. The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II, which killed around six million Jews, affecting practically every European Jewish family. In 1933, prior to World War II, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3 million. Israeli demographer and statistician Sergio D. Pergola implied that Ashkenazim comprised 65–70% of Jews worldwide in 2000, while other estimates suggest more than 75%. As of 2013, the population was estimated to be between 10 million and 11.2 million.

Infobox

United States
5–6 million
Israel
2.8 million
Russia
194,000–500,000; according to the FJCR, up to 1 million of Jewish descent
Argentina
300,000
United Kingdom
260,000
Canada
240,000
France
200,000
Germany
200,000
Ukraine
150,000
Australia
120,000
South Africa
80,000
Belarus
80,000
Brazil
80,000
Hungary
75,000
Chile
70,000
Belgium
30,000
Netherlands
30,000
Moldova
30,000
Italy
28,000
Mexico
18,500
Sweden
18,000
Uruguay
12,000–17,000
Latvia
10,000
Romania
10,000
Austria
9,000
New Zealand
5,000
Colombia
4,900
Azerbaijan
4,300
Lithuania
4,000
Czech Republic
3,000
Poland
17,000
Slovakia
3,000
Ireland
2,500
Estonia
1,000

Tables

Estimated ancestry proportions · Genetics › Genetic origins › Association and linkage studies (autosomal DNA)
Lerga-Jaso et al., 2025
Lerga-Jaso et al., 2025
Study
Lerga-Jaso et al., 2025
Tool / method
Orchestra / LAI
Middle Eastern
23.8% (16.6% Levantine, 7.2% ICT)
European
72.1% (68% Italian, 2.4% Greek, 1.7% Eastern Europe)
Waldman et al., 2022
Waldman et al., 2022
Study
Waldman et al., 2022
Tool / method
QpAdm
Middle Eastern
19%
European
81%: 65% Southern Italian, 16% Eastern Europe
43%
43%
Study
43%
Tool / method
57%: 37% North Italian, 20% Eastern Europe
32%
32%
Study
32%
Tool / method
68%: 51% Greek, 17% Eastern Europe
Agranat-Tamir et al., 2020
Agranat-Tamir et al., 2020
Study
Agranat-Tamir et al., 2020
Tool / method
LINADMIX, PHCP
Middle Eastern
59% (MLBA Levant and chalcolithic Iran)
European
41% (Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe)
Xue et al., 2017
Xue et al., 2017
Study
Xue et al., 2017
Tool / method
GLOBETROTTER
Middle Eastern
30% (Levantine)
European
70% (55% Southern EU, 10% Eastern EU, 5% Western EU)
RFMix / LAI
RFMix / LAI
Study
RFMix / LAI
Tool / method
47% (mostly Levantine)
Middle Eastern
53%
Study
Tool / method
Middle Eastern
European
Lerga-Jaso et al., 2025
Orchestra / LAI
Levantine, 7.2% ICT)
Italian, 2.4% Greek, 1.7% Eastern Europe)
Waldman et al., 2022
QpAdm
19%
81%: 65% Southern Italian, 16% Eastern Europe
43%
57%: 37% North Italian, 20% Eastern Europe
32%
68%: 51% Greek, 17% Eastern Europe
Agranat-Tamir et al., 2020
LINADMIX, PHCP
59% (MLBA Levant and chalcolithic Iran)
41% (Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Europe)
Xue et al., 2017
GLOBETROTTER
30% (Levantine)
70% (55% Southern EU, 10% Eastern EU, 5% Western EU)
RFMix / LAI
47% (mostly Levantine)
53%

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