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Archaea

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Archaea

Archaea ( ar-KEE-ə) is a domain of organisms. Traditionally, Archaea included only its prokaryotic members, but has since been found to be paraphyletic, as eukaryotes are known to have evolved from archaea. Even though the domain Archaea cladistically includes eukaryotes, the term archaea (sing. archaeon ar-KEE-on; from Ancient Greek ἀρχαῖον arkhaîon 'ancient') in English still generally refers specifically to prokaryotic members of Archaea. Archaea were initially classified as bacteria, receiving the name archaebacteria (, in the Archaebacteria kingdom), but this term has fallen out of use. Archaeal cells have unique properties distinguishing them from Bacteria and Eukaryota, including: cell membranes made of ether-linked lipids; metabolisms such as methanogenesis; and a unique motility structure known as an archaellum. Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla. Classification is difficult because most have not been isolated in a laboratory and have been identified only by their gene sequences in environmental samples. It is unknown if they can produce endospores. Archaea are often similar to bacteria in size and shape, although a few have very different shapes, such as the flat, square cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi. Despite this, archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes, notably for the enzymes involved in transcription and translation. Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique, such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes, including archaeols. Archaea use more diverse energy sources than eukaryotes, ranging from organic compounds such as sugars, to ammonia, metal ions or even hydrogen gas. The salt-tolerant Halobacteria use sunlight as an energy source, and other species of archaea fix carbon (autotrophy), but unlike cyanobacteria, no known species of archaea does both. Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission, fragmentation, or budding; unlike bacteria, no known species of Archaea form endospores. The first observed archaea were extremophiles, living in extreme environments such as hot springs and salt lakes with no other organisms. Improved molecular detection tools led to the discovery of archaea in almost every habitat, including soil, oceans, and marshlands. Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans, and the archaea in plankton may be one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet. Archaea are a major part of Earth's life. They are part of the microbiota of all organisms. In the human microbiome, they are important in the gut, mouth, and on the skin. Their morphological, metabolic, and geographical diversity permits them to play multiple ecological roles: carbon fixation; nitrogen cycling; organic compound turnover; and maintaining microbial symbiotic and syntrophic communities, for example. As of 2024, only one species of non-eukaryotic archaea has been found to be parasitic; many are mutualists or commensals, such as the methanogens (methane-producers) that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract in humans and ruminants, where their vast numbers facilitate digestion. Methanogens are used in biogas production and sewage treatment, while biotechnology exploits enzymes from extremophile archaea that can endure high temperatures and organic solvents.

Infobox

Incertae sedis genera
Methanobacteriati Nanobdellati } } Incertae sedis genera "Ca. Methanoacidiosum" "Ca. Sukunaarchaeum"

Tables

· Discovery and classification › Phylogeny
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeales" "Diapherotrites" "Micrarchaeota" "Aenigmarchaeota" "Nanohaloarchaeota" "Nanoarchaeota" "Parvarchaeota" "Mamarchaeota" "Woesarchaeota" "Pacearchaeota" Methanobacteriati Thermococci Pyrococci Methanococci Methanobacteria Methanopyri Archaeoglobi Methanocellales Methanosarcinales Methanomicrobiales Halobacteria Thermoplasmatales Methanomassiliicoccales Aciduliprofundum boonei Thermoplasma volcanium Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" Thermoproteota "Aigarchaeota" "Geoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Bathyarchaeota" Promethearchaeati "Odinarchaeia" "Thorarchaeia" Promethearchaeales "Helarchaeales" "Heimdallarchaeia" Eukaryota
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeales" "Diapherotrites" "Micrarchaeota" "Aenigmarchaeota" "Nanohaloarchaeota" "Nanoarchaeota" "Parvarchaeota" "Mamarchaeota" "Woesarchaeota" "Pacearchaeota" Methanobacteriati Thermococci Pyrococci Methanococci Methanobacteria Methanopyri Archaeoglobi Methanocellales Methanosarcinales Methanomicrobiales Halobacteria Thermoplasmatales Methanomassiliicoccales Aciduliprofundum boonei Thermoplasma volcanium Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" Thermoproteota "Aigarchaeota" "Geoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Bathyarchaeota" Promethearchaeati "Odinarchaeia" "Thorarchaeia" Promethearchaeales "Helarchaeales" "Heimdallarchaeia" Eukaryota
Tom A. Williams et al. 2017 and Castelle & Banfield 2018
mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- .mw- Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeales" "Diapherotrites" "Micrarchaeota" "Aenigmarchaeota" "Nanohaloarchaeota" "Nanoarchaeota" "Parvarchaeota" "Mamarchaeota" "Woesarchaeota" "Pacearchaeota" Methanobacteriati Thermococci Pyrococci Methanococci Methanobacteria Methanopyri Archaeoglobi Methanocellales Methanosarcinales Methanomicrobiales Halobacteria Thermoplasmatales Methanomassiliicoccales Aciduliprofundum boonei Thermoplasma volcanium Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" Thermoproteota "Aigarchaeota" "Geoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Bathyarchaeota" Promethearchaeati "Odinarchaeia" "Thorarchaeia" Promethearchaeales "Helarchaeales" "Heimdallarchaeia" Eukaryota
10-RS226 (16th April 2025)
Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeota" "Altarchaeia" "Iainarchaeota" "Iainarchaeia" "Micrarchaeota" "Micrarchaeia" "Undinarchaeota" "Undinarchaeia" "Huberarchaeaota" "Huberarchaeia" "Aenigmarchaeota" "Aenigmatarchaeia" "Nanohalarchaeota" "Nanohalobiia" Nanobdellota Nanobdellia "Korarchaeota" "Korarchaeia" Promethearchaeati: "Asgardarchaeia" "Atabeyarchaeia" "Odinarchaeia" "Jordiarchaeia" "Baldrarchaeia" "Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B) "Hermodarchaeia" Promethearchaeia "Sifarchaeia" "Wukongarchaeia" "Njordarchaeia" "Heimdallarchaeia" (inc. Eukaryota) Promethearchaeota Thermoproteati: "Bathyarchaeia" "Nitrososphaeria A" Nitrososphaeria "Methanomethylicia" "Thermoproteia" "Sulfolobia" Thermoproteota Thermoplasmatota "Izemarchaea" (MBG-D, E2) "Poseidoniia" (MGII & MGIII) "Thermoplasmatia" Halobacteriota Methanonatronarchaeia "Methanoliparia" "Archaeoglobia" "Syntropharchaeia" Methanocellia Methanosarcinia "Methanomicrobia" Halobacteria "Hadarchaeota" "Hadarchaeia" "Methanobacteriota B" "Thermococcia" "Hydrothermarchaeota" "Hydrothermarchaeia" Methanobacteriota "Methanococcia" "Methanopyria" "Methanobacteriia" Methanobacteriati /"Euryarchaeota"
Tom A. Williams et al. 2017 and Castelle & Banfield 2018
10-RS226 (16th April 2025)
mw- Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeales Diapherotrites Micrarchaeota Aenigmarchaeota Nanohaloarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Parvarchaeota Mamarchaeota Woesarchaeota Pacearchaeota" Methanobacteriati Thermococci Pyrococci Methanococci Methanobacteria Methanopyri Archaeoglobi Methanocellales Methanosarcinales Methanomicrobiales Halobacteria Thermoplasmatales Methanomassiliicoccales Aciduliprofundum boonei Thermoplasma volcanium Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" Thermoproteota "Aigarchaeota Geoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Bathyarchaeota" Promethearchaeati "Odinarchaeia Thorarchaeia" Promethearchaeales "Helarchaeales Heimdallarchaeia" Eukaryota
ArchaeaNanobdellati "Altarchaeales Diapherotrites Micrarchaeota Aenigmarchaeota Nanohaloarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Parvarchaeota Mamarchaeota Woesarchaeota Pacearchaeota" Methanobacteriati Thermococci Pyrococci Methanococci Methanobacteria Methanopyri Archaeoglobi Methanocellales Methanosarcinales Methanomicrobiales Halobacteria Thermoplasmatales Methanomassiliicoccales Aciduliprofundum boonei Thermoplasma volcanium Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" Thermoproteota "Aigarchaeota Geoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Bathyarchaeota" Promethearchaeati "Odinarchaeia Thorarchaeia" Promethearchaeales "Helarchaeales Heimdallarchaeia" Eukaryota
Nanobdellati "Altarchaeales Diapherotrites Micrarchaeota Aenigmarchaeota Nanohaloarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Parvarchaeota Mamarchaeota Woesarchaeota Pacearchaeota"
Methanobacteriati Thermococci Pyrococci Methanococci Methanobacteria Methanopyri Archaeoglobi Methanocellales Methanosarcinales Methanomicrobiales Halobacteria Thermoplasmatales Methanomassiliicoccales Aciduliprofundum boonei Thermoplasma volcanium Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" Thermoproteota "Aigarchaeota Geoarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Bathyarchaeota" Promethearchaeati "Odinarchaeia Thorarchaeia" Promethearchaeales "Helarchaeales Heimdallarchaeia" Eukaryota
Nanobdellati"Altarchaeales Diapherotrites Micrarchaeota Aenigmarchaeota Nanohaloarchaeota Nanoarchaeota Parvarchaeota Mamarchaeota Woesarchaeota Pacearchaeota"
Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeota Altarchaeia Iainarchaeota Iainarchaeia Micrarchaeota Micrarchaeia Undinarchaeota Undinarchaeia Huberarchaeaota Huberarchaeia Aenigmarchaeota Aenigmatarchaeia Nanohalarchaeota Nanohalobiia" Nanobdellota Nanobdellia "Korarchaeota Korarchaeia" Promethearchaeati: "Asgardarchaeia Atabeyarchaeia Odinarchaeia Jordiarchaeia Baldrarchaeia Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B) "Hermodarchaeia" Promethearchaeia "Sifarchaeia Wukongarchaeia Njordarchaeia Heimdallarchaeia" (inc. Eukaryota) Promethearchaeota Thermoproteati: "Bathyarchaeia Nitrososphaeria A" Nitrososphaeria "Methanomethylicia Thermoproteia Sulfolobia" Thermoproteota Thermoplasmatota "Izemarchaea" (MBG-D, E2) "Poseidoniia" (MGII & MGIII) "Thermoplasmatia" Halobacteriota Methanonatronarchaeia "Methanoliparia Archaeoglobia Syntropharchaeia" Methanocellia Methanosarcinia "Methanomicrobia" Halobacteria "Hadarchaeota Hadarchaeia Methanobacteriota B Thermococcia Hydrothermarchaeota Hydrothermarchaeia" Methanobacteriota "Methanococcia Methanopyria Methanobacteriia" Methanobacteriati /"Euryarchaeota"
Archaea Nanobdellati "Altarchaeota Altarchaeia Iainarchaeota Iainarchaeia Micrarchaeota Micrarchaeia Undinarchaeota Undinarchaeia Huberarchaeaota Huberarchaeia Aenigmarchaeota Aenigmatarchaeia Nanohalarchaeota Nanohalobiia" Nanobdellota Nanobdellia "Korarchaeota Korarchaeia" Promethearchaeati: "Asgardarchaeia Atabeyarchaeia Odinarchaeia Jordiarchaeia Baldrarchaeia Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B) "Hermodarchaeia" Promethearchaeia "Sifarchaeia Wukongarchaeia Njordarchaeia Heimdallarchaeia" (inc. Eukaryota) Promethearchaeota Thermoproteati: "Bathyarchaeia Nitrososphaeria A" Nitrososphaeria "Methanomethylicia Thermoproteia Sulfolobia" Thermoproteota Thermoplasmatota "Izemarchaea" (MBG-D, E2) "Poseidoniia" (MGII & MGIII) "Thermoplasmatia" Halobacteriota Methanonatronarchaeia "Methanoliparia Archaeoglobia Syntropharchaeia" Methanocellia Methanosarcinia "Methanomicrobia" Halobacteria "Hadarchaeota Hadarchaeia Methanobacteriota B Thermococcia Hydrothermarchaeota Hydrothermarchaeia" Methanobacteriota "Methanococcia Methanopyria Methanobacteriia"Methanobacteriati /"Euryarchaeota"
ArchaeaNanobdellati "Altarchaeota Altarchaeia Iainarchaeota Iainarchaeia Micrarchaeota Micrarchaeia Undinarchaeota Undinarchaeia Huberarchaeaota Huberarchaeia Aenigmarchaeota Aenigmatarchaeia Nanohalarchaeota Nanohalobiia" Nanobdellota Nanobdellia "Korarchaeota Korarchaeia" Promethearchaeati: "Asgardarchaeia Atabeyarchaeia Odinarchaeia Jordiarchaeia Baldrarchaeia Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B) "Hermodarchaeia" Promethearchaeia "Sifarchaeia Wukongarchaeia Njordarchaeia Heimdallarchaeia" (inc. Eukaryota) Promethearchaeota Thermoproteati: "Bathyarchaeia Nitrososphaeria A" Nitrososphaeria "Methanomethylicia Thermoproteia Sulfolobia" Thermoproteota Thermoplasmatota "Izemarchaea" (MBG-D, E2) "Poseidoniia" (MGII & MGIII) "Thermoplasmatia" Halobacteriota Methanonatronarchaeia "Methanoliparia Archaeoglobia Syntropharchaeia" Methanocellia Methanosarcinia "Methanomicrobia" Halobacteria "Hadarchaeota Hadarchaeia Methanobacteriota B Thermococcia Hydrothermarchaeota Hydrothermarchaeia" Methanobacteriota "Methanococcia Methanopyria Methanobacteriia"
Nanobdellati "Altarchaeota Altarchaeia Iainarchaeota Iainarchaeia Micrarchaeota Micrarchaeia Undinarchaeota Undinarchaeia Huberarchaeaota Huberarchaeia Aenigmarchaeota Aenigmatarchaeia Nanohalarchaeota Nanohalobiia" Nanobdellota Nanobdellia
"Korarchaeota Korarchaeia" Promethearchaeati: "Asgardarchaeia Atabeyarchaeia Odinarchaeia Jordiarchaeia Baldrarchaeia Thorarchaeia" (MBG-B) "Hermodarchaeia" Promethearchaeia "Sifarchaeia Wukongarchaeia Njordarchaeia Heimdallarchaeia" (inc. Eukaryota) Promethearchaeota Thermoproteati: "Bathyarchaeia Nitrososphaeria A" Nitrososphaeria "Methanomethylicia Thermoproteia Sulfolobia" Thermoproteota Thermoplasmatota "Izemarchaea" (MBG-D, E2) "Poseidoniia" (MGII & MGIII) "Thermoplasmatia" Halobacteriota Methanonatronarchaeia "Methanoliparia Archaeoglobia Syntropharchaeia" Methanocellia Methanosarcinia "Methanomicrobia" Halobacteria "Hadarchaeota Hadarchaeia Methanobacteriota B Thermococcia Hydrothermarchaeota Hydrothermarchaeia" Methanobacteriota "Methanococcia Methanopyria Methanobacteriia"
· Origin and evolution › Comparison with other domains
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Property
Cell membrane
Archaea
Ether-linked lipids
Bacteria
Ester-linked lipids
Eukaryota
Ester-linked lipids
Cell wall
Cell wall
Property
Cell wall
Archaea
Glycoprotein, or S-layer; rarely pseudopeptidoglycan
Bacteria
Peptidoglycan, S-layer, or no cell wall
Eukaryota
Various structures
Gene structure
Gene structure
Property
Gene structure
Archaea
Circular chromosomes, similar translation and transcription to Eukaryota
Bacteria
Circular chromosomes, unique translation and transcription
Eukaryota
Multiple, linear chromosomes, but translation and transcription similar to Archaea
Internal cell structure
Internal cell structure
Property
Internal cell structure
Archaea
No membrane-bound organelles (?) or nucleus
Bacteria
No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus
Eukaryota
Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
Metabolism
Metabolism
Property
Metabolism
Archaea
Various, including diazotrophy, with methanogenesis unique to Archaea
Bacteria
Various, including photosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, diazotrophy, and autotrophy
Eukaryota
Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation; no diazotrophy
Reproduction
Reproduction
Property
Reproduction
Archaea
Asexual reproduction, horizontal gene transfer
Bacteria
Asexual reproduction, horizontal gene transfer
Eukaryota
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Protein synthesis initiation
Protein synthesis initiation
Property
Protein synthesis initiation
Archaea
Methionine
Bacteria
Formylmethionine
Eukaryota
Methionine
RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase
Property
RNA polymerase
Archaea
One
Bacteria
One
Eukaryota
Many
EF-2/EF-G
EF-2/EF-G
Property
EF-2/EF-G
Archaea
Sensitive to diphtheria toxin
Bacteria
Resistant to diphtheria toxin
Eukaryota
Sensitive to diphtheria toxin
Property
Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota
Cell membrane
Ether-linked lipids
Ester-linked lipids
Ester-linked lipids
Cell wall
Glycoprotein, or S-layer; rarely pseudopeptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan, S-layer, or no cell wall
Various structures
Gene structure
Circular chromosomes, similar translation and transcription to Eukaryota
Circular chromosomes, unique translation and transcription
Multiple, linear chromosomes, but translation and transcription similar to Archaea
Internal cell structure
No membrane-bound organelles (?) or nucleus
No membrane-bound organelles or nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
Metabolism
Various, including diazotrophy, with methanogenesis unique to Archaea
Various, including photosynthesis, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, diazotrophy, and autotrophy
Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation; no diazotrophy
Reproduction
Asexual reproduction, horizontal gene transfer
Asexual reproduction, horizontal gene transfer
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Protein synthesis initiation
Methionine
Formylmethionine
Methionine
RNA polymerase
One
One
Many
EF-2/EF-G
Sensitive to diphtheria toxin
Resistant to diphtheria toxin
Sensitive to diphtheria toxin
Nutritional types in archaeal metabolism · Metabolism
Phototrophs
Phototrophs
Nutritional type
Phototrophs
Source of energy
Sunlight
Source of carbon
Organic compounds
Examples
Halobacterium
Lithotrophs
Lithotrophs
Nutritional type
Lithotrophs
Source of energy
Inorganic compounds
Source of carbon
Organic compounds or carbon fixation
Examples
Ferroglobus, Methanobacteria or Pyrolobus
Organotrophs
Organotrophs
Nutritional type
Organotrophs
Source of energy
Organic compounds
Source of carbon
Organic compounds or carbon fixation
Examples
Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus or Methanosarcinales
Nutritional type
Source of energy
Source of carbon
Examples
Phototrophs
Sunlight
Organic compounds
Halobacterium
Lithotrophs
Inorganic compounds
Organic compounds or carbon fixation
Ferroglobus, Methanobacteria or Pyrolobus
Organotrophs
Organic compounds
Organic compounds or carbon fixation
Pyrococcus, Sulfolobus or Methanosarcinales

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