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Apollo 8

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Apollo 8

Apollo 8 (December 21–27, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave Earth's gravitational sphere of influence, and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing and then returned to Earth. The three astronauts—Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and William Anders—were the first humans to see and photograph the far side of the Moon and an Earthrise. Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second crewed spaceflight mission flown in the United States Apollo space program (the first, Apollo 7, stayed in Earth orbit). Apollo 8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the Saturn V rocket. It was the first human spaceflight from the Kennedy Space Center, adjacent to Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida. Originally planned as the second crewed Apollo Lunar Module and command module test, to be flown in an elliptical medium Earth orbit in early 1969, the mission profile was changed in August 1968 to a more ambitious command-module-only lunar orbital flight to be flown in December, as the lunar module was not yet ready to make its first flight. Astronaut Jim McDivitt's crew, who were training to fly the first Lunar Module flight in low Earth orbit, became the crew for the Apollo 9 mission, and Borman's crew were moved to the Apollo 8 mission. This left Borman's crew with two to three months' less training and preparation time than originally planned, and replaced the planned Lunar Module training with translunar navigation training. Apollo 8 took 68 hours to travel to the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times over the course of twenty hours, during which they made a Christmas Eve television broadcast where they read the first ten verses from the Book of Genesis. At the time, the broadcast was the most watched TV program ever. Apollo 8's successful mission paved the way for Apollo 10 and, with Apollo 11 in July 1969, the fulfillment of U.S. president John F. Kennedy's goal of landing a man on the Moon before the end of the decade. The Apollo 8 astronauts returned to Earth on December 27, 1968, when their spacecraft splashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named Time magazine's "Men of the Year" for 1968 upon their return.

Infobox

Mission type
Crewed lunar orbital CSM flight (C')
Operator
NASA
COSPAR ID
1968-118A
SATCAT no.
03626
Mission duration
6 days, 3 hours, 42 seconds
Spacecraft
mw- Apollo CSM-103Apollo LTA-B
Manufacturer
North American Rockwell
Launch mass
CSM: 28,870 kg (63,650 lb)CM:5,621 kg (12,392 lb)SM:23,250 kg (51,258 lb)SC/LM Adapter (jettisoned; connects LTA to CSM; not part of the CSM craft): 1,840 kg (4,060 lb)LTA (not part of CSM; fixed to rocket): 9,000 kg (19,900 lb)
Landing mass
4,979 kg (10,977 lb)
Crew size
3
Members
Frank F. Borman IIJames A. Lovell Jr.William A. Anders
Callsign
Apollo 8
Launch date
December 21, 1968, 12:51:00 (1968-12-21UTC12:51Z) UTC (7:51 am EST)
Rocket
Saturn V SA-503[n 1]
Launch site
Kennedy, LC-39A
Recovered by
USS Yorktown
Landing date
December 27, 1968, 15:51:42 (1968-12-27UTC15:51:43Z) UTC (5:51:42 am HST)
Landing site
North 8°8′N 165°1′W / 8.133°N 165.017°W / 8.133; -165.017 (Apollo 8 landing))
Perigee altitude
184.4 km (99.57 nmi; 114.6 mi)
Apogee altitude
185.2 km (99.99 nmi; 115.1 mi)
Inclination
12°
Period
88.19 minutes
Epoch
December 21, 1968, 13:02 UTC
Revolution no.
2
Spacecraft component
CSM
Orbital insertion
December 24, 1968, 9:59:20 UTC
Orbital departure
December 25, 1968, 6:10:17 UTC
Orbits
10
Periselene altitude
110.6 km (59.7 nmi; 68.7 mi)
Aposelene altitude
112.4 km (60.7 nmi; 69.9 mi)

Tables

· Framework › Prime crew
Commander
Commander
Position
Commander
Astronaut
Frank F. Borman IISecond and last spaceflight
Command Module Pilot
Command Module Pilot
Position
Command Module Pilot
Astronaut
James A. Lovell Jr.Third spaceflight
Lunar Module Pilot
Lunar Module Pilot
Position
Lunar Module Pilot
Astronaut
William A. AndersOnly spaceflight
Position
Astronaut
Commander
Frank F. Borman IISecond and last spaceflight
Command Module Pilot
James A. Lovell Jr.Third spaceflight
Lunar Module Pilot
William A. AndersOnly spaceflight
· Framework › Backup crew
Commander
Commander
Position
Commander
Astronaut
Neil A. Armstrong
Command Module Pilot
Command Module Pilot
Position
Command Module Pilot
Astronaut
Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.
Lunar Module Pilot
Lunar Module Pilot
Position
Lunar Module Pilot
Astronaut
Fred W. Haise Jr.
Position
Astronaut
Commander
Neil A. Armstrong
Command Module Pilot
Edwin E. Aldrin Jr.
Lunar Module Pilot
Fred W. Haise Jr.

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