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Aphrodite

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Aphrodite

Aphrodite ( , AF-rə-DY-tee) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretised Roman counterpart Venus, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of sacred prostitution in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous. A major goddess in the Greek pantheon, Aphrodite featured prominently in ancient Greek literature. According to many sources, like Homer's Iliad and Sappho's Ode to Aphrodite, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione. In Hesiod's Theogony, however, Aphrodite is born off the coast of Cythera from the foam (ἀφρός, aphrós) produced by Uranus's genitals, which his son Cronus had severed and thrown into the sea. In his Symposium, Plato asserts that these two origins actually belong to separate entities; Aphrodite Urania (a transcendent "Heavenly" Aphrodite, who "partakes not of the female but only of the male", with Plato describing her as inspiring love between men, but having nothing to do with the love of women) and Aphrodite Pandemos (Aphrodite common to "all the people" who Plato described as "wanton", to contrast her with the virginal Aphrodite Urania, who did not engage in sexual acts at all. Pandemos inspired love between men and women, unlike her older counterpart). The epithet Aphrodite Areia (the "Warlike") reveals her contrasting nature in ancient Greek religion. Aphrodite had many other epithets, each emphasizing a different aspect of the same goddess or used by a different local cult. Thus she was also known as Cytherea (Lady of Cythera) and Cypris (Lady of Cyprus), because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth. Sappho's Ode to Aphrodite is one of the earliest poems dedicated to the goddess and survives from the Archaic period nearly complete. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises after Zeus made her fall in love with him. Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Along with Athena and Hera, Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War and plays a major role throughout the Iliad. Aphrodite has been featured in Western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of Western literature. She is a major deity in modern Neopagan religions, including the Church of Aphrodite, Wicca, and Hellenism.

Infobox

Abode
Mount Olympus
Planet
Venus
Animals
dolphin, sparrow, dove, swan, hare, goose, bee, fish, butterfly
Symbol
rose, seashell, pearl, mirror, girdle, anemone, lettuce, narcissus
Tree
myrrh, myrtle, apple, pomegranate
Parents
Zeus and Dione (Homer)Uranus (Hesiod)
Spouse
Hephaestus (divorced)Ares
Children
Eros, Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, Pothos, Anteros, Himeros, Hermaphroditus, Rhodos, Eryx, Peitho, The Graces, Beroe, Golgos, Priapus, Aeneas
Roman
Venus
Egyptian
Hathor, Isis

Tables

· Mythology › Offspring
Aeneas, Lyrus/Lyrnus
Aeneas, Lyrus/Lyrnus
Offspring
Aeneas, Lyrus/Lyrnus
Father
Anchises
Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, the Erotes (Eros, Anteros, Himeros, Pothos)
Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, the Erotes (Eros, Anteros, Himeros, Pothos)
Offspring
Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, the Erotes (Eros, Anteros, Himeros, Pothos)
Father
Ares
Hymenaios, Iacchus, Priapus, the Charites (Graces: Aglaea, Euphrosyne, Thalia)
Hymenaios, Iacchus, Priapus, the Charites (Graces: Aglaea, Euphrosyne, Thalia)
Offspring
Hymenaios, Iacchus, Priapus, the Charites (Graces: Aglaea, Euphrosyne, Thalia)
Father
Dionysus
Hermaphroditos, Priapus
Hermaphroditos, Priapus
Offspring
Hermaphroditos, Priapus
Father
Hermes
Rhodos
Rhodos
Offspring
Rhodos
Father
Poseidon
Beroe, Golgos, Zariadres, Priapus (rarely)
Beroe, Golgos, Zariadres, Priapus (rarely)
Offspring
Beroe, Golgos, Zariadres, Priapus (rarely)
Father
Adonis
Eryx, Meligounis and several more unnamed daughters
Eryx, Meligounis and several more unnamed daughters
Offspring
Eryx, Meligounis and several more unnamed daughters
Father
Butes
Astynous
Astynous
Offspring
Astynous
Father
Phaethon
Priapus
Priapus
Offspring
Priapus
Father
Zeus
Peitho
Peitho
Offspring
Peitho
Father
unknown
Offspring
Father
Aeneas, Lyrus/Lyrnus
Anchises
Phobos, Deimos, Harmonia, the Erotes (Eros, Anteros, Himeros, Pothos)
Ares
Hymenaios, Iacchus, Priapus, the Charites (Graces: Aglaea, Euphrosyne, Thalia)
Dionysus
Hermaphroditos, Priapus
Hermes
Rhodos
Poseidon
Beroe, Golgos, Zariadres, Priapus (rarely)
Adonis
Eryx, Meligounis and several more unnamed daughters
Butes
Astynous
Phaethon
Priapus
Zeus
Peitho
unknown

References

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  238. Intende, Lector – Echoes of Myth, Religion and Ritual in the Ancient Novel
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  239. Walcot 1977, p. 31.
  240. Walcot 1977, pp. 31–32.
  241. Walcot 1977, p. 32.
  242. Bull 2005, pp. 346–347.
  243. Walcot 1977, pp. 32–33.
  244. Cyrino 2010, p. 85.
  245. Cyrino 2010, pp. 85–86.
  246. Cyrino 2010, pp. 35–36, 86–87.
  247. Cyrino 2010, pp. 36, 86–87.
  248. Cyrino 2010, p. 87.
  249. Cyrino 2010, pp. 87–88.
  250. Cyrino 2010, p. 88.
  251. Cyrino 2010, p. 49.
  252. Cyrino 2010, pp. 49–50.
  253. Cyrino 2010, p. 50.
  254. Burkert 2005, p. 300.
  255. Burkert 2005, pp. 299–300.
  256. Cyrino 2010, p. 36.
  257. Homer, Iliad 21.416–17.
    http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134%3Abook%3D21%3Acard%3D400
  258. The Oxford Classical Dictionary
  259. The Oxford Classical Dictionary
  260. Smith 1873, s.v. Anchises.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=anchises-bio-1&highlight=lyrus
  261. Kerényi 1951, p. 71.
  262. Eros is usually mentioned as the son of Aphrodite but in other versions he is a parentless primordial.
  263. Diodorus Siculus, 4.6.5: "... Hermaphroditus, as he has been called, who was born of Hermes and Aphrodite and received a
    https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4A*.html#6.5
  264. Pindar, Olympian 7.14 makes her the daughter of Aphrodite, but does not mention any father. Herodorus, fr. 62 Fowler (Fo
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Pind.%20O.%207&lang=original
  265. Graves 1960, p. 70.
  266. Athenaeus 13.35
  267. Diodorus Siculus, 4.23.2
    https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4B*.html#23.2
  268. Hesychius of Alexandria s. v. Μελιγουνίς: "Meligounis: this is what the island Lipara was called. Also one of the daught
  269. Apollodorus, 1.9.25.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D9%3Asection%3D25
  270. Servius on Aeneid, 1.574, 5.24
  271. Apollodorus, 3.14.3.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D3
  272. Hesiod, Theogony 986–990; Pausanias, Description of Greece, 1.3.1 (using the name "Hemera" for Eos)
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D963
  273. Gantz 1996, p. 104.
  274. West 2008, p. 36.
  275. Cyrino 2010, pp. 121–122.
  276. Lewis & Llewellyn-Jones 2018, p. 335.
  277. Botterweck & Ringgren 1990, p. 35.
  278. Cyrino 2010, p. 122.
  279. The Vatican Mythographers
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sE7WnkLLt2gC
  280. Zoological Mythology - Or, The Legends of Animals
    https://books.google.com/books?id=l1mWysPWjpoC
  281. Cyrino 2010, pp. 120–123.
  282. Tinkle 1996, p. 81.
  283. Cyrino 2010, pp. 63, 96.
  284. The Vatican Mythographers
    https://books.google.com/books?id=sE7WnkLLt2gC
  285. Cyrino 2010, p. 64.
  286. Smith, William (1861), Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, Walton and Maberly, s.v Melus.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D18%3Aentry%3Dmelus-bio-2
  287. Cyrino 2010, p. 63.
  288. Cyrino 2010, pp. 63–64.
  289. Cyrino 2010, pp. 123–124.
  290. Havelock 2007, p. 86.
  291. Cyrino 2010, pp. 76–77.
  292. Cyrino 2010, p. 106.
  293. Cyrino 2010, pp. 106–107.
  294. Cyrino 2010, p. 124.
  295. Grant 1989, p. 224.
  296. Grant 1989, p. 225.
  297. Cyrino 2010, p. 77.
  298. Cyrino 2010, p. 76.
  299. Grant 1989, pp. 224–225.
  300. Palagia & Pollitt 1996, p. 98.
  301. Cyrino 2010, pp. 77–78.
  302. Cyrino 2010, p. 78.
  303. Taylor 1993, pp. 96–97.
  304. Tinkle 1996, p. 80.
  305. Link 1995, pp. 43–45.
  306. Taylor 1993, p. 97.
  307. Tinkle 1996, pp. 80–81.
  308. Tinkle 1996, p. 82.
  309. Tinkle 1996, pp. 106–108.
  310. Tinkle 1996, pp. 107–108.
  311. Tinkle 1996, p. 108.
  312. Fossi 1998, p. 5.
  313. Cunningham & Reich 2009, p. 282.
  314. Ames-Lewis 2000, pp. 193–195.
  315. Ames-Lewis 2000, p. 193.
  316. Tinagli 1997, p. 148.
  317. Bordes 2005, p. 189.
  318. Hill 2007, p. 155.
  319. Tinterow 1999, p. 358.
  320. McPhee 1986, pp. 66–67.
  321. Gay 1998, p. 128.
  322. McPhee 1986, p. 66.
  323. Gay 1998, p. 129.
  324. Smith 1996, pp. 145–146.
  325. Smith 1996, p. 146.
  326. Lákta 2017, pp. 56–58.
  327. Cyrino 2010, p. 131.
  328. Lákta 2017, p. 58.
  329. Hiscock 2017, p. unpaginated.
  330. Clark 2015, pp. 354–355.
  331. Clark 2015, p. 355.
  332. Clark 2015, p. 364.
  333. Clark 2015, pp. 361–362.
  334. Clark 2015, p. 363.
  335. Clark 2015, pp. 363–364.
  336. Brooks & Alden 1980, pp. 836–844.
  337. Clark 2015, p. 369.
  338. Clark 2015, pp. 369–371.
  339. Clark 2015, pp. 372–374.
  340. Cyrino 2010, pp. 134–135.
  341. Cyrino 2010, p. 135.
  342. Clifton 2006, p. 139.
  343. Pizza & Lewis 2009, pp. 327–328.
  344. Clifton 2006, p. 141.
  345. Gallagher 2005, pp. 109–110.
  346. Sabin 2010, p. 125.
  347. Sabin 2010, pp. 3–4.
  348. Gallagher 2005, p. 110.
  349. Sabin 2010, p. 124.
  350. "The Greeks who worship the ancient gods"
    https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22972610
  351. Alexander 2007, p. 23.
  352. Alexander 2007, p. 9.
  353. Alexander 2007, pp. 22–23.
  354. This chart is based upon Hesiod's Theogony, unless otherwise noted.
  355. According to Homer, Iliad 1.570–579, 14.338, Odyssey 8.312, Hephaestus was apparently the son of Hera and Zeus, see Gant
    http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.570
  356. According to Hesiod, Theogony 927–929, Hephaestus was produced by Hera alone, with no father, see Gantz, p. 74.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+927
  357. According to Hesiod's Theogony 886–890, of Zeus's children by his seven wives, Athena was the first to be conceived, but
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+886
  358. According to Hesiod, Theogony 183–200, Aphrodite was born from Uranus's severed genitals, see Gantz, pp. 99–100.
    https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+183
  359. According to Homer, Aphrodite was the daughter of Zeus (Iliad 3.374, 20.105; Odyssey 8.308, 320) and Dione (Iliad 5.370–
    http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.374
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