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Anne Boleyn

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Anne Boleyn

Anne Boleyn (; c. 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and execution, by beheading for treason, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that marked the start of the English Reformation. Anne was the daughter of Thomas Boleyn (later Earl of Wiltshire), and his wife, Elizabeth Howard, and was educated in the Netherlands and France. Anne returned to England in early 1522, to marry her cousin James Butler, 9th Earl of Ormond; the marriage plans were broken off, and instead, she secured a post at court as maid of honour to Henry VIII's wife, Catherine of Aragon. Early in 1523, Anne was secretly betrothed to Henry Percy, son of Henry Percy, 5th Earl of Northumberland, but the betrothal was broken off when the Earl refused to support it. Cardinal Thomas Wolsey refused the match in January 1524. In February or March 1526, Henry VIII began his pursuit of Anne. She resisted his attempts to seduce her, refusing to become his mistress, as her sister Mary had previously been. Henry focused on annulling his marriage to Catherine, so he would be free to marry Anne. After Wolsey failed to obtain an annulment from Pope Clement VII, it became clear the marriage would not be annulled by the Catholic Church. As a result, Henry and his advisers, such as Thomas Cromwell, began breaking the Church's power in England and closing the monasteries. Henry and Anne formally married on 25 January 1533, after a secret wedding on 14 November 1532. On 23 May 1533, the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer declared Henry and Catherine's marriage null and void. Five days later, he declared Henry and Anne's marriage valid. Clement excommunicated Henry and Cranmer. As a result of the marriage and excommunications, the first break between the Church of England and the Catholic Church took place, and the King took control of the Church of England. Anne was crowned queen on 1 June 1533. On 7 September, she gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth I. Henry was disappointed to have a daughter, but hoped a son would follow and professed to love Elizabeth. Anne subsequently had three miscarriages and by March 1536, Henry was courting Jane Seymour. Henry had Anne investigated for high treason in April 1536. On 2 May, she was arrested and sent to the Tower of London, where she was tried before a jury, including Henry Percy, her former betrothed, and her uncle Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk. She was convicted on 15 May and beheaded four days later. Historians view the charges, which included adultery, incest with her brother George, and plotting to kill the King, as unconvincing. After her daughter, Elizabeth, became queen in 1558, Anne became venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation, particularly through the works of George Wyatt. She has inspired, or been mentioned in, many cultural works and retained her hold on the popular imagination. She has been called "the most influential and important queen consort England has ever had", as she provided the occasion for Henry to declare the English Church's independence from the Vatican.

Infobox

Tenure
28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536
Coronation
1 June 1533
Born
c. 1501 or 1507Blickling Hall, Norfolk, England
Died
(1536-05-19)19 May 1536 (aged 28-35)Tower of London, London, England
Cause of death
Execution
Burial
19 May 1536Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Tower of London, London
Spouse
Henry VIII of England (m. 1532/1533;[a] ann. 1536[b])
Issue
Elizabeth I of England
Family
Boleyn
Father
Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire
Mother
Elizabeth Howard

Tables

· Issue
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I
Name
Elizabeth I
Birth
7 September 1533
Death
24 March 1603
Notes
Never married, no issue
Miscarriage or false pregnancy
Miscarriage or false pregnancy
Name
Miscarriage or false pregnancy
Birth
Summer 1534
Possible miscarriage
Possible miscarriage
Name
Possible miscarriage
Birth
1535
Miscarried son
Miscarried son
Name
Miscarried son
Birth
29 January 1536
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Elizabeth I
7 September 1533
24 March 1603
Never married, no issue
Miscarriage or false pregnancy
Summer 1534
Possible miscarriage
1535
Miscarried son
29 January 1536
· External links
VacantTitle last held byCatherine of Aragon
VacantTitle last held byCatherine of Aragon
English royalty
VacantTitle last held byCatherine of Aragon
English royalty
Queen consort of EnglandLady of Ireland 28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536
English royalty
VacantTitle next held byJane Seymour
English royalty
VacantTitle last held byCatherine of Aragon
Queen consort of EnglandLady of Ireland 28 May 1533 – 17 May 1536
VacantTitle next held byJane Seymour

References

  1. Henry and Anne married in secret in late 1532, which was followed by second wedding in January 1533.
  2. Anne Boleyn's marriage to Henry VIII was annulled on 17 May 1536, two days before her execution.
  3. Also signing herself as Anne Rochford while her father and brother were Viscount Rochford, respectively.
  4. Historian Amy Licence notes that surviving examples of Burghley's handwriting show that he would use a long lead-in stro
  5. The rooms had previously been occupied by the King's secretary, Thomas Cromwell, and were connected to those of the King
  6. The Spanish Chronicle was an unreliable contemporary account based on "hearsay and rumour" by an unknown author. One pas
  7. Eric Ives points out that the King, amusing himself with Jane Seymour, was far from perturbed by any news of Anne's acti
  8. A copy of this letter was found among the papers of the King's secretary, Thomas Cromwell, after his execution.
  9. Hever Castle
    https://www.hevercastle.co.uk/news/doubts-raised-over-anne-boleyn-portraits/
  10. Hever Castle
    http://gio6v3sgme0lorck1bp74b12-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/The-many-faces-of-Anne-Boleyn-UPDATED.pdf
  11. The Tudor Society
    https://www.tudorsociety.com/the-offspring-of-thomas-and-elizabeth-boleyn-by-conor-byrne/
  12. Internet Archive
    https://archive.org/stream/lettersandpaper02gairgoog/lettersandpaper02gairgoog_djvu.txt
  13. Ives 2004, p. 3.
  14. Weir 1991
  15. Pronunciations with stress on the second syllable were rare until recently and were not mentioned by reference works unt
    https://books.google.com/books?id=YtojrMr0Ft4C&q=anne+boleyn+pronunciation&pg=PA63
  16. Jones, Daniel Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary 12th edition (1963)
  17. Longman pronunciation dictionary
  18. M. A. E. Wood, Letters, ii. 74-75; Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, v. 12
  19. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January–June 1536
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  20. A Chronicle of England During the Reigns of the Tudors, From A.D. 1485 to 1559
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  21. Ives 2004, pp. 48–50.
  22. Ives 2004, p. xv.
  23. Starkey 2003, pp. 260–261
  24. Ives 2004, pp. 14–15
  25. Ives 2004, pp. 18–20.
  26. The date 1507 was accepted in Roman Catholic circles. The 16th-century author William Camden inscribed a date of birth o
  27. Warnicke 1989, p. 12.
  28. Anne Boleyn Adultery, Heresy, Desire
  29. The argument that Mary might have been the younger sister is refuted by firm evidence from the reign of Queen Elizabeth
  30. Ives 2004, pp. 16–17.
  31. Fraser 1992, p. 119.
  32. Warnicke, p. 9.
  33. Ives 2004, p. 15.
  34. Fraser 1992, p. 117
  35. Fraser 1992, pp. 116–117.
  36. Ives 2004, p. 4. "She was better born than Henry VIII's three other English wives".
  37. Fraser 1992, p. 115.
  38. Ives 2004, plate 14.
  39. Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions
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  40. Wilkinson, p. 12.
  41. Starkey 2003, pp. 259–260.
  42. Fraser and Ives argue that this appointment proves Anne was probably born in 1501; but Warnicke disagrees, partly on the
  43. Warnicke, p. 12.
  44. Fraser 1992, p. 147.
  45. Starkey 2003, pp. 261–263.
  46. Fraser 1992, p. 121.
  47. History Today
  48. Starkey 2003, p. 263.
  49. Ives 1994
  50. Fraser 1992, p. 122.
  51. Fraser 1992, pp. 121–124.
  52. Weir 2001, p. 216.
  53. Starkey 2003, p. 264.
  54. Starkey 2003, p. 265; Ives 2004, pp. 37–39.
  55. Starkey 2003, p. 271; Ives 2004, p. 45.
  56. Warnicke 1989, p. 59.
  57. Scarisbrick 1972, p. 349.
  58. Fraser 1992, pp. 126–127; Ives 2004, pp. 67, 80.
  59. Richard S. Sylvester & Davis P. Harding, Two Early Tudor Lives (Yale, 1962), p. 36.
  60. Richard S. Sylvester & Davis P. Harding, Two Early Tudor Lives (Yale, 1962), p. 37.
  61. Dictionary of National Biography
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  62. 6E. K. Chambers, Sir Thomas Wyatt and Some Collected Studies (London, 1933), p. 138; Richard.
  63. Warnicke 1986, pp. 565–579.
  64. Scarisbrick 1972, p. 154.
  65. Elizabeth I
  66. Starkey 2003, pp. 278–283.
  67. Norton 2009, p. 64.
  68. Starkey 2003, p. 197
  69. Lacey 1972, p. 70.
  70. Starkey 2003, pp. 86–87.
  71. Starkey 2003, p. 224.
  72. Fraser 1992, p. 133.
  73. Graves 2003, p. 132.
  74. Starkey 1985, pp. 29–30: "a determined patroness of the 'new' in religion".
  75. Ives 1994: "Anne embraced [the] reformist spirit for herself".
  76. Warnicke 1989, pp. 108–109
  77. Warnicke 1989, p. 154
  78. Fraser 1992, p. 145.
  79. Borman 2023, Chapter 1 "Fettered with chains of gold".
  80. Dowling 1986, p. 232.
  81. Starkey 2003, p. 331.
  82. Brigden 2000, p. 114.
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  84. Starkey 2003, pp. 308–312.
  85. Starkey 2003, pp. 314, 329.
  86. Morris 1998, p. 166.
  87. Cavendish 1641, p. 242
  88. Starkey 2003, pp. 430–433.
  89. Haigh 1993, pp. 88–95.
  90. Fraser 1992, p. 171.
  91. Graves 2003, pp. 21–22; Starkey 2003, pp. 467–473.
  92. Williams 1971, p. 136.
  93. Ives 2004, pp. 107–108, 144.
  94. Ives 2004, p. 54.
  95. Sylvia Barbara Soberton, "Marquis or Marchioness? Analysing BL, Harley MS 303 and Other Previously Unpublished Sources a
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  96. Ives 2004, p. 158
  97. Starkey 2003, p. 459—The Pembroke lands and the title of Earl of Pembroke had been held by Henry's great-uncle.
  98. Wooding 2009, p. 167.
  99. John Gough Nichols, Chronicle of Calais (London: Camden Society, 1846), p. 67.
  100. Williams 1971, p. 123.
  101. Starkey 2003, p. 366.
  102. Weir 2011, pp. 218, 226
  103. Starkey 2003, pp. 462–464.
  104. Starkey 2003, p. 463.
  105. Williams 1971, p. 124.
  106. The Wives of Henry VIII
  107. Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
  108. The Wives of Henry VIII
  109. A Manual of Heraldry, Historical and Popular
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  110. Fraser 1992, p. 195.
  111. Coronation: a history of kingship and the British monarchy
  112. Ives 2004, p. 179.
  113. Alice Hunt, The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England, Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  114. Ives 2004, p. 177; Starkey 2003, pp. 489–500.
  115. Fraser 1992, pp. 191–194.
  116. 1533: 24 Hen. 8 c. 12: An Act that the appeals in such cases as have been used to be pursued to the see of Rome shall no
  117. Scarisbrick 1972, pp. 414–418; Haigh 1993, pp. 117–118.
  118. Haigh 1993, pp. 118–120.
  119. Robert Demaus. William Tyndale, a Biography. Religious Tract Society. London. 1904 p. 456.
  120. Brian Moynahan. William Tyndale. Abacus, London 2002 p. 293.
  121. Brian Moynahan. William Tyndale. Abacus, London 2002 pp. 294–295.
  122. The English Historical Review
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  123. Ives 2004, p. 170
  124. Williams 1971, pp. 128–131.
  125. Starkey 2003, p. 508.
  126. British History Online
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  127. Starkey 2003, p. 512.
  128. Somerset 1997, pp. 5–6.
  129. ParkerWeb.Stanford.edu
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  130. Fraser 1992
  131. Porter 2007, p. 104
  132. Williams 1971, p. 138.
  133. Historical Manuscripts Commission, 12th Report, Appendix 9: Gloucester (London, 1891), p. 444.
  134. Ives 2004, pp. 231–260.
  135. Farquhar, Michael (2001). A Treasure of Royal Scandals, p. 67. Penguin Books, New York. ISBN 0-7394-2025-9.
  136. Williams 1971, pp. 137–138.
  137. Starkey 2003, pp. 549–551; Scarisbrick 1972, p. 436.
  138. Cobham Brewer 1810–1897. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
  139. Starkey 2003, p. 551.
  140. Bordo 2014, pp. 14–15
  141. Scarisbrick 1972, p. 452.
  142. Ives 2004, p. 300
  143. Scarisbrick 1972, pp. 452–453; Starkey 2003, pp. 552–553.
  144. Medical History
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  145. Weir 1991.
  146. Starkey 2003, pp. 553–554.
  147. Ashley 2002, p. 240.
  148. Fraser 1992, p. 233
  149. Fraser 1992, p. 241
  150. Williams 1971, p. 142.
  151. Ives 2004, pp. 318–319. See also Starkey 2003, pp. 559–569, and Elton 1977, pp. 252–253, who share this view.
  152. Bordo 2014, p. 83
  153. Ives 2004, p. 315
  154. Ives 2004, p. 329
  155. Weir 2010, p. 436
  156. Crónica del rey Enrico Octavo de Ingalaterra
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  157. Schofield 2008, pp. 106–108
  158. Warnicke, pp. 212, 242; Wooding 2009, p. 194.
  159. Warnicke, pp. 210–212. Warnicke observes: "Neither Chapuys nor modern historians have explained why if the secretary [Cr
  160. Scarisbrick 1972, p. 350:"Clearly, he [Henry] was bent on undoing her by any means."
  161. Wooding 2009, pp. 194–195; Scarisbrick 1972, pp. 454–455; Fraser 1992, p. 245.
  162. William & Mary Law Review
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  163. MacCulloch 2018, pp. 337–338.
  164. Warnicke 1989, p. 212.
  165. Bernard 2011, pp. 174–175.
  166. Williams 1971, pp. 143–144.
  167. Ives 2004, p. 344.
  168. Warnicke 1989, p. 226.
  169. Ives 2004, p. 353.
  170. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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  171. Ives 2004, p. 334.
  172. Lives of the Queens of England
  173. Hibbert 1971, pp. 54–55.
  174. Ives 2004, pp. 333–338.
  175. Kelly Hart, The Mistresses of Henry VIII (The History Press, 2009), p. 25
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  176. Ives 2004, pp. 339, 341.
  177. Starkey 2003, p. 581.
  178. Starkey 2003, p. 582
  179. A General History of the Science and Practice of Music
  180. Ives 2004, p. 58.
  181. R.M.A. Research Chronicle
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  182. Hibbert 1971, p. 59.
  183. Ives 2004, p. 356.
  184. Ives 2004, p. 423, based on the contemporary Lisle letters.
  185. Williams 1971, p. 146.
  186. Fraser 1992, p. 256.
  187. Foxe 1838, p. 134.
  188. Ives 2004, pp. 357–358
  189. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, 12(2), 78.
    http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=75700
  190. Schmid 2011, pp. 7–11.
    http://www.historytoday.com/susan-walters-schmid/henry-viii-and-anne-boleyn-0
  191. For a French version of the poem, Épistre Contenant le Procès Criminel Faict à l'Encontre de la Royne Anne Boullant d'An
  192. Schmid 2013, pp. 110–175. A complete English translation of the entire poem, side by side with the original French is pr
  193. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, 10, 1036 An English summary of the poem is given here.
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  195. Weir 2010, p. 340.
  196. Guy 2009: John Guy contends that a letter, purportedly from Crispin de Milherve corroborating de Carle's account, was i
  197. William Hickman Smith Aubrey, The National and Domestic History of England (1867), p. 471.
  198. Ives 2004, p. 358.
  199. Weir 2010, pp. 338, 343–344.
  200. Ives 2004, pp. 358–359.
  201. Hibbert 1971, p. 60.
  202. Bruce, Marie Louise (1973). Anne Boleyn. New York: Warner Paperback Library Edition. p. 333.
  203. MacCulloch 1996, p. 159.
  204. The Republic of Letters: A Republication of Standard Literature
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  207. Notices of the Historic Persons Buried in the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula in the Tower of London
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  210. Warnicke, pp. 58–59.
  211. The Archaeological Journal
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  213. Ives 2004, p. 359.
  214. Ives 2004, p. 261
  215. El Mundo
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  217. The Guardian
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  220. Weir, p. 47.
  221. Strong 1969, p. 6.
  222. Ives 2004, p. 20.
  223. Warnicke, p. 243.
  224. Strong 1969, p. 6; Ives 2004, p. 39.
  225. Warnicke, p. 247.
  226. Ives 2004, p. 278.
  227. Starkey 2003, pp. 368–370.
  228. Dowling 1991, p. 39.
  229. The Historical Journal
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  230. Ives 2004, pp. 219–226. For a reevaluation of Anne's religious beliefs, see Ives 2004, pp. 277–287.
  231. Williams 1971, p. 103.
  232. Ives 2004, p. 240.
  233. Borman 2016, pp. 290–291.
  234. Ives 2004, p. 358.
  235. Lofts 1979, p. 181.
  236. Suffolk Churches
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  237. Notes and Queries
  238. Pratt, Michael (2005). Nelson's Duchy, A Sicilian Anomaly. UK: Spellmount Limited. p.48 ISBN 1-86227-326-X
  239. Lofts 1979, p. 182.
  240. "Ghosts and Hauntings"
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  241. www.zurichmansion.org
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  242. Ghosts I've Met
  243. Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. A letter from George Taylor to Lady L
  244. Porter 2007, p. 337
  245. The only evidence for a miscarriage in 1535 is a sentence from a letter from Sir William Kingston to Lord Lisle on 24 Ju
  246. Chapuys reported to Charles V on 10 February 1536 that Anne Boleyn had miscarried on the day of Catherine of Aragon's fu
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