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Anne, Queen of Great Britain

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Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 8 March 1702, and Queen of Great Britain and Ireland following the ratification of the Acts of Union 1707 merging the kingdoms of England and Scotland, until her death in 1714. Anne was born during the reign of her uncle King Charles II. Her father was Charles's younger brother and heir presumptive, James, whose suspected Roman Catholicism was unpopular in England. On Charles's instructions, Anne and her elder sister Mary were raised as Anglicans. Mary married her Dutch Protestant cousin, William III of Orange, in 1677, and Anne married Prince George of Denmark, a Lutheran, in 1683. On Charles's death in 1685, James succeeded to the throne, but three years later he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Mary and William became joint monarchs. Although the sisters had been close, disagreements over Anne's finances, status, and choice of acquaintances arose shortly after Mary's accession and they became estranged. William and Mary had no children. After Mary's death in 1694, William reigned alone until his own death in 1702, when Anne succeeded him. During her reign, Anne favoured moderate Tory politicians, who were more likely to share her Anglican religious views than their opponents, the Whigs. The Whigs grew more powerful during the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, until 1710 when Anne dismissed many of them from office. Her close friendship with Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, turned sour as the result of political differences. The Duchess took revenge with an unflattering description of the Queen in her memoirs, which was widely accepted by historians until Anne was reassessed in the late 20th century. Anne was plagued by poor health throughout her life, and from her thirties she grew increasingly ill and obese. Despite 17 pregnancies, she died without surviving issue and was the last monarch of the House of Stuart. The loss of her young son, Prince William, precipitated a potential succession crisis. Under the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded all Catholics, Anne was succeeded by her second cousin George I of the House of Hanover.

Infobox

Reign
1 May 1707 – 1 August 1714
Coronation
23 April 1702
Predecessor
William III & II
Successor
George I
Born
6 February 1665St James's Palace, Westminster, England
Died
1 August 1714 (aged 49)Kensington Palace, London, England
Burial
24 August 1714Westminster Abbey
Spouse
mw- 1683; died 1708)
Issuemore...
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
House
Stuart
Father
James II of England
Mother
Anne Hyde
Religion
Anglicanism

Tables

· Pregnancies and issue
Stillborn daughter
Stillborn daughter
Child
Stillborn daughter
Birth
12 May 1684London
Death
13 May 1684Westminster Abbey
Mary
Mary
Child
Mary
Birth
2 June 1685Palace of Whitehall
Death
8 February 1687Windsor Castle
Burial
10 February 1687 Westminster Abbey
Notes
Christened 2 June 1685 by the Bishop of London; styled "the Lady Mary". Died of smallpox. Mary, Anne Sophia (Mary's younger sister), and their father all becoming ill at Windsor Castle in early 1687.
Anne Sophia
Anne Sophia
Child
Anne Sophia
Birth
12 May 1686Windsor Castle
Death
2 February 1687Windsor Castle or Whitehall
Burial
4 February 1687 Westminster Abbey
Notes
Christened by the Bishop of Durham, with Lady Churchill one of the godmothers; styled "the Lady Anne Sophia".
Miscarriage
Miscarriage
Child
Miscarriage
Birth
21 January 1687
Stillborn son
Stillborn son
Child
Stillborn son
Birth
22 October 1687Whitehall
Death
22 October 1687 Westminster Abbey
Burial
Anne gave birth at seven months, but the baby "lay dead a full month within her".
Miscarriage
Miscarriage
Child
Miscarriage
Birth
16 April 1688
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
Child
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
Birth
24 July 1689Hampton Court Palace
Death
30 July 1700Windsor Castle
Burial
9 August 1700 Westminster Abbey
Notes
Died of unclear causes at age 11.
Mary
Mary
Child
Mary
Birth
14 October 1690St James's Palace
Death
14 October 1690 Westminster Abbey
Burial
She was two months premature, and lived about two hours.
George
George
Child
George
Birth
17 April 1692Syon House
Death
18 April 1692 Westminster Abbey
Burial
He lived only for a few minutes, just long enough to be baptised; styled "Lord George".
Stillborn daughter
Stillborn daughter
Child
Stillborn daughter
Birth
23 March 1693Berkeley House
Death
24 March 1693 Westminster Abbey
Miscarriage
Miscarriage
Child
Miscarriage
Birth
21 January 1694
Burial
Modern historians Edward Gregg and Alison Weir do not agree on whether it was a son or possibly a daughter. Contemporary chronicler Narcissus Luttrell wrote only that Anne "miscarried of a dead child".
Miscarried daughter
Miscarried daughter
Child
Miscarried daughter
Birth
17 or 18 February 1696
Stillborn twins
Stillborn twins
Child
Stillborn twins
Birth
20 September 1696
Burial
Luttrell said Anne "miscarried of a son". Nathaniel Johnston told Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon, in a letter dated 24 October 1696, "Her Royal Highness miscarried of two children, the one of seven months' growth, the other of two or three months, as her physicians and midwife judged: one was born the day after the other." If so, the smaller foetus was probably a blighted twin or fetus papyraceus.
Miscarriage
Miscarriage
Child
Miscarriage
Birth
25 March 1697
Miscarriage
Miscarriage
Child
Miscarriage
Birth
early December 1697
Burial
According to Saunière de L'Hermitage, the Dutch resident in London, Anne miscarried twins who were "too early to determine their sex". Other sources say the pregnancy ended in a stillborn son, or "two male children, at least as far as could be recognised".
Stillborn son
Stillborn son
Child
Stillborn son
Birth
15 September 1698Windsor Castle
Death
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Burial
James Vernon wrote to Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, that Anne's physician thought the foetus "might have been dead 8 or 10 days".
Stillborn son
Stillborn son
Child
Stillborn son
Birth
24 January 1700St James's
Death
Westminster Abbey
Burial
Contemporary sources say Anne gave birth at seven and a half months, after the foetus had been dead for a month.
Child
Birth
Death
Burial
Notes
Stillborn daughter
12 May 1684London
13 May 1684Westminster Abbey
Mary
2 June 1685Palace of Whitehall
8 February 1687Windsor Castle
10 February 1687 Westminster Abbey
Christened 2 June 1685 by the Bishop of London; styled "the Lady Mary". Died of smallpox. Mary, Anne Sophia (Mary's younger sister), and their father all becoming ill at Windsor Castle in early 1687.
Anne Sophia
12 May 1686Windsor Castle
2 February 1687Windsor Castle or Whitehall
4 February 1687 Westminster Abbey
Christened by the Bishop of Durham, with Lady Churchill one of the godmothers; styled "the Lady Anne Sophia".
Miscarriage
21 January 1687
Stillborn son
22 October 1687Whitehall
22 October 1687 Westminster Abbey
Anne gave birth at seven months, but the baby "lay dead a full month within her".
Miscarriage
16 April 1688
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
24 July 1689Hampton Court Palace
30 July 1700Windsor Castle
9 August 1700 Westminster Abbey
Died of unclear causes at age 11.
Mary
14 October 1690St James's Palace
14 October 1690 Westminster Abbey
She was two months premature, and lived about two hours.
George
17 April 1692Syon House
18 April 1692 Westminster Abbey
He lived only for a few minutes, just long enough to be baptised; styled "Lord George".
Stillborn daughter
23 March 1693Berkeley House
24 March 1693 Westminster Abbey
Miscarriage
21 January 1694
Modern historians Edward Gregg and Alison Weir do not agree on whether it was a son or possibly a daughter. Contemporary chronicler Narcissus Luttrell wrote only that Anne "miscarried of a dead child".
Miscarried daughter
17 or 18 February 1696
Stillborn twins
20 September 1696
Luttrell said Anne "miscarried of a son". Nathaniel Johnston told Theophilus Hastings, 7th Earl of Huntingdon, in a letter dated 24 October 1696, "Her Royal Highness miscarried of two children, the one of seven months' growth, the other of two or three months, as her physicians and midwife judged: one was born the day after the other." If so, the smaller foetus was probably a blighted twin or fetus papyraceus.
Miscarriage
25 March 1697
Miscarriage
early December 1697
According to Saunière de L'Hermitage, the Dutch resident in London, Anne miscarried twins who were "too early to determine their sex". Other sources say the pregnancy ended in a stillborn son, or "two male children, at least as far as could be recognised".
Stillborn son
15 September 1698Windsor Castle
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
James Vernon wrote to Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, that Anne's physician thought the foetus "might have been dead 8 or 10 days".
Stillborn son
24 January 1700St James's
Westminster Abbey
Contemporary sources say Anne gave birth at seven and a half months, after the foetus had been dead for a month.
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam III & II
Preceded byWilliam III & II
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Preceded byWilliam III & II
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Queen of England and Scotland 1702–1707
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Acts of Union 1707
Queen of Ireland 1702–1714
Queen of Ireland 1702–1714
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Queen of Ireland 1702–1714
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Succeeded byGeorge I
Acts of Union 1707
Acts of Union 1707
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Acts of Union 1707
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Queen of Great Britain 1707–1714
Political offices
Political offices
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Political offices
Preceded byPrince George of Denmark
Preceded byPrince George of Denmark
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Preceded byPrince George of Denmark
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Lord High Admiral 1708
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Succeeded byThe Earl of Pembroke
AnneHouse of StuartBorn: 6 February 1665 Died: 1 August 1714
Regnal titles
Preceded byWilliam III & II
Queen of England and Scotland 1702–1707
Acts of Union 1707
Queen of Ireland 1702–1714
Succeeded byGeorge I
Acts of Union 1707
Queen of Great Britain 1707–1714
Political offices
Preceded byPrince George of Denmark
Lord High Admiral 1708
Succeeded byThe Earl of Pembroke

References

  1. All dates in this article are in the Old Style Julian calendar used in Great Britain throughout Anne's lifetime, except
  2. Professor Valerie Traub writes, "Although this scandal features prominently in biographies of the Queen, the charges gen
  3. 8 June in the New Style Gregorian calendar in use in Hanover since 1700.
  4. Curtis, pp. 12–17; Gregg, p. 4
  5. Gregg, p. 4
  6. Green, p. 17; Gregg, p. 6; Waller, pp. 293–295
  7. Curtis, pp. 19–21; Green, p. 20; Gregg, p. 6
  8. Curtis, pp. 21–23; Gregg, p. 8; Somerset, pp. 11–13; Waller, p. 295
  9. Gregg, p. 5
  10. Curtis, pp. 23–24; Gregg, p. 13; Somerset, p. 20
  11. Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 5
  12. Curtis, p. 28; Gregg, p. 13; Waller, p. 296
  13. Somerset, p. 20
  14. Curtis, p. 27; Green, p. 21; Gregg, p. 28
  15. Curtis, p. 34; Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 28
  16. Weir, pp. 260–261
  17. Somerset, pp. 22–23
  18. Somerset, pp. 8–9
  19. Curtis, p. 30; Green, p. 27; Gregg, p. 17
  20. Green, p. 28; Gregg, p. 17; Somerset, p. 29
  21. Green, p. 28: Gregg, p. 20
  22. Green, p. 29; Gregg, p. 22; Somerset, p. 34
  23. Green, p. 32; Gregg, p. 26; Somerset, p. 35
  24. Green, p. 28
  25. Curtis, pp. 35–37; Green, p. 31; Gregg, p. 24; Somerset, pp. 34, 36
  26. Gregg, pp. 24–25
  27. Curtis, p. 37; Green, pp. 32–33; Gregg, p. 27; Somerset, p. 37
  28. Somerset, p. 40
  29. Gregg, p. 32
  30. Gregg, p. 33; Somerset, pp. 41–42
  31. Gregg, pp. 33–34; Somerset, p. 43
  32. Curtis, pp. 41–42; Green, pp. 34–35; Gregg, pp. 32–35; Somerset, p. 44
  33. Curtis, p. 42; Green, p. 34; Gregg, p. 35; Somerset, pp. 41, 44
  34. Curtis, p. 43; Green, p. 36; Gregg, p. 34; Somerset, p. 49
  35. Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56
  36. Weir, p. 268
  37. Somerset, pp. 61, 64
  38. Waller, p. 300
  39. Green, p. 38
  40. Quoted in Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 43 and Somerset, p. 21
  41. Somerset, pp. 65, 74–77
  42. Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 47; Waller, p. 301
  43. Curtis, p. 55; Gregg, p. 52; Somerset, pp. 80–82
  44. Letter dated 14 March 1688, quoted in Gregg, p. 54 and Waller, p. 303
  45. Somerset, pp. 86–87; Waller, pp. 303–304
  46. Ward, pp. 241–242
  47. Waller, p. 304
  48. Nenner, p. 243
  49. Yorke, pp. 65–68
  50. Quoted in Green, p. 43
  51. Somerset, p. 95
  52. Gregg, pp. 62–63; Waller, p. 305
  53. Green, p. 39; Gregg, p. 47; Somerset, p. 74
  54. Gregg, p. 60
  55. Green, p. 47; Gregg, p. 63
  56. Gregg, p. 64
  57. Gregg, p. 65
  58. Gregg, pp. 65–66
  59. Green, pp. 45–47; Gregg, p. 67
  60. Gregg, p. 66
  61. Gregg, p. 68; Somerset, p. 105
  62. Lord Clarendon's diary, quoted in Green, p. 49
  63. Ward, pp. 250–251, 291–292
  64. Green, p. 52; Gregg, p. 69
  65. Curtis, p. 72; Green, pp. 54–55
  66. Green, pp. 53–54; Gregg, pp. 76–79
  67. Curtis, pp. 75–76; Green, p. 58; Gregg, p. 80
  68. Gregg, pp. 78–79
  69. Gregg, p. 81; Somerset, p. 52
  70. Gregg, p. 81; Somerset, p. 124
  71. Curtis, pp. 78–80; Green, pp. 59–60; Gregg, pp. 84–87; Somerset, pp. 130–132
  72. Green, p. 62; Gregg, p. 87; Somerset, p. 132
  73. Green, p. 62; Gregg, pp. 88–91, 96
  74. Curtis, p. 81; Green, pp. 62–63; Gregg, p. 90; Somerset, pp. 134–135
  75. Somerset, p. 146
  76. Curtis, p. 84; Green, pp. 66–67; Gregg, pp. 102–103
  77. Somerset, p. 149
  78. Gregg, pp. 105–106; Somerset, pp. 151–152
  79. Gregg, p. 104
  80. Somerset, p. 151
  81. Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, pp. 153–154
  82. Gregg, p. 122
  83. Green, p. 335; Gregg, pp. 100, 120; Weir, pp. 268–269
  84. Green, pp. 79, 336
  85. Emson, H. E. (23 May 1992). "For The Want Of An Heir: The Obstetrical History Of Queen Anne", British Medical Journal, v
    https://www.jstor.org/stable/29715689
  86. Somerset, pp. 80, 295
  87. Green, p. 338
  88. Saxbe, W. B., Jr. (January 1972). "Listeria monocytogenes and Queen Anne", Pediatrics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 97–101
    http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/49/1/97
  89. Waller, p. 310
  90. Green, pp. 337–338; Somerset, p. 79; Waller, pp. 310–311
  91. Curtis, pp. 47–49; Green, pp. 337–338
  92. Curtis, p. 84
  93. Gregg, p. 330
  94. Jonathan Swift quoted in Green, pp. 101–102 and Gregg, p. 343
  95. Green, p. 154
  96. Curtis, p. 146; Green, pp. 154–155; Gregg, p. 231
  97. Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 674; Somerset, p. 163
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/674
  98. Green, p. 80
  99. Somerset, p. 165
  100. Green, pp. 86–87; Waller, p. 312
  101. Green, p. 90; Waller, p. 312
  102. Green, p. 91; Waller, p. 313
  103. Green, p. 94; Gregg, p. 160
  104. Green, p. 94; Somerset, p. 174; Waller, p. 315; Ward, p. 460
  105. Green, p. 95; Waller, p. 314
  106. Curtis, p. 97; Green, pp. 95–96; Gregg, p. 154; Somerset, p. 187
  107. Curtis, p. 97; Green, p. 96
  108. Green, p. 97; Gregg, p. 158
  109. Curtis, p. 101; Green, pp. 85–86; Gregg, p. 125
  110. Somerset, pp. 229–230
  111. Huntington Library Quarterly
    https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=260608/A3923200-53FB-4641-B035-80F2015E86E7.pdf&pub_id=260608
  112. Gregg, p. 197
  113. Gregg, pp. 130–131
  114. Somerset, p. 212
  115. Somerset, p. 214
  116. UK Parliament
    http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/act-of-union-1707/overview/negotiations-for-union-1702---03/
  117. Curtis, p. 145; Somerset, p. 257
  118. Green, p. 133
  119. Somerset, pp. 269–270
  120. Green, p. 134; Somerset, pp. 277–278
  121. Somerset, p. 296
  122. Gregg, pp. 202, 214
  123. Somerset, p. 297
  124. Gregg, p. 239; Somerset, pp. 315–316
  125. Gregg, p. 240
  126. Clerk's memoirs, quoted in Gregg, p. 240, and Somerset, pp. 316–317
  127. Curtis, pp. 102–104; Gregg, pp. 133–134; Somerset, pp. 189–199
  128. Somerset, pp. 201–203; Waller, p. 318
  129. Gregg, p. 135
  130. Curtis, p. 107; Green, pp. 108–109; Gregg, pp. 162–163
  131. Green, p. 105; Somerset, p. 226; Waller, pp. 316–317
  132. Green, p. 121
  133. Green, p. 122
  134. Curtis, p. 116; Green, p. 122; Gregg, p. 177
  135. Gregg, pp. 192–194; Somerset, pp. 275–276
  136. Gregg, p. 196
  137. Green, p. 129
  138. Curtis, pp. 134, 138–139; Green, pp. 117, 155, 172; Gregg, pp. 134, 218–219
  139. Gregg, pp. 174–175, 188–193; Somerset, pp. 245–246, 258, 272–274
  140. Green, p. 155; Gregg, pp. 219–230; Somerset, pp. 301–311
  141. Green, p. 156; Gregg, pp. 230–231, 241–246; Somerset, pp. 318–321
  142. Curtis, p. 152; Green, pp. 166–168; Waller, p. 324
  143. Gregg, p. 236–237; Somerset, p. 324
  144. Green, pp. 182–183; Gregg, pp. 258–259; Somerset, pp. 340–341
  145. Green, p. 183; Gregg, p. 259; Somerset, p. 341
  146. Curtis, p. 157; Green, p. 186; Gregg, pp. 261–262; Somerset, p. 343
  147. Curtis, p. 157
  148. Curtis, p. 157; Gregg, p. 144
  149. Curtis, p. 158; Green, p. 186; Gregg, p. 262; Somerset, p. 345
  150. Gregg, p. 263
  151. Gregg, pp. 273–274; Somerset, pp. 347–348
  152. Gregg, p. 275; Somerset, p. 361
  153. Gregg, pp. 275–276; Somerset, pp. 360–361; Waller, pp. 324–325
  154. Gregg, pp. 275–276; Somerset, p. 362; Waller, pp. 324–325
  155. Somerset, pp. 353–354
  156. e.g. Kendall, pp. 165–176
  157. Traub, p. 157
  158. Gregg, p. 237; Somerset, p. 363
  159. Somerset, pp. 363–364
  160. Curtis, pp. 162–163; Green, pp. 195–196; Gregg, p. 276; Somerset, pp. 364–365
  161. Curtis, pp. 163–164; Green, p. 196; Gregg, p. 277; Somerset, p. 365
  162. Curtis, pp. 163–164; Green, p. 196; Gregg, p. 277
  163. Curtis, pp. 165–168; Green, p. 198; Gregg, p. 280; Somerset, pp. 372–374
  164. Green, p. 199; Somerset, p. 370
  165. Green, p. 202
  166. Green, pp. 175–176; Gregg, pp. 254, 266
  167. Gregg, p. 284
  168. Green, pp. 210–214; Gregg, pp. 292–294; Somerset, pp. 389–390; Waller, p. 325
  169. Curtis, p. 173; Green, pp. 307–308; Gregg, pp. 221–222
  170. Gregg, p. 298
  171. Green, pp. 217–218; Gregg, pp. 305–306
  172. Green, p. 220; Gregg, p. 306; Somerset, pp. 403–404
  173. Curtis, p. 176; Gregg, pp. 313–314; Somerset, pp. 414–415
  174. Gregg, p. 335
  175. Gregg, pp. 322–324
  176. Green, pp. 238–241; Gregg, pp. 328–331; Somerset, pp. 435–437
  177. Green, p. 244; Gregg, p. 337; Somerset, pp. 439–440
  178. Green, p. 274
  179. Gregg, pp. 337–343
  180. Curtis, p. 189; Green, p. 258; Gregg, p. 343; Somerset, pp. 458–460
  181. Curtis, p. 190; Green, p. 263; Gregg, pp. 349–351; Somerset, pp. 463–465
  182. Green, p. 263; Somerset, p. 465
  183. Gregg, pp. 349–351; Somerset, pp. 464–465
  184. Green, p. 263; Gregg, p. 350
  185. Gregg, pp. 358, 361
  186. Gregg, p. 361
  187. Green, pp. 272–284; Gregg, pp. 363–366
  188. Curtis, p. 193
  189. Gregg, pp. 375–377; Somerset, pp. 505–507
  190. Curtis, p. 193; Green, p. 282
  191. Curtis, p. 193; Green, pp. 294–295
  192. Green, p. 296; Gregg, p. 374; Somerset, p. 502
  193. Green, p. 300; Gregg, p. 378
  194. Harley's secretary Erasmus Lewis writing to Jonathan Swift, quoted in Gregg, p. 391 and Somerset, p. 524
  195. Green, p. 318; Gregg, pp. 390–391
  196. Gregg, pp. 391–392; Somerset, pp. 525–526
  197. Green, pp. 321–322; Somerset, p. 527; Waller, p. 328
  198. Gregg, pp. 392–394; Somerset, p. 528
  199. Quoted in Gregg, p. 394
  200. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/5254/page/1
  201. Curtis, p. 201
  202. Green, p. 327
  203. Gregg, p. 399
  204. Somerset, p. 501
  205. Gregg, p. 401
  206. Green, p. 330
  207. Hensbergen, Claudine; Bernard, Stephen (2014) "Introduction" Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies, vol. 37, no. 2, p.
  208. Waller, p. 313; see also Somerset, pp. 541–543 for a similar view.
  209. Green, p. 14
  210. Gregg, p. 404
  211. Green, p. 97; Gregg, p. 141
  212. Curtis, p. 204
  213. Curtis, pp. 124–131
  214. Gregg, p. 132
  215. Curtis, pp. 131, 136–137
  216. Gregg, p. 405
  217. BBC News
    https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6263977.stm
  218. Waller, pp. 313, 317, 328
  219. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/1065/page/2
  220. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2361/page/1
  221. English Regnal Years and Titles: Hand-lists, Easter dates, etc
    https://archive.org/stream/englishregalyear00wall#page/62/mode/2up
  222. Weir, p. 286
  223. Pinches and Pinches, pp. 194–195
  224. The National Archives
    http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7/section/I
  225. The National Archives
    http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aosp/1707/7/section/XXIV
  226. Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 36; Somerset, p. 56; Weir, p. 268
  227. Chester, p. 209
  228. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2216/page/2
  229. Chester, p. 217
  230. Ward, pp. 441–474
  231. Gregg, pp. 46–47
  232. The London Gazette
    https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2214/page/2
  233. Calendar of State Papers Domestic Series: James II (1964). London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 347; Gregg, p. 46; Somerset, p. 71;
  234. Gregg, p. 52
  235. Chester, p. 219; Weir, p. 268
  236. Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 55; Somerset, p. 86; Weir, p. 268
  237. Green, pp. 54, 335; Gregg, pp. 72, 120; Weir, p. 268
  238. Chester, pp. 246–247
  239. Ungrateful daughters : the Stuart princesses who stole their father's crown
  240. Chester, p. 226
  241. Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 80
  242. Luttrell, vol. II, p. 116; Weir, p. 268
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr02lutt/page/116
  243. Chester, p. 230
  244. Green, pp. 62, 335; Luttrell, vol. II, p. 424; Weir, p. 268
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr02lutt/page/424
  245. Gregg, p. 90
  246. Weir, p. 268; see also Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 99; Luttrell, vol. III, p. 62
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr03lutt/page/62
  247. Chester, p. 231
  248. Gregg, p. 100
  249. Weir, p. 269
  250. Luttrell, vol. III, p. 258
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr03lutt/page/258
  251. Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 20
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/20
  252. Gregg, p. 107
  253. Green, p. 335
  254. Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 114; Gregg, p. 108
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/114
  255. Bickley, Francis (ed.) (1930). Historical Manuscripts Commission: The Hastings Manuscripts. London: HMSO, vol. II, p. 28
    https://archive.org/details/reportonmanuscri0002grea/page/286/mode/2up
  256. Somerset, p. 152
  257. Green, p. 335; Gregg, p. 108; Somerset, p. 153
  258. Green, p. 335; Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 316
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/316
  259. Gregg, p. 116
  260. Somerset, p. 156
  261. Green, p. 335; Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 428; Weir, p. 269
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/428
  262. Luttrell, vol. IV, p. 607
    https://archive.org/details/briefhistoricalr04lutt/page/607
  263. Gregg, p. 120
  264. Gregg, pp. x–xi; Somerset, pp. viii–ix
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