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Android (operating system)

Updated: 12/10/2025, 4:16:45 PM Wikipedia source

Android is an operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen-based mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. Android has historically been developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance, but its most widely used version is primarily developed by Google. First released in 2008, Android is the world's most widely used operating system; it is the most used operating system for smartphones, and also most used for tablets; the latest version, released on June 10, 2025, is Android 16. At its core, the operating system is known as the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and is free and open-source software (FOSS) primarily licensed under the Apache License. However, most devices run the proprietary Android version developed by Google, which ships with additional proprietary closed-source software pre-installed, most notably Google Mobile Services (GMS), which includes core apps such as Google Chrome, the digital distribution platform Google Play, and the associated Google Play Services development platform. Firebase Cloud Messaging is used for push notifications. While AOSP is free, the "Android" name and logo are trademarks of Google, who restrict the use of Android branding on "uncertified" products. The majority of smartphones based on AOSP run Google's ecosystem—which is known simply as Android—some with vendor-customized user interfaces and software suites, for example One UI. Numerous modified distributions exist, which include competing Amazon Fire OS, community-developed LineageOS; the source code has also been used to develop a variety of Android distributions on a range of other devices, such as Android TV for televisions, Wear OS for wearables, and Meta Horizon OS for VR headsets. Software packages on Android, which use the APK format, are generally distributed through a proprietary application store; non-Google platforms include vendor-specific Amazon Appstore, Samsung Galaxy Store, Huawei AppGallery, and third-party companies Aptoide, Cafe Bazaar, GetJar or open source F-Droid. Since 2011 Android has been the most used operating system worldwide on smartphones. It has the largest installed base of any operating system in the world with over three billion monthly active users and accounting for 46% of the global operating system market.

Infobox

Developer
Open Handset Alliance (led by Google)
Written in
Java, Kotlin (UI), C (core), C , Rust and others
OS family
Unix-like (modified Linux kernel)
Working state
Active
Source model
Open source, freeware (most devices include proprietary components, such as Google Mobile Services)
Initial release
Android 1.0 / September 23, 2008; 17 years ago (2008-09-23)
Latest release
Android 16 / June 10, 2025; 6 months ago (2025-06-10)
Repository
mw- android.googlesource.com
Marketing target
Smartphones, tablet computers, smart TVs (Android TV), cars (Android Automotive) and smartwatches (Wear OS)
Available in
100 languages
Update method
Over-the-air
Package manager
APK-based
Supported platforms
64-bit: ARM64, x86-6432-bit (still supported, mostly old devices; apps need to support 64-bit too): ARMv7, x86
Kernel type
Monolithic (Linux kernel)
Userland
Bionic libc, mksh shell, Toybox as core utilities
Defaultuser interface
Graphical (multi-touch)
License
Apache License 2.0 for userspace softwareGNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel modifications
Official website
android.com

Tables

Summary of versions · Development › Update schedule
1.0
1.0
Version
1.0
Release date
September 23, 2008
1.1
1.1
Version
1.1
Release date
February 9, 2009
1.5 (Cupcake)
1.5 (Cupcake)
Version
1.5 (Cupcake)
Release date
April 27, 2009
1.6 (Donut)
1.6 (Donut)
Version
1.6 (Donut)
Release date
September 15, 2009
2.0−2.1 (Eclair)
2.0−2.1 (Eclair)
Version
2.0−2.1 (Eclair)
Release date
October 26, 2009
2.2 (Froyo)
2.2 (Froyo)
Version
2.2 (Froyo)
Release date
May 20, 2010
2.3 (Gingerbread)
2.3 (Gingerbread)
Version
2.3 (Gingerbread)
Release date
December 6, 2010
3.0 (Honeycomb)
3.0 (Honeycomb)
Version
3.0 (Honeycomb)
Release date
February 22, 2011
4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
Version
4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)
Release date
October 18, 2011
4.1−4.2−4.3 (Jelly Bean)
4.1−4.2−4.3 (Jelly Bean)
Version
4.1−4.2−4.3 (Jelly Bean)
Release date
July 9, 2012
4.4 (KitKat)
4.4 (KitKat)
Version
4.4 (KitKat)
Release date
October 31, 2013
5.0−5.1 (Lollipop)
5.0−5.1 (Lollipop)
Version
5.0−5.1 (Lollipop)
Release date
November 12, 2014
6.0 (Marshmallow)
6.0 (Marshmallow)
Version
6.0 (Marshmallow)
Release date
October 5, 2015
7.0−7.1 (Nougat)
7.0−7.1 (Nougat)
Version
7.0−7.1 (Nougat)
Release date
August 22, 2016
8.0−8.1 (Oreo)
8.0−8.1 (Oreo)
Version
8.0−8.1 (Oreo)
Release date
August 21, 2017
9 (Pie)
9 (Pie)
Version
9 (Pie)
Release date
August 6, 2018
10
10
Version
10
Release date
September 3, 2019
11
11
Version
11
Release date
September 8, 2020
12−12L
12−12L
Version
12−12L
Release date
October 4, 2021
13
13
Version
13
Release date
August 15, 2022
14
14
Version
14
Release date
October 4, 2023
15
15
Version
15
Release date
October 15, 2024
16
16
Version
16
Release date
June 10, 2025
Version
Release date
1.0
September 23, 2008
1.1
February 9, 2009
Cupcake)
April 27, 2009
Donut)
September 15, 2009
Eclair)
October 26, 2009
Froyo)
May 20, 2010
Gingerbread)
December 6, 2010
Honeycomb)
February 22, 2011
Ice Cream Sandwich)
October 18, 2011
Jelly Bean)
July 9, 2012
KitKat)
October 31, 2013
Lollipop)
November 12, 2014
Marshmallow)
October 5, 2015
Nougat)
August 22, 2016
Oreo)
August 21, 2017
9 (Pie)
August 6, 2018
10
September 3, 2019
11
September 8, 2020
12−12L
October 4, 2021
13
August 15, 2022
14
October 4, 2023
15
October 15, 2024
16
June 10, 2025
· Reception › Platform information
16
16
Version
16
Release date
June 10, 2025
API level
36
Kernel
?
Launched with
?
15
15
Version
15
Release date
August 13, 2024
API level
35
Kernel
6.6
Launched with
?
14
14
Version
14
Release date
October 4, 2023
API level
34
Kernel
6.1
Launched with
Pixel 4a (5G), Pixel 5, Pixel 5a, Pixel 6, Pixel 6 Pro, Pixel 7, Pixel 7 Pro, Pixel 7a, Pixel 8, Pixel 8 Pro, iQOO 11 Pro, Lenovo Tab Extreme Wi-Fi, Nothing Phone 1, OnePlus 11, Oppo Find N2, Oppo Find N2 Flip, Realme GT 2 Pro, Tecno Camon 20 series, Vivo X90 Pro, Xiaomi 12T, Xiaomi 13, Xiaomi 13 Pro, Xiaomi Pad 6
13
13
Version
13
Release date
August 15, 2022
API level
33
Kernel
5.x
Launched with
Pixel 4, Pixel 4 XL, Pixel 4a, Pixel 4a (5G), Pixel 5, Pixel 5a, Pixel 6, Pixel 6 Pro, Pixel 7, Pixel 7 Pro, Pixel 7a, Asus ZenFone 8, Lenovo P12 Pro, OnePlus 10 Pro, Oppo Find X5 Pro, Vivo X80 Pro, Realme GT2 Pro, Xiaomi 12, Xiaomi 12 Pro, Xiaomi Pad 5, Redmi K50 Pro, Sharp AQUOS sense6, Tecno Camon 19 Pro, ZTE Axon 40 Ultra
12L
12L
Version
12L
Release date
March 7, 2022
API level
32
Kernel
5.x
Launched with
Pixel 3, Pixel 3 XL, Pixel 3a, Pixel 3a XL, Pixel 4, Pixel 4 XL, Pixel 4a, Pixel 5, Pixel 5a
Version
Release date
API level
Kernel
Launched with
16
June 10, 2025
36
?
?
15
August 13, 2024
35
6.6
?
14
October 4, 2023
34
6.1
Pixel 4a (5G), Pixel 5, Pixel 5a, Pixel 6, Pixel 6 Pro, Pixel 7, Pixel 7 Pro, Pixel 7a, Pixel 8, Pixel 8 Pro, iQOO 11 Pro, Lenovo Tab Extreme Wi-Fi, Nothing Phone 1, OnePlus 11, Oppo Find N2, Oppo Find N2 Flip, Realme GT 2 Pro, Tecno Camon 20 series, Vivo X90 Pro, Xiaomi 12T, Xiaomi 13, Xiaomi 13 Pro, Xiaomi Pad 6
13
August 15, 2022
33
5.x
Pixel 4, Pixel 4 XL, Pixel 4a, Pixel 4a (5G), Pixel 5, Pixel 5a, Pixel 6, Pixel 6 Pro, Pixel 7, Pixel 7 Pro, Pixel 7a, Asus ZenFone 8, Lenovo P12 Pro, OnePlus 10 Pro, Oppo Find X5 Pro, Vivo X80 Pro, Realme GT2 Pro, Xiaomi 12, Xiaomi 12 Pro, Xiaomi Pad 5, Redmi K50 Pro, Sharp AQUOS sense6, Tecno Camon 19 Pro, ZTE Axon 40 Ultra
12L
March 7, 2022
32
5.x
Pixel 3, Pixel 3 XL, Pixel 3a, Pixel 3a XL, Pixel 4, Pixel 4 XL, Pixel 4a, Pixel 5, Pixel 5a

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  482. "Microsoft-Samsung Patent Deal: Great News for Windows Phones"
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  499. TechCrunch
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  500. Wired
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  501. Yahoo! Tech
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  504. PC World
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  510. Android Police
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  511. Android Central
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  523. CIO
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  550. Android Open Source Project
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