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American Civil War

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), which was formed in 1861 by states that had seceded from the Union to preserve African American slavery, which they saw as threatened because of the election of Abraham Lincoln and the growing abolitionist movement in the North. Decades of controversy over slavery came to a head when Abraham Lincoln, a Republican who opposed slavery's expansion, won the 1860 presidential election. Seven Southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized US forts and other federal assets within its borders. The war began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederacy bombarded Fort Sumter in South Carolina. A wave of enthusiasm for war swept over the North and South, as military recruitment soared. Four more Southern states seceded after the war began and, led by its president, Jefferson Davis, the Confederacy asserted control over a third of the US population in eleven states. Four years of intense combat, mostly in the South, ensued. During 1861–1862 in the western theater, the Union made permanent gains—though in the eastern theater the conflict was inconclusive. The abolition of slavery became a Union war goal on January 1, 1863, when Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared all slaves in rebel states to be free, applying to more than 3.5 million of the 4 million enslaved people in the country. To the west, the Union first destroyed the Confederacy's river navy by the summer of 1862, then much of its western armies, and seized New Orleans. The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River, while Confederate general Robert E. Lee's incursion north failed at the Battle of Gettysburg. General Ulysses S. Grant's western successes led to Lincoln's giving him command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions. This led to the fall of Atlanta in 1864 to Union general William Tecumseh Sherman, followed by his March to the Sea, which culminated in his taking Savannah. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, gateway to the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the Battle of Appomattox Court House, setting in motion the end of the war. Lincoln lived to see this victory but was shot by an assassin on April 14, dying the next day. By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure had been destroyed. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in an attempt to rebuild the country, bring the former Confederate states back into the United States, and grant civil rights to freed slaves. The war is one of the most extensively studied and written about episodes in the history of the United States. It remains the subject of cultural and historiographical debate. Of continuing interest is the myth of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. The war was among the first to use industrial warfare. Railroads, the electrical telegraph, steamships, the ironclad warship, and mass-produced weapons were widely used. The war left an estimated 700,000 soldiers dead, along with an undetermined number of civilian casualties, making it the deadliest in American history. The technology and brutality of the Civil War foreshadowed the coming world wars.

Infobox

Date
April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865[a][b] (4 years, 1 month and 2 weeks)
Location
United States, Atlantic Ocean
Result
Union victory
Territorialchanges
Dissolution of the Confederate States of America

Tables

Comparison of Union and Confederacy, 1860–1864[239][240] · Union victory
Population
Population
Col 1
Population
Year
1860
Union
22,100,000 (71%)
Confederacy
9,100,000 (29%)
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
28,800,000 (90%)
Union
3,000,000 (10%)
Free
Free
Col 1
Free
Year
1860
Union
21,700,000 (98%)
Confederacy
5,600,000 (62%)
Slave
Slave
Col 1
Slave
Year
1860
Union
490,000 (2%)
Confederacy
3,550,000 (38%)
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
negligible
Union
1,900,000
Soldiers
Soldiers
Col 1
Soldiers
Year
1860–64
Union
2,100,000 (67%)
Confederacy
1,064,000 (33%)
Railroad miles
Railroad miles
Col 1
Railroad miles
Year
1860
Union
21,800 (71%)
Confederacy
8,800 (29%)
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
29,100 (98%)
Union
negligible
Manufactures
Manufactures
Col 1
Manufactures
Year
1860
Union
90%
Confederacy
10%
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
98%
Union
2%
Arms production
Arms production
Col 1
Arms production
Year
1860
Union
97%
Confederacy
3%
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
98%
Union
2%
Cotton bales
Cotton bales
Col 1
Cotton bales
Year
1860
Union
negligible
Confederacy
4,500,000
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
300,000
Union
negligible
Exports
Exports
Col 1
Exports
Year
1860
Union
30%
Confederacy
70%
1864
1864
Col 1
1864
Year
98%
Union
2%
Year
Union
Confederacy
Population
1860
22,100,000 (71%)
9,100,000 (29%)
1864
28,800,000 (90%)
3,000,000 (10%)
Free
1860
21,700,000 (98%)
5,600,000 (62%)
Slave
1860
490,000 (2%)
3,550,000 (38%)
1864
negligible
1,900,000
Soldiers
1860–64
2,100,000 (67%)
1,064,000 (33%)
Railroad miles
1860
21,800 (71%)
8,800 (29%)
1864
29,100 (98%)
negligible
Manufactures
1860
90%
10%
1864
98%
2%
Arms production
1860
97%
3%
1864
98%
2%
Cotton bales
1860
negligible
4,500,000
1864
300,000
negligible
Exports
1860
30%
70%
1864
98%
2%
Casualties according to the US National Park Service[2] · Casualties
Killed in action
Killed in action
Category
Killed in action
Union
110,100
Confederate
94,000
Disease
Disease
Category
Disease
Union
224,580
Confederate
164,000
Wounded in action
Wounded in action
Category
Wounded in action
Union
275,154
Confederate
194,026
Captured (inc those who died as POWs)
Captured (inc those who died as POWs)
Category
Captured (inc those who died as POWs)
Union
211,411 (30,192)
Confederate
462,634 (31,000)
Total
Total
Category
Total
Union
821,245
Confederate
914,660
Category
Union
Confederate
Killed in action
110,100
94,000
Disease
224,580
164,000
Wounded in action
275,154
194,026
Captured (inc those who died as POWs)
211,411 (30,192)
462,634 (31,000)
Total
821,245
914,660

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