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Aluminium

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Aluminium

Aluminium (the Commonwealth and preferred IUPAC name) or aluminum (North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. It has a density lower than other common metals, about one-third that of steel. Aluminium has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. It visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic, and ductile. It has one stable isotope, 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the 12th-most abundant element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al leads to it being used in radiometric dating. Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it has more polarizing power, and bonds formed by aluminium have a more covalent character. The strong affinity of aluminium for oxygen leads to the common occurrence of its oxides in nature. Aluminium is found on Earth primarily in rocks in the crust, where it is the third-most abundant element after oxygen and silicon, rather than in the mantle, and virtually never as the free metal. It is obtained industrially by mining bauxite, a sedimentary rock rich in aluminium minerals. The discovery of aluminium was announced in 1825 by Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted. The first industrial production of aluminium was initiated by French chemist Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville in 1856. Aluminium became much more available to the public with the Hall–Héroult process developed independently by French engineer Paul Héroult and American engineer Charles Martin Hall in 1886, and the mass production of aluminium led to its extensive use in industry and everyday life. In 1954, aluminium became the most produced non-ferrous metal, surpassing copper. In the 21st century, most aluminium was consumed in transportation, engineering, construction, and packaging in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. The standard atomic weight of aluminium is low in comparison with many other metals, giving it the low density responsible for many of its uses. Despite its prevalence in the environment, no living organism is known to metabolize aluminium salts, but aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals. Because of the abundance of these salts, the potential for a biological role for them is of interest, and studies are ongoing.

Infobox

Pronunciation
mw- aluminium: /ˌæljəˈmɪniəm/ ⓘ(AL-yə-MIN-ee-əm)aluminum: /əˈluːmənəm/ ⓘ(ə-LOO-mə-nəm)
Alternative name
Aluminum (U.S., Canada)
Appearance
Silvery gray metallic
Atomic number (Z)
13
Group
group 13 (boron group)
Period
period 3
Block
p-block
Electron configuration
[Ne] 3s2 3p1
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 3
Phase at STP
solid
Melting point
933.47 K (660.32 °C, 1220.58 °F)
Boiling point
2743 K (2470 °C, 4478 °F)
Density (at 20 °C)
2.699 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)
2.375 g/cm3
Heat of fusion
10.71 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization
284 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity
24.20 J/(mol·K)
P (Pa)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1482 1632 1817 2054 2364 2790
at T (K)
1482
Oxidation states
common: 3 −2, −1, 0, 1, 2
Electronegativity
Pauling scale: 1.61
Ionization energies
1st: 577.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1816.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 2744.8 kJ/mol (more)
Atomic radius
empirical: 143 pm
Covalent radius
121±4 pm
Van der Waals radius
184 pm
Natural occurrence
primordial
Crystal structure
face-centered cubic (fcc) (cF4)
Lattice constant
a = 404.93 pm (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion
22.87×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity
237 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity
26.5 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering
paramagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility
16.5×10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus
70 GPa
Shear modulus
26 GPa
Bulk modulus
76 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod
(rolled) 5000 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio
0.35
Mohs hardness
2.75
Vickers hardness
160–350 MPa
Brinell hardness
160–550 MPa
CAS Number
7429-90-5
Naming
from alumine, obsolete name for alumina
Prediction
Antoine Lavoisier (1782)
Discovery
Hans Christian Ørsted (1824)
Named by
Humphry Davy (1812[a])
Main isotopes
mw- body Main isotopes Decay Isotope abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 26Al trace 7.17×105 y β 26Mg 27Al 100% stable
26Al
trace
27Al
100%

Tables

at T (K)
at T (K)
P (Pa)
at T (K)
1
1482
10
1632
100
1817
1 k
2054
10 k
2364
100 k
2790
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1482
1632
1817
2054
2364
2790
mw- Isotope
mw- Isotope
Main isotopes
mw- Isotope
Main isotopes
abun­dance
Main isotopes
half-life (t1/2)
Decay
mode
Decay
pro­duct
26Al
26Al
Main isotopes
26Al
Main isotopes
trace
Main isotopes
7.17×105 y
Decay
β+
Decay
26Mg
27Al
27Al
Main isotopes
27Al
Main isotopes
100%
Main isotopes
stable
Main isotopes
Decay
mw- Isotope
abun­dance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
pro­duct
26Al
trace
7.17×105 y
β+
26Mg
27Al
100%
stable
World's largest producing countries of aluminium, 2024[147]
China
China
Country
China
Output(thousand tons)
43,000
India
India
Country
India
Output(thousand tons)
4,200
Russia
Russia
Country
Russia
Output(thousand tons)
3,800
Canada
Canada
Country
Canada
Output(thousand tons)
3,300
United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Country
United Arab Emirates
Output(thousand tons)
2,700
Bahrain
Bahrain
Country
Bahrain
Output(thousand tons)
1,600
Australia
Australia
Country
Australia
Output(thousand tons)
1,500
Norway
Norway
Country
Norway
Output(thousand tons)
1,300
Brazil
Brazil
Country
Brazil
Output(thousand tons)
1,100
Malaysia
Malaysia
Country
Malaysia
Output(thousand tons)
870
Iceland
Iceland
Country
Iceland
Output(thousand tons)
780
United States
United States
Country
United States
Output(thousand tons)
670
Other countries
Other countries
Country
Other countries
Output(thousand tons)
6,800
Total
Total
Country
Total
Output(thousand tons)
72,000
Country
Output(thousand tons)
China
43,000
India
4,200
Russia
3,800
Canada
3,300
United Arab Emirates
2,700
Bahrain
1,600
Australia
1,500
Norway
1,300
Brazil
1,100
Malaysia
870
Iceland
780
United States
670
Other countries
6,800
Total
72,000

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  3. No elements with odd atomic number have more than two stable isotopes, while even-numbered elements from oxygen to lead
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  6. These should not be considered as [AlF6]3− complex anions as the Al–F bonds are not significantly different in type from
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  8. Abundances in the source are listed relative to silicon rather than in per-particle notation. The sum of all elements pe
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