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Alexander the Great

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Ancient Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος, romanized: Aléxandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his regency conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout parts of Asia and Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. In 335 BC, shortly after assuming the throne of Macedon, he launched a campaign in the Balkans and reasserted control over Thrace and parts of Illyria before marching on the city of Thebes, which was subsequently destroyed in battle. Alexander then assumed leadership of the League of Corinth, created by his father, and with his authority over all Greeks he launched a pan-Hellenic campaign to invade the Achaemenid Persian Empire. He launched the invasion in 334 BC, and with it began a series of campaigns which lasted for 10 years. Following his conquest of Asia Minor and a series of decisive battles, particularly at Issus and Gaugamela, the power of the Achaemenid Empire was broken. He subsequently overthrew Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety. After the fall of Persia, the Macedonian Empire held a vast swath of territory between the Adriatic Sea and the Indus River. Alexander endeavored to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea" and invaded India in 326 BC, achieving an important victory over Porus, an ancient Indian king of present-day Punjab, at the Battle of the Hydaspes. He was eventually forced to turn back at the Beas River, after facing mutiny from troops, and later died in 323 BC in Babylon, Mesopotamia, in the city which he had planned to make the capital of his empire, while on his return to Greece. Alexander's death put an end to his planned invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars broke out across the Macedonian Empire, eventually leading to its disintegration at the hands of the Diadochi. Alexander's death marks the conventional beginning of the Hellenistic period. Through his conquests, he built a legacy that includes the cultural diffusion and syncretism, which gave rise to Greco-Buddhism and Hellenistic Judaism. He founded more than twenty cities, with the most prominent being the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's establishment of Greek colonies and the spreading of Greek culture led to Hellenistic civilization becoming a major force in the ancient world, influencing regions as far east as the Indian subcontinent. The Hellenistic period developed through the Roman Empire into modern Western culture; the Greek language became the lingua franca of the region and was the predominant language of the Byzantine Empire until its collapse in 1453 AD. Alexander became a legendary hero similar to Achilles, featuring prominently in the historical and mythical traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. His military achievements and successes in battle made him the touchstone against which many later military leaders would judge themselves. His tactics remain a significant subject of study in military academies worldwide. Legends of Alexander's exploits were coalesced into the 3rd century Alexander Romance which, in the premodern period, went through over one hundred recensions, translations, and derivations and was translated into almost every European vernacular and every language of the Islamic world. After the Bible, it was the most popular form of European literature.

Infobox

Reign
330–323 BC
Predecessor
Darius III
Successor
Philip III
Born
20 or 21 July 356 BCPella, Macedon
Died
10 or 11 June 323 BC (aged 32)Babylon, Macedon
Spouse
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Issue
3, including Alexander IV Heracles[a]
Greek
Ἀλέξανδρος[b]
Dynasty
Argead
Father
Philip II of Macedon
Mother
Olympias of Epirus
Religion
Ancient Greek religion

Tables

· Battle record
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
338-08-02 2 August 338 BC
War
Philip II's submission of Greece
Action
Chaeronea Battle of Chaeronea
Opponent/s
Thebans, Athenians and other Greek cities
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Greece
Rank
Prince ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
335 335 BC
War
Balkan Campaign
Action
Mount Haemus Battle of Mount Haemus
Opponent/s
Getae, Thracians
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Bulgaria
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
335-12 December 335 BC
War
Balkan Campaign
Action
Pelium Siege of Pelium
Opponent/s
Illyrians
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Albania
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
335-12 December 335 BC
War
Balkan Campaign
Action
Pelium Battle of Thebes
Opponent/s
Thebans
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Greece
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
334-05 May 334 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Granicus Battle of the Granicus
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Turkey
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
334 334 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Miletus Siege of Miletus
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire, Milesians
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Turkey
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
334 334 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Halicarnassus Siege of Halicarnassus
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Turkey
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
333-11-05 5 November 333 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Issus Battle of Issus
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Turkey
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
332 January–July 332 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Tyre Siege of Tyre
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire, Tyrians
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Lebanon
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
332-10 October 332 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Tyre Siege of Gaza
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Palestine
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
331-10-01 1 October 331 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Gaugamela Battle of Gaugamela
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Iraq
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
331-12 December 331 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Uxian Defile Battle of the Uxian Defile
Opponent/s
Uxians
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Iran
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
330-01-20 20 January 330 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Persian Gate Battle of the Persian Gate
Opponent/s
Achaemenid Empire
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Iran
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
329 329 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Cyropolis Siege of Cyropolis
Opponent/s
Sogdians
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Turkmenistan
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
329-10 October 329 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Jaxartes Battle of Jaxartes
Opponent/s
Scythians
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Uzbekistan
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
327 327 BC
War
Persian Campaign
Action
Sogdian Rock Siege of the Sogdian Rock
Opponent/s
Sogdians
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Uzbekistan
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
327 May 327 – March 326 BC
War
Indian Campaign
Action
Cophen Cophen campaign
Opponent/s
Aspasians
Type
Expedition
Country(present day)
Afghanistan and Pakistan
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
326-04 April 326 BC
War
Indian Campaign
Action
Aornos Siege of Aornos
Opponent/s
Aśvaka
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Pakistan
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
326-05 May 326 BC
War
Indian Campaign
Action
Hydaspes Battle of the Hydaspes
Opponent/s
Porus
Type
Battle
Country(present day)
Pakistan
Rank
King ⁂
Victory
Victory
Outcome
Victory
Date
325 November 326 – February 325 BC
War
Indian Campaign
Action
Aornos Siege of Multan
Opponent/s
Malli
Type
Siege
Country(present day)
Pakistan
Rank
King ⁂
Outcome
Date
War
Action
Opponent/s
Type
Country(present day)
Rank
Victory
338-08-02 2 August 338 BC
Philip II's submission of Greece
Chaeronea Battle of Chaeronea
Thebans, Athenians and other Greek cities
Battle
Greece
Prince ⁂
Victory
335 335 BC
Balkan Campaign
Mount Haemus Battle of Mount Haemus
Getae, Thracians
Battle
Bulgaria
King ⁂
Victory
335-12 December 335 BC
Balkan Campaign
Pelium Siege of Pelium
Illyrians
Siege
Albania
King ⁂
Victory
335-12 December 335 BC
Balkan Campaign
Pelium Battle of Thebes
Thebans
Battle
Greece
King ⁂
Victory
334-05 May 334 BC
Persian Campaign
Granicus Battle of the Granicus
Achaemenid Empire
Battle
Turkey
King ⁂
Victory
334 334 BC
Persian Campaign
Miletus Siege of Miletus
Achaemenid Empire, Milesians
Siege
Turkey
King ⁂
Victory
334 334 BC
Persian Campaign
Halicarnassus Siege of Halicarnassus
Achaemenid Empire
Siege
Turkey
King ⁂
Victory
333-11-05 5 November 333 BC
Persian Campaign
Issus Battle of Issus
Achaemenid Empire
Battle
Turkey
King ⁂
Victory
332 January–July 332 BC
Persian Campaign
Tyre Siege of Tyre
Achaemenid Empire, Tyrians
Siege
Lebanon
King ⁂
Victory
332-10 October 332 BC
Persian Campaign
Tyre Siege of Gaza
Achaemenid Empire
Siege
Palestine
King ⁂
Victory
331-10-01 1 October 331 BC
Persian Campaign
Gaugamela Battle of Gaugamela
Achaemenid Empire
Battle
Iraq
King ⁂
Victory
331-12 December 331 BC
Persian Campaign
Uxian Defile Battle of the Uxian Defile
Uxians
Battle
Iran
King ⁂
Victory
330-01-20 20 January 330 BC
Persian Campaign
Persian Gate Battle of the Persian Gate
Achaemenid Empire
Battle
Iran
King ⁂
Victory
329 329 BC
Persian Campaign
Cyropolis Siege of Cyropolis
Sogdians
Siege
Turkmenistan
King ⁂
Victory
329-10 October 329 BC
Persian Campaign
Jaxartes Battle of Jaxartes
Scythians
Battle
Uzbekistan
King ⁂
Victory
327 327 BC
Persian Campaign
Sogdian Rock Siege of the Sogdian Rock
Sogdians
Siege
Uzbekistan
King ⁂
Victory
327 May 327 – March 326 BC
Indian Campaign
Cophen Cophen campaign
Aspasians
Expedition
Afghanistan and Pakistan
King ⁂
Victory
326-04 April 326 BC
Indian Campaign
Aornos Siege of Aornos
Aśvaka
Siege
Pakistan
King ⁂
Victory
326-05 May 326 BC
Indian Campaign
Hydaspes Battle of the Hydaspes
Porus
Battle
Pakistan
King ⁂
Victory
325 November 326 – February 325 BC
Indian Campaign
Aornos Siege of Multan
Malli
Siege
Pakistan
King ⁂
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded byPhilip II
Preceded byPhilip II
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Preceded byPhilip II
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
King of Macedon 336–323 BC
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Succeeded byPhilip IIIAlexander IV
Preceded byDarius III
Preceded byDarius III
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Preceded byDarius III
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
King of Persia 330–323 BC
Pharaoh of Egypt 332–323 BC
Pharaoh of Egypt 332–323 BC
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Pharaoh of Egypt 332–323 BC
New creation
New creation
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
New creation
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Lord of Asia 331–323 BC
Alexander the Great Argead dynastyBorn: 356 BC Died: 323 BC
Regnal titles
Preceded byPhilip II
King of Macedon 336–323 BC
Succeeded byPhilip IIIAlexander IV
Preceded byDarius III
King of Persia 330–323 BC
Pharaoh of Egypt 332–323 BC
New creation
Lord of Asia 331–323 BC

References

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  2. The name Ἀλέξανδρος derives from the Greek verb ἀλέξω (aléxō, lit. 'ward off, avert, defend') and ἀνδρ- (andr-), the ste
  3. The first known person to call Alexander "the Great" was a Roman playwright named Plautus (254–184 BC) in his play Moste
  4. Macedon was an Ancient Greek polity; the Macedonians were a Greek tribe.
  5. By the time of his death, he had conquered the entire Achaemenid Persian Empire, adding it to Macedon's European territo
  6. For instance, Hannibal supposedly ranked Alexander as the greatest general; Julius Caesar wept on seeing a statue of Ale
  7. In ancient historiography, the Argead dynasty was traditionally regarded as having originated from Argos. The Argeads th
  8. There have been, since the time, many suspicions that Pausanias was actually hired to murder Philip. Suspicion has falle
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