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Al-Qaeda

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Al-Qaeda

Al-Qaeda is a pan-Islamist militant organization led by Sunni Islamist jihadists who self-identify as a vanguard spearheading a global Islamist revolution to unite the Muslim world under a supra-national Islamic caliphate. Its membership is mostly composed of Arabs but also includes people from other ethnic groups. Al-Qaeda has mounted attacks on civilian and military targets of the U.S. and its allies; such as the 1998 US embassy bombings, the USS Cole bombing, and the September 11 attacks. It has been designated a terrorist organization by the United Nations and over two dozen countries around the world. The organization was founded in a series of meetings held in Peshawar during 1988, attended by Abdullah Azzam, Osama bin Laden, Muhammad Atef, Ayman al-Zawahiri and other veterans of the Soviet–Afghan War. Building upon the networks of Maktab al-Khidamat, the founding members decided to create an organization named "Al-Qaeda" to serve as a "vanguard" for jihad. When Saddam Hussein invaded and occupied Kuwait in 1990, bin Laden offered to support Saudi Arabia by sending his Mujahideen fighters. His offer was rebuffed by the Saudi government, which instead sought the aid of the United States. The stationing of U.S. troops in the Arabian Peninsula prompted bin Laden to declare a jihad against both the rulers of Saudi Arabia – whom he denounced as murtadd (apostates) – and against the US. From 1992, al-Qaeda established its headquarters in Sudan until it was expelled in 1996. It then shifted its base to the Taliban-ruled Afghanistan and later expanded to other parts of the world, primarily in the Middle East and South Asia. In 1996 and 1998, bin Laden issued two fatāwā that demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda conducted the US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania, which killed 224 people. The U.S. retaliated by launching Operation Infinite Reach, against al-Qaeda targets in Afghanistan and Sudan. In 2001, al-Qaeda carried out the September 11 attacks, resulting in nearly 3,000 deaths, long-term health consequences of nearby residents, damage to global economic markets, the triggering of drastic geo-political changes as well as generating profound cultural influence across the world. The U.S. launched the war on terror in response and invaded Afghanistan to depose the Taliban and destroy al-Qaeda. In 2003, a U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq, overthrowing the Ba'athist regime which they falsely accused of having ties with al-Qaeda. In 2004, al-Qaeda launched its Iraqi regional branch. After pursuing him for almost a decade, the U.S. military killed bin Laden in Pakistan in May 2011. Al-Qaeda members believe that a Judeo-Christian alliance (led by the United States) is waging a war against Islam and conspiring to destroy Islam. Al-Qaeda also opposes man-made laws, and seek to implement sharīʿah (Islamic law) in Muslim countries. Al-Qaeda fighters characteristically deploy tactics such as suicide attacks (Inghimasi and Istishhadi operations) involving simultaneous bombing of several targets in battle-zones. Al-Qaeda's Iraq branch, which later morphed into the Islamic State of Iraq after 2006, was responsible for numerous sectarian attacks against Shias during its Iraqi insurgency. Al-Qaeda ideologues envision the violent removal of all foreign and secularist influences in Muslim countries, which it denounces as corrupt deviations. Following the death of bin Laden in 2011, al-Qaeda vowed to avenge his killing. The group was then led by Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri until he too was killed by the United States in 2022. As of 2021, they have reportedly suffered from a deterioration of central command over its regional operations.

Infobox

Founder
Osama bin Laden X
Leaders
mw- Osama bin Laden X(1988–2011) Ayman al-Zawahiri X(2011–2022) Saif al-Adel(de facto; 2022–present)
Dates of operation
August 11, 1988 – present
Allegiance
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Group
Groups: Al-Shabaab JNIM AQAP AQIM Ansaru AQIS Former groups: AQBH(until 2002) Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades(until 2005) AQI(2004–2006) AQY(until 2009) AQBH(until 2009) AQKB(until 2010) Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip)(until 2012) Abdullah Azzam Brigades (until 2015) Ansar al-Sharia (Mali) (until 2016) Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) (until 2017) Al-Nusra Front (2012–2017) Khorasan (until 2017) Ansar al-Sharia (Syria) (until 2017) Ansar al-Sharia (Derna, Libya) (until 2018) AQSP (until 2018) Ansar al-Sharia (Egypt) (until 2018) Ansar al-Sharia (Mauritania) (until 2019) Imam Shamil Battalion(until 2019) Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)(until 2022) AQMA (until 2024) Hurras al-Din(until 2025)
Ideology
Sunni Islamism Pan-Islamism Qutbism Salafi jihadism Muslim unity Jihadism Sunni–Shia alliance Islamic fundamentalism Anti-Americanism Anti-communism Anti-imperialism Antisemitism Anti-Western imperialism Anti-Zionism Factions: Ahl-i Hadith Deobandism Deobandi jihadism Wahhabism Anti-Shi'ism (alleged, officially denied)
Size
In Afghanistan: 400 (2023) In the Maghreb: 1,000–5,000 (2015) In Yemen: 3,000 (2022) In Somalia: 7,000–12,000 (2023)
Allies
State allies: Afghanistan (1996–2001, 2021–present) Iran (alleged, but denied by Iran) North Korea (alleged by the US) Pakistan (alleged, but denied by Pakistan) Qatar (alleged, but denied by Qatar) Russia (alleged, but denied by Russia) Saudi Arabia (alleged, but denied by Saudi Arabia) Sudan (1989–1996) Syria (until 2024; alleged by the US) Zimbabwe (alleged) Non-state allies: Taliban (2001–2021) Haqqani network Houthis (since 2023) Hezbollah (sometimes) Ansar al-Islam Ansar Al-Furqan Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (1998–2015, 2016–present) Pakistani Taliban Turkistan Islamic Party Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Lashkar-e-Taiba Jaish-e-Mohammed Islamic Jihad Union Fatah al-Islam Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Egyptian Islamic Jihad (until 2001) Jundallah (until 2011) Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group (until 2010s) Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade (until 2014) Boko Haram (until 2015) Caucasus Emirate (until 2016) Jemaah Islamiyah (until 2024)
Opponents
State opponents: Algeria China Egypt France India Iran Iraq Israel Lebanon Russia Saudi Arabia Somalia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uzbekistan Yemen Formerly: Afghanistan (1988–1992; 1996–2001; 2002–2021) Soviet Union (1988–1989) Non-state opponents: Islamic State Houthis (until 2023) Hezbollah (sometimes) Peshmerga YPG Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council
Battles and wars
War on terror In Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War In Afghanistan Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) Battle of Jalalabad (1989) Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) In Tajikistan Civil war in Tajikistan In North-Caucasus Second Chechen War Insurgency in the North Caucasus Al-Qaeda insurgency in North Caucasus In Yemen al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) In the Maghreb Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Mali War Azawad conflict In Iraq Iraq War Iraqi insurgency In Pakistan Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Insurgency in Balochistan In Somalia Somalia War (2006–2009) Somali Civil War (2009–present) In the Sahel War in the Sahel In Syria Syrian Civil War Military intervention against ISIL American-led intervention in Syria In Lebanon Syrian civil war spillover in Lebanon In Egypt Sinai insurgency Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) In India Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
Designated as a terrorist group by
See below

Tables

· Activities › Involvement in military conflicts
1991
1991
Start of conflict
1991
End of conflict
ongoing
Conflict
Somali Civil War
Continent
Africa
Location
Somalia
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda Central
1992
1992
Start of conflict
1992
End of conflict
1996
Conflict
Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)
Continent
Asia
Location
Islamic State of Afghanistan
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda Central
1992
1992
Start of conflict
1992
End of conflict
ongoing
Conflict
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Continent
Asia
Location
Yemen
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
1996
1996
Start of conflict
1996
End of conflict
2001
Conflict
Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)
Continent
Asia
Location
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda Central
2001
2001
Start of conflict
2001
End of conflict
2021
Conflict
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Continent
Asia
Location
Afghanistan
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda Central
2002
2002
Start of conflict
2002
End of conflict
ongoing
Conflict
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
Continent
Africa
Location
AlgeriaChadMaliMauritaniaMoroccoNigerTunisia
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
2003
2003
Start of conflict
2003
End of conflict
2011
Conflict
Iraq War
Continent
Asia
Location
Iraq
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic State of Iraq
2004
2004
Start of conflict
2004
End of conflict
ongoing
Conflict
War in North-West Pakistan
Continent
Asia
Location
Pakistan
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda Central
2009
2009
Start of conflict
2009
End of conflict
2017
Conflict
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Continent
Asia
Location
Russia
Branches involved
Caucasus Emirate
2011
2011
Start of conflict
2011
End of conflict
ongoing
Conflict
Syrian Civil War
Continent
Asia
Location
Syria
Branches involved
al-Nusra Front
2015
2015
Start of conflict
2015
End of conflict
ongoing
Conflict
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
Continent
Asia
Location
Yemen
Branches involved
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Start of conflict
End of conflict
Conflict
Continent
Location
Branches involved
1991
ongoing
Somali Civil War
Africa
Somalia
Al-Qaeda Central
1992
1996
Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–1996)
Asia
Islamic State of Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda Central
1992
ongoing
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
Asia
Yemen
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
1996
2001
Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)
Asia
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda Central
2001
2021
War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
Asia
Afghanistan
Al-Qaeda Central
2002
ongoing
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
Africa
AlgeriaChadMaliMauritaniaMoroccoNigerTunisia
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
2003
2011
Iraq War
Asia
Iraq
Al-Qaeda in Iraq Islamic State of Iraq
2004
ongoing
War in North-West Pakistan
Asia
Pakistan
Al-Qaeda Central
2009
2017
Insurgency in the North Caucasus
Asia
Russia
Caucasus Emirate
2011
ongoing
Syrian Civil War
Asia
Syria
al-Nusra Front
2015
ongoing
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
Asia
Yemen
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

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  371. San Francisco Chronicle
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  372. Time
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  374. Newsweek
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  380. "December 18, 2007 Poll: Most Saudis oppose al Qaeda"
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  381. Wright 2008: 'In December, in order to stanch the flow of criticism, Zawahiri boldly initiated a virtual town-hall meeti
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  383. "New release from the Global Islamic Media Front: 'Lies in Disguise: A Response From the Deep Heart of a Mujāhid of the Lions of Islām in Somalia'"
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