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Akbar

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Akbar

Akbar (Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, (1542-10-15)15 October 1542 – (1605-10-27)27 October 1605), also known as Akbar the Great, was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent. He is generally considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history and led a successful campaign to unify the various kingdoms of Hindūstān or India proper. Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a centralised system of administration and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, he adopted policies that won him the support of his non-Muslim subjects, including abolishing the sectarian tax and appointing them to high civil and military posts. Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an Indo-Persian culture. Akbar's courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and became known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning. Timurid and Perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements into a distinct style of Mughal arts, including painting and architecture. Disillusioned with orthodox Islam and perhaps hoping to bring about religious unity within his empire, Akbar promulgated Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic creed derived mainly from Islam and Hinduism as well as elements of Zoroastrianism and Christianity. Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Prince Salim, later known as Jahangir.

Infobox

Reign
11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
Coronation
14 February 1556Takht-i-Akbari, Kalanaur
Predecessor
HumayunHemu (as ruler of Delhi)
Successor
Jahangir
Regent
Bairam Khan (1556–1560)
Born
Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar15 October 1542[a]Amarkot, Amarkot Kingdom, Rajputana (modern-day Umerkot, Sindh, Pakistan)
Died
27 October 1605(1605-10-27) (aged 63)Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial
November 1605Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra, Agra, India
Consorts
mw- Ruqaiya Sultan Begum (m. 1556) Salima Sultan Begum (m. 1561) Mariam-uz-Zamani (m. 1562)
Wives
Raj Kunwari (m. 1570) Nathi Bai (m. 1570) Bhakkari Begum (m. 1572) Qasima Banu Begum (m. 1575)Gauhar-un-Nissa BegumBibi Daulat ShadRukmavatiseveral others
IssueDetail
Hassan MirzaHussain MirzaJahangirShahzada KhanumMurad MirzaShakr-un-Nissa BegumDaniyal MirzaAram Banu Begum
Names
NamesAbu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad AkbarPosthumous nameArsh-Ashyani (lit. 'One who nests on the divine throne')
House
House of Babur
Dynasty
Timurid
Father
Humayun
Mother
Hamida Banu Begum
Religion
Sunni Islam Din-i-Ilahi
Allegiance
Mughal Empire
Branch
Mughal Army
Battles / wars
mw- See list li Panipat (1556) Mankot (1557) Thanesar (1567) Mughal–Rajput Wars Merta (1562) Mughal invasion of Marwar (1562–1583) Chittorgarh (1567–1568) Ranthambore (1568) Gujarat (1572–73) Bengal (1572–76) Tukaroi (1575) Rajmahal (1576)

Tables

· Issue
By Mariam-uz-Zamani (c. 1542 – 19 May 1623
By Mariam-uz-Zamani (c. 1542 – 19 May 1623
Name
By Mariam-uz-Zamani (c. 1542 – 19 May 1623
Fatima Banu Begum
Fatima Banu Begum
Name
Fatima Banu Begum
Birth
c. 1562
Death
infancy
Notes
died in infancy
Hassan Mirza
Hassan Mirza
Name
Hassan Mirza
Birth
19 October 1564
Death
5 November 1564
Notes
twin with Hussain Mirza; died shortly after birth
Hussain Mirza
Hussain Mirza
Name
Hussain Mirza
Birth
19 October 1564
Death
29 October 1564
Notes
twin with Hassan Mirza; died shortly after birth
Jahangir
Jahangir
Name
Jahangir
Birth
31 August 1569
Death
28 October 1627
Notes
Born Salim Mirza; succeeded Akbar to the throne
By concubines (various)
By concubines (various)
Name
By concubines (various)
Murad Mirza
Murad Mirza
Name
Murad Mirza
Birth
15 June 1570
Death
12 May 1599
Notes
Entrusted to Salima Sultan Begum for early years; returned to mother’s care before 1575
Daniyal Mirza
Daniyal Mirza
Name
Daniyal Mirza
Birth
11 September 1572
Death
19 March 1605
Notes
Fostered by Mariam-uz-Zamani
By Bibi Salima
By Bibi Salima
Name
By Bibi Salima
Shahzadi Khanum
Shahzadi Khanum
Name
Shahzadi Khanum
Birth
21 November 1569
Death
unknown
Notes
Fostered by Mariam Makani; married Muzaffar Hussain Mirza, Timurid Prince
By Nathi Bai
By Nathi Bai
Name
By Nathi Bai
Mahi Begum
Mahi Begum
Name
Mahi Begum
Birth
unknown
Death
7 April 1577
By Bibi Daulat Shad
By Bibi Daulat Shad
Name
By Bibi Daulat Shad
Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
Name
Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
Birth
unknown
Death
1 January 1653
Notes
Married Shahrukh Mirza
Aram Banu Begum
Aram Banu Begum
Name
Aram Banu Begum
Birth
22 December 1584
Death
17 June 1624
Adopted children
Adopted children
Name
Adopted children
Kishnavati Bai
Kishnavati Bai
Name
Kishnavati Bai
Birth
unknown
Death
August 1609
Notes
Adopted; daughter of Sekhavat Kachvahi Durjan Sal; married Sawai Raja Sur Singh of Marwar; mother of Gaj Singh of Marwar and Manbhavati Bai
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
By Mariam-uz-Zamani (c. 1542 – 19 May 1623
Fatima Banu Begum
c. 1562
infancy
died in infancy
Hassan Mirza
19 October 1564
5 November 1564
twin with Hussain Mirza; died shortly after birth
Hussain Mirza
19 October 1564
29 October 1564
twin with Hassan Mirza; died shortly after birth
Jahangir
31 August 1569
28 October 1627
Born Salim Mirza; succeeded Akbar to the throne
By concubines (various)
Murad Mirza
15 June 1570
12 May 1599
Entrusted to Salima Sultan Begum for early years; returned to mother’s care before 1575
Daniyal Mirza
11 September 1572
19 March 1605
Fostered by Mariam-uz-Zamani
By Bibi Salima
Shahzadi Khanum
21 November 1569
unknown
Fostered by Mariam Makani; married Muzaffar Hussain Mirza, Timurid Prince
By Nathi Bai
Mahi Begum
unknown
7 April 1577
By Bibi Daulat Shad
Shakr-un-Nissa Begum
unknown
1 January 1653
Married Shahrukh Mirza
Aram Banu Begum
22 December 1584
17 June 1624
Adopted children
Kishnavati Bai
unknown
August 1609
Adopted; daughter of Sekhavat Kachvahi Durjan Sal; married Sawai Raja Sur Singh of Marwar; mother of Gaj Singh of Marwar and Manbhavati Bai
· External links
Regnal titles
Regnal titles
Akbar Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605
Regnal titles
Preceded byHumayun
Preceded byHumayun
Akbar Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605
Preceded byHumayun
Akbar Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605
Mughal Emperor 1556–1605
Akbar Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605
Succeeded byJahangir
Akbar Timurid dynastyBorn: 14 October 1542 Died: 27 October 1605
Regnal titles
Preceded byHumayun
Mughal Emperor 1556–1605
Succeeded byJahangir

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