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Ahmad Shah Massoud

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Ahmad Shah Massoud

Ahmad Shah Massoud (2 September 1953 – 9 September 2001) was an Afghan military leader and politician. Known as the "Lion of Panjshir", he was the foremost commander of Afghan mujahideen against the Soviet occupation during the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979 to 1989. In the 1990s, he led the government's military wing against rival militias, and actively fought against the Taliban, from the time the regime rose to power in 1996, and until his assassination in 2001. Massoud came from a Tajik Sunni Muslim background in the Panjshir Valley in northern Afghanistan. He began studying engineering at Polytechnical University of Kabul in the 1970s, where he became involved with religious anti-communist movements around Burhanuddin Rabbani, a leading Islamist. He participated in a failed uprising against Mohammed Daoud Khan's government. He later joined Rabbani's Jamiat-e Islami party. During the Soviet–Afghan War, he successfully resisted the Soviets from taking the Panjshir Valley. In 1992, he signed the Peshawar Accord, a peace and power-sharing agreement, in the post-communist Islamic State of Afghanistan. He was appointed the Minister of Defense as well as the government's main military commander. The accord was opposed by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and other warlords, initiating the Second Afghan Civil War. Following the rise of the Taliban in 1996, Massoud, who rejected the group's extremist interpretation of Islam, returned to armed opposition until he was forced to flee to Kulob, Tajikistan, strategically destroying the Salang Tunnel on his way north. He became the military and political leader of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan or Northern Alliance, which by 2000 controlled only between 5 and 10 percent of the country. In 2001 he visited Europe and urged European Parliament leaders to pressure Pakistan on its support for the Taliban. He also asked for humanitarian aid to combat the Afghan people's gruesome conditions under the Taliban. On September 9, 2001, Massoud was injured in a suicide bombing by two al-Qaeda assassins, ordered personally by the al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden himself; he lost his life while en route to a hospital across the border in Tajikistan. Two days later, al-Qaeda operatives carried out the September 11 attacks, prompting swift military action by the United States. Within weeks, American and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan, allying with Massoud's forces and toppling the Taliban from power. By December 2001, the Northern Alliance had secured control over the country. Massoud has been described as one of the greatest guerrilla leaders of the 20th century and has been compared to Josip Broz Tito, Ho Chi Minh and Che Guevara. Massoud was posthumously named "National Hero" by the order of President Hamid Karzai after the Taliban were ousted from power. The date of Massoud's death, September 9, was observed as a national holiday known as "Massoud Day" until the Taliban takeover in August 2021. His son Ahmad Massoud is currently leading the National Resistance Front (NRF) against the Taliban.

Infobox

President
Burhanuddin Rabbani
Preceded by
Mohammad Aslam Watanjar
Succeeded by
Mohammed Fahim
Born
(1953-09-02)2 September 1953[citation needed]Bazarak, Kingdom of Afghanistan
Died
9 September 2001(2001-09-09) (aged 48)Takhar Province, Islamic State of Afghanistan[a]
Manner of death
Assassination
Political party
Jamiat-e Islami
Spouse
Sediqa Massoud
Children
6, including Ahmad
Awards
National Hero of Afghanistan Order of Ismoili Somoni
Nickname
Shir-i Panjshir (Lion of Panjshir)
Branch/service
Jamiat-e Islami / Shura-e Nazar[b] Afghan Armed Forces United Islamic Front
Years of service
1975–2001
Rank
General
Commands
Mujahideen commander during the Soviet–Afghan WarCommander of the United Islamic Front
Battles/wars
mw- li 1975 Panjshir Valley uprising Soviet–Afghan War Panjshir offensives Panjshir Front First Panjshir Offensive Second Panjshir Offensive Operation Arrow Marmoul offensives Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan Operation Typhoon (Panjshir) [ru] First Afghan Civil War Second Afghan Civil War Afshar Operation Third Afghan Civil War X
Parent
Dost Muhammad Khan
Party
Jamiat-e Islami

Tables

· External links › Documentaries/Panegyrics
Preceded byMohammad Aslam Watanjar
Preceded byMohammad Aslam Watanjar
Government offices
Preceded byMohammad Aslam Watanjar
Government offices
Minister of Defense June 1992 – September 2001
Government offices
Succeeded byMohammed Fahim
Government offices
Preceded byMohammad Aslam Watanjar
Minister of Defense June 1992 – September 2001
Succeeded byMohammed Fahim

References

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    https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/paris-mayor-leads-tribute-to-slain-afghan-commander-1.1193152
  168. Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
    https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/tajikistan-masud-rabbani-awards/31440588.html
  169. Lonely Planet
    https://web.archive.org/web/20080907051320/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/worldguide/afghanistan/events
  170. Middle East Institute
    https://www.mei.edu/publications/post-soviet-pakistani-interference-afghanistan-how-and-why
  171. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/jun/27/afghanistan
  172. National Geographic
    https://web.archive.org/web/20130721231543/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p3copHs3U8c
  173. "Report"
    http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB97/tal31.pdf
  174. "Ahmad Massoud Declared As His Father's Successor"
    https://tolonews.com/afghanistan/ahmad-massoud-declared-his-father%E2%80%99s-successor
  175. The Intercept
    https://theintercept.com/2021/09/21/afghanistan-taliban-ahmad-massoud-flee/
  176. Tribune India
    https://web.archive.org/web/20210820043613/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ahmad-massouds-son-appeals-for-assistance-to-resist-taliban-299492
  177. The Washington Post
    https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/06/afghanistan-kabul-taliban-updates/
  178. www.xoeditions.com
    https://www.xoeditions.com/en/livres/my-life-with-massoud/
  179. Soldiers of God by Robert D. Kaplan, 2001.
  180. The Guardian
    https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/dec/06/features11.g22
  181. "Ahmad Shah Massoud's spy chief leads a different battle – in Guwahati"
    http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/ahmad-shah-massoud-mohammad-zahir-aghbar-massouds-spy-chief-leads-a-different-battle-in-guwahati/
  182. An unexpected light: travels in afghanistan
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/872617029
  183. The Oxford handbook of culture and psychology
    https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/886540205
  184. "Solutions to Security Challenges: Interview with Ahmad Wali Massoud"
    http://kabulcenter.org/?p=100
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