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Affirmative action in the United States

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Affirmative action in the United States

In the United States, affirmative action consists of government-mandated, government-approved, and voluntary private programs granting special consideration to groups considered or classified as historically excluded, specifically racial minorities and women. These programs tend to focus on access to education and employment in order to redress the disadvantages associated with past and present discrimination. Another goal of affirmative action policies is to ensure that public institutions, such as universities, hospitals, and police forces, are more representative of the populations they serve. As of 2024, affirmative action rhetoric has been increasingly replaced by emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion and nine states explicitly ban its use in the employment process. The Supreme Court in 2023 explicitly rejected race-based affirmative action in college admissions in Students for Fair Admissions v. Harvard. The Court held that affirmative action programs "lack sufficiently focused and measurable objectives warranting the use of race, unavoidably employ race in a negative manner, involve racial stereotyping, and lack meaningful end points. We have never permitted admissions programs to work in that way, and we will not do so today".

Tables

College Acceptance Rates (2005)[119] · Arguments against affirmative action › Bias
Harvard
Harvard
Col 1
Harvard
Overall Acceptance Rate
10.0%
Black Acceptance Rate
16.7%
% Difference
+ 67.0%
MIT
MIT
Col 1
MIT
Overall Acceptance Rate
15.9%
Black Acceptance Rate
31.6%
% Difference
+ 98.7%
Brown
Brown
Col 1
Brown
Overall Acceptance Rate
16.6%
Black Acceptance Rate
26.3%
% Difference
+ 58.4%
Penn
Penn
Col 1
Penn
Overall Acceptance Rate
21.2%
Black Acceptance Rate
30.1%
% Difference
+ 42.0%
Georgetown
Georgetown
Col 1
Georgetown
Overall Acceptance Rate
22.0%
Black Acceptance Rate
30.7%
% Difference
+ 39.5%
Overall Acceptance Rate
Black Acceptance Rate
% Difference
Harvard
10.0%
16.7%
+ 67.0%
MIT
15.9%
31.6%
+ 98.7%
Brown
16.6%
26.3%
+ 58.4%
Penn
21.2%
30.1%
+ 42.0%
Georgetown
22.0%
30.7%
+ 39.5%
Medical School Acceptance Rates (2009–11)[citation needed] · Arguments against affirmative action › Bias
Asian
Asian
Col 1
Asian
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20-3.39
7.7%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
17.6%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
30.0%
White
White
Col 1
White
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20-3.39
12.3%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
24.5%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
35.9%
Hispanic
Hispanic
Col 1
Hispanic
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20-3.39
36.0%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
54.5%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
68.7%
Black
Black
Col 1
Black
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20-3.39
67.3%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
83.3%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
85.9%
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20-3.39
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
Asian
7.7%
17.6%
30.0%
White
12.3%
24.5%
35.9%
Hispanic
36.0%
54.5%
68.7%
Black
67.3%
83.3%
85.9%
Medical School Acceptance Rates (2013–15)[122] · Arguments against affirmative action › Bias
Asian
Asian
Col 1
Asian
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20–3.39
6.5%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
13.9%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
20.4%
White
White
Col 1
White
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20–3.39
8.2%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
19.0%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
30.6%
Hispanic
Hispanic
Col 1
Hispanic
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20–3.39
30.9%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
43.7%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
61.7%
Black
Black
Col 1
Black
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20–3.39
58.7%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
75.1%
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
81.1%
MCAT 24–26, GPA 3.20–3.39
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.20–3.39
MCAT 27–29, GPA 3.40–3.59
Asian
6.5%
13.9%
20.4%
White
8.2%
19.0%
30.6%
Hispanic
30.9%
43.7%
61.7%
Black
58.7%
75.1%
81.1%

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